• Refractometers are useful instruments for testing the properties of sodium chloride salt brines used in food production, liquid road deicer, desalination, or aquarium and seawater salinity. (misco.com)
  • Whether testing sodium chloride salt brines for food production, liquid road deicer, desalination, or aquarium and seawater salinity, we have a refractometer scale to meet your needs. (misco.com)
  • Desalination technology works with both brackish water and seawater. (asme.org)
  • As of 2018, about 5,300 seawater desalination plants were in operation, with a total global desalination capacity of approximately 58 million cubic meters per day. (asme.org)
  • Although seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) is the most widely adopted desalination technology, it has several drawbacks, "including the production of a brine stream, the need for seawater intakes, and its high energy requirements," said Amy E. Childress, a professor of science and engineering at the University of Southern California. (asme.org)
  • High energy costs are a main reason why desalination is increasingly moving away from the sea and toward industrial and inland brackish applications. (asme.org)
  • ANDRITZ supplies centrifugal pumps for seawater desalination applications, especially for Reverse Osmosis (RO) plants. (andritz.com)
  • For more information on our pump technologies for seawater desalination please have a look at our product pages below, brochures in the sidebar or contact us directly. (andritz.com)
  • The combination of increased water temperature and salinity where shellfish are harvested may contribute to increased contamination rates of shellfish. (medscape.com)
  • TS diagram showing the relationship between temperature (t), salinity (S), and density (the last three digits of the density can be read on the σ t line). (periodni.com)
  • This pattern is driven by changes in water temperature and salinity that change the density of water. (windows2universe.org)
  • temperature and salinity. (windows2universe.org)
  • In the Atlantic, the circulation of seawater is driven mainly by temperature differences right now. (windows2universe.org)
  • While satellites already measure sea surface temperature and winds, rainfall, water vapor, sea level, and ocean color, measurements of ocean surface salinity have, until quite recently, been limited to sparse data collected from ships, buoys and a small number of airborne science campaigns. (nasa.gov)
  • These changes are determined by salinity and temperature. (nasa.gov)
  • The shallow sea, indented into the mainland, has a temperature 2 or 3 °C higher than the open sea. (adriahome.com)
  • Red Sea's Seawater Refractometer offers exceptional accuracy, for measuring the absolute salinity of seawater at a temperature of 25°C/77°F. (nisupply.com)
  • Most refractometers used within the aquarium hobby are not specifically designed for reef aquariums and use an algorithm for the measurement of brine (NaCl - rather than seawater) and at a temperature of 15°C/59°F rather than 25°C/77°F. Thus, a measurement deviation of up to 1.5ppt is possible, which can have a significant adverse effect on coral growth and coloration. (nisupply.com)
  • Deoxygenation correlates with other environmental variables such as changing water temperature and salinity and is directly linked to ongoing global climate change. (lu.se)
  • We combined benthic foraminiferal geochemistry, faunal assemblages, and pore water stable isotopes to reconstruct seawater conditions (e.g., oxygenation, temperature, and salinity) over the past 7.7 thousand years (ka). (lu.se)
  • The thermocline was stronger during the summer months in the LIG, mainly due to the higher sea surface temperature (SST) compared to that of the PD resulting from increased summer insolation. (lu.se)
  • The brine is super-cooled due to its high salinity. (ripleys.com)
  • The same principle applies to the brinicle and when brine begins to sink it flash freezes the seawater it comes in contact with and forms a tube of ice that sometimes grows to touch the shallow ocean floor. (ripleys.com)
  • The PPT scale on regular salinity refractometers are calculated using an algorithm for Brine. (nisupply.com)
  • Using a Brine refractometer for Seawater will give an error of approximately 1.5ppt in the salinity reading. (nisupply.com)
  • The study also found elevated levels of salinity from the shale brine, which is five to 10 times more saline than sea water, that were 200-fold the regulated limit. (mongabay.com)
  • Shale brine is also associated with high levels of bromide, which is not toxic by itself but turns into carcinogenic trihalomethanes during purification treatment. (mongabay.com)
  • Seawater at high tide is trapped in estuaries until it evaporates to a brine, in which it is guided by the salt farmer through a series of clay-lined beds until by the end it is crystallizing. (celticseasalt.com)
  • Recovery of heavy metals from high salinity geothermal brine. (cdc.gov)
  • Large quantities of high salinity geothermal brine from the Salton Sea Geothermal Area, California, contain significant amount of PB, ZN, FE, and MN. (cdc.gov)
  • The result is expected to be the most accurate salinity data ever measured from space. (nasa.gov)
  • There, ocean circulation is dominated by changes in the density of seawater. (nasa.gov)
  • M. Araujo, C. Noriega, D. Veleda and N. Lefèvre, "Nutrient Input and CO 2 Flux of a Tropical Coastal Fluvial System with High Population Density in the Northeast Region of Brazil," Journal of Water Resource and Protection , Vol. 5 No. 3A, 2013, pp. 362-375. (scirp.org)
  • This page details the chemical composition of sea water, salinity, density, its dissolved gases, carbon dioxide and pH as limiting factor. (seafriends.org.nz)
  • The DIW experiments represented infiltration of rainwater with P, while the seawater experiments simulated seawater intrusion into the carbonate aquifer. (usda.gov)
  • and 2) to identify the geochemical reactions responsible for the release of phosphorus from the limestone as a result of seawater intrusion. (usda.gov)
  • Here we show with decadal observed time series data from stations off the Pearl River Estuary and in the northern South China Sea (nSCS) that a strong intrusion into the nSCS of the West Philippine Sea (WPS) seawater in the form of Kuroshio branch occurred during the warm phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) around 2003-2004 and 2015-2016 (also a strong El Niño event). (frontiersin.org)
  • The combination of hydrogeochemical, isotopic, statistical, and GIS approaches demonstrates that the salinity and the groundwater composition are largely controlled by the water-rock interaction particularly the dissolution of evaporate minerals and the ion exchange process, the return flow of the irrigation water, agricultural fertilizers, and finally saltwater intrusion which started before 1980 and which is partially mitigated by the artificial recharge since 1993. (hindawi.com)
  • Salinization due to seawater intrusion and decreasing groundwater levels has recently been identified [ 21 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In the case of Cuba, the main causes of salinity in the soil are the lengthening of the dry periods and seawater intrusion, factors associated with climate change. (ipsnews.net)
  • The first is coastal salinity, which is caused by the intrusion of seawater into coastal lands through sea level rise, tidal activity and dry weather. (earthjournalism.net)
  • The most characteristic feature of seawater is its salty taste. (periodni.com)
  • Despite being called a sea, it does not possess the characteristic salty seawater you'd expect from that name. (helsinki.fi)
  • The project will create scientifically-based method(s) for the integrity testing of high pressure membranes, including nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. (watereuse.org)
  • There is concern that as the Arctic warms and more sea ice melts, the influx of freshwater will make the seawater at high latitudes less dense. (windows2universe.org)
  • For example, marine fish do well within seawater and lake fish likewise in freshwater, but if you took a lake fish to the sea or a sea fish to the lake they would not be able to endure the different conditions. (helsinki.fi)
  • Knowing the salinity of the ocean surface can also help scientists trace Earth's water cycle - the process that circulates freshwater from the ocean to the atmosphere to the land and back again to the ocean through rainfall, evaporation, ice melt and river runoff. (nasa.gov)
  • Most lakes are freshwater, but some are salt lakes with salinities even higher than that of seawater. (definitions.net)
  • Bottom water salinity in the Little Belt reconstructed from modeled pore water oxygen isotope data increased between 7.7 and 7.5 ka BP as a consequence of the transition from freshwater to brackish-marine conditions. (lu.se)
  • They were isolated from crude oil from the Cormorant Field in the North Sea (MPD-7) and from sediment associated with mangrove roots (MPD-M). The bacterial consortia were able to degrade both aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in crude oils very effectively in seawater (35 g/L NaCl) and synthetic media containing 0 to 100 g/L NaCl (1.7 M). Salinities over twice that of normal seawater decreased the biodegradation rates. (nih.gov)
  • Water gets colder when it loses heat to the atmosphere, especially at high latitudes. (windows2universe.org)
  • Water gets saltier if rate of evaporation is high. (windows2universe.org)
  • Water heated near the equator travels at the surface of the ocean north into high latitudes where it loses some heat to the atmosphere (keeping temperatures in Northern Europe and North America relatively mild). (windows2universe.org)
  • In this study, we provided an estimate of how the phosphorus transfer through a large block of Key Largo Limestone from south Florida under exposure to deionized water (DIW) and seawater. (usda.gov)
  • The absorption and desorption of phosphorus on a large block of limestone was investigated using deionized water (DIW) and seawater. (usda.gov)
  • Given the ready availability-and relative affordability-of high-quality synthetic sea salt mixes, it's not surprising that the vast majority of marine aquarium hobbyists today choose to use artificial sea water rather than collect the natural stuff from the ocean for their systems. (reefbuilders.com)
  • In order to utilize seawater as potable water, it is required to remove the high salinity. (sbir.gov)
  • In simple terms the salinity is the saltiness of the water. (helsinki.fi)
  • The easiest way to describe it is brackish, a sort of halfway water, with the average salinity being just ⅕ of typical seawater (Leppäranta & Myrberg, 2009). (helsinki.fi)
  • The stratification of seawater in coastal oceans in summer reduces bottom water ventilation. (frontiersin.org)
  • The incoming, subsurface, offshore seawater thus becomes the dominant source of DO for the bottom water. (frontiersin.org)
  • Yet for the science team eagerly awaiting Aquarius' ocean surface salinity data, the dawning of NASA's "Age of Aquarius" promises revelations on how salinity is linked to Earth's water cycle, ocean circulation and climate. (nasa.gov)
  • By measuring ocean surface salinity, Aquarius will be able to track how the water cycle is changing in response to climate change. (nasa.gov)
  • Aquarius employs new technologies to be able to detect changes in ocean surface salinity as small as about two parts in 10,000, equivalent to about one-eighth of a teaspoon of salt in a gallon of water. (nasa.gov)
  • Halobacteria are 'salt-loving organisms found in high salinity water bodies,' according to the Fish and Wildlife Service. (yahoo.com)
  • Halobacteria are a type of archaea or single-celled organism that thrive in bodies of water with high levels of salt. (kron4.com)
  • This will affect the availability of groundwater as the interface between sea water and fresh water will actually rise by about 1m and the high salinity levels will be close to our extraction sources. (bbc.co.uk)
  • By 2014, the water level of the lake rose to 29 m below sea level, and the salinity decreased to 23.4‰, as a result of the high cyclonic activity in the Caribbean region. (scirp.org)
  • Measurements from 2011-2014 showed that the salinity ranged from 18‰ - 34‰, while the water level increased from 36 to 29 m below sea level (BSL) due to high levels of rainfall in the region. (scirp.org)
  • Unplanned and substantial withdrawals of groundwater from the shallow aquifer of Ras Jbel have resulted in severe water level decline of up to 7 m in some areas and high total dissolved solids (TDS) contents reaching 8000 mg/l. (hindawi.com)
  • Reports of increasing salinity of groundwater supplies in the area suggest a need to define the sources of salt water. (hindawi.com)
  • For that reason, farmers would welcome new cultivars of all kinds, especially fruit trees, that are tolerant of salinity and drought, and that would make it possible to save water and to use other irrigation methods. (ipsnews.net)
  • Scientists have for the first time found dangerous levels of radioactivity and salinity at a shale gas waste disposal site that could contaminate drinking water. (mongabay.com)
  • Earlier this year, Vengosh published another report that found higher methane, ethane and propane concentrations in drinking water within a kilometer of shale gas drilling at 141 sites where drinking water samples were taken. (mongabay.com)
  • Bernard Lodge, Caymanas, and Innswood estates in St Catherine, and Sevens and New Yarmouth estates in Clarendon all operated sugar factories with high water demand supplied by groundwater through the operation of a number of high-yielding wells and surface water from the Rio Cobre and Rio Minho, respectively. (jamaica-gleaner.com)
  • There is a lack of on-line membrane integrity testing currently for high-pressure membranes, which has resulted in penalties for the drinking water industry. (watereuse.org)
  • The availability of methods to readily and accurately measure the integrity of high pressure membrane systems will aid utilities in obtaining maximum value from the system, help ensure production of treated water of consistently high quality, and minimize the need for redundant systems to achieve the required level of pathogen removal. (watereuse.org)
  • Develop and test the "universal" integrity test method for use in all water matrices (fresh, brackish, seawater, and reuse) for both RO and NF systems. (watereuse.org)
  • and during the Yala season, when the weather is drier and paddy depends on reservoir-stored water, the impact of salinity is prominent. (earthjournalism.net)
  • Also, with climate change, the risk of salinity increases, mainly due to rising temperatures, higher evaporation, increased intensity of drought, water scarcity and rising sea levels. (earthjournalism.net)
  • Salinity is measured using the electrical conductivity of water and the unit is deciSiemens per meter. (earthjournalism.net)
  • Interestingly, their proportions are always the same, which can be understood if salinity differences are caused by either evaporating fresh water or adding fresh water from rivers. (seafriends.org.nz)
  • Salinity affects marine organisms because the process of osmosis transports water towards a higher concentration through cell walls. (seafriends.org.nz)
  • A fish with a cellular salinity of 1.8% will swell in fresh water and dehydrate in salt water. (seafriends.org.nz)
  • Readily available seawater can be used in order to cover the need for fresh water as clean drinking water and process water in dry regions and in metropolitan areas. (andritz.com)
  • In addition to the key pumps for the inlet and high-pressure pass, we also offer auxiliary pumps for water transport and as flushing pumps for backwashing, and energy recovery. (andritz.com)
  • This study aimed to investigate the effect of water salinity on behavior (activity and water conservation posture) in Leptodactylus macrosternum , in normally hydrated animals with urine in their bladder, in normally hydrated animals without urine in their bladder and in dehydrated ones with urine removed from their bladder. (bvsalud.org)
  • Sampling was carried out at five stations based on water movements to the estuary, station A was located at the seawater, station B was located in the pond wastewater locations, station C was water sources from residential waste, station D was located in the river, and station E was the estuarine water. (who.int)
  • The results showed that the dominant water quality parameters affecting estuarine water quality were salinity, total organic matter, nitrogen content, either in the form of ammonia, nitrate, or nitrite, and phosphorus content, especially phosphate. (who.int)
  • Water entering the estuary has an impact on high concentrations of total organic matter, increased concentrations of Total N, and phosphorus. (who.int)
  • The results of water quality analysis in estuaries showed that salinity, organic matter, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate, and phosphate exceed the standard threshold for water quality standards for fish pond aquaculture. (who.int)
  • Our findings indicate that monthly surface and bottom water salinity anomalies of LIG-PI exhibit strong positive correlations with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) anomalies in the Baltic entrance region. (lu.se)
  • While the pond has experienced drought and periods of high salinity in the past, this is the first time it has turned pink, the AP reported. (yahoo.com)
  • The pond has been through periods of drought and high salinity before, though, and Wolfe isn't sure why the color has changed now. (kron4.com)
  • The main causes of this phenomenon are associated with climate change, like drought and penetration by seawater," said Coto, of the governmental Tropical Fruit Research Institute (IIFT). (ipsnews.net)
  • It can be caused, for example, by drought, whether due to lack of rainfall or high temperatures, the penetration of the sea in low-lying areas, the availability of nutrients in the soil, or the contamination of the aquifers because of the overuse of agrochemicals. (ipsnews.net)
  • A: Soil salinity is bad in the entire southern stretch of Guantánamo (at the eastern tip of the island), because of drought and because it's very low-lying land, and the seawater penetrates through the aquifers. (ipsnews.net)
  • A: We have worked since 2000 with the Centre for Technological Applications and Nuclear Development and the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, among others in Cuba, and with financing from the International Atomic Energy Agency, which is supporting the search for solutions against climate change in agriculture, specifically in terms of drought and salinity. (ipsnews.net)
  • We started with the irradiation of avocado seeds, to obtain mutant seeds that might possibly be resistant to drought, salinity and a disease (Phytophthora, a group of plant-damaging pathogens) that affects the roots and the trunk of avocado trees, or others like papaya and orange trees. (ipsnews.net)
  • Drought, floods, salinity and iron toxicity are among the key environmental factors that affect paddy cultivation in Sri Lanka, an island nation in the Indian Ocean. (earthjournalism.net)
  • The severity of salinity increases with the effects of the level of drought and higher evaporation. (earthjournalism.net)
  • Whether you're running a production platform or an FPSO vessel, or leasing machinery to upstream onshore or offshore operators, you need equipment that can tackle a host of challenging requirements: ultra-heavy loads, high pressures, extreme temperatures, critical fluids and strict safety and environmental requirements. (ksb.com)
  • This can mainly be attributed to climate change since high sea surface temperatures are widely understood as the trigger of coral bleaching. (lu.se)
  • The results of this study suggest that as seawater intrudes into a fresh coastal aquifer, phosphorus would be expected to be released into the groundwater. (usda.gov)
  • The mangrove biome is a distinct saline woodland or shrubland habitat characterized by depositional coastal environments, where fine sediments (often with high organic content) collect in areas protected from high-energy wave action. (grida.no)
  • This type of salinity is common in areas close to the sea and seen mainly in coastal districts such as Mannar, Puttalam, Jaffna, Trincomalee, Ampara, Hambantota, Galle, Kalutara and Matara. (earthjournalism.net)
  • Coral reefs are among the most biodiverse ecosystems on the planet and although they are mostly known for their incredible beauty, they are furthermore crucial for fisheries, coastal protection and tourism income, especially "in developing countries and island nations where dependence on coral reefs for food and livelihoods is high" (Burke et al. (lu.se)
  • The units attribute should be given as 1e-3 or 0.001 (parts per thousand) s-1 if salinity is in PSU. (dlr.de)
  • From those limited data, we know ocean surface salinity varies by only about five parts per thousand globally. (nasa.gov)
  • Since ocean surface salinity generally averages just 32 to 37 parts per thousand around the globe, it's very hard for a satellite to detect its signal. (nasa.gov)
  • The salinity inside the Kealia Pond outlet area is currently greater than 70 parts per thousand, which is twice the salinity of seawater. (kron4.com)
  • This is the first report of hydrocarbon-degrading consortia isolated from crude oil and mangrove sediments that are capable of treating oily wastes over such a wide range of salinity. (nih.gov)
  • The vertical, high-pressure centrifugal pumps from our WKB/WKTR series are made to handle hydrocarbons and petrochemical applications, as well as for other handling requirements where NPSHA is critical. (ksb.com)
  • Salinity - the concentration of salt - on the ocean surface is a key missing puzzle piece in satellite studies of Earth that will improve our understanding of how the ocean and atmosphere are coupled and work in tandem to affect our climate. (nasa.gov)
  • To place the ongoing environmental changes into a larger context and to further understand the complex Baltic Sea history and its impact on North Atlantic climate, we investigated a high accumulation-rate brackish-marine sediment core from the Little Belt (Site M0059), Danish Straits, NW Europe, retrieved during the Integrated Ocean. (lu.se)
  • Since the rainfall has become less, the salinity is becoming higher and higher. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Indonesia is a tropical area with high rainfall, the area on land is connected by around 472 large and small rivers that flow into the sea. (who.int)
  • In typical seawater you would expect a salinity of 30-35‰ whereas in the Baltic Proper you will not experience salinity any higher than around half this value. (helsinki.fi)
  • However, the P-E balance appears to have had minimal impact on salinity changes in the North Sea, the Baltic Proper, and the open sea area. (lu.se)
  • At higher salinities, ion exchange reactions involving bicarbonate most likely desorbed phosphorus. (usda.gov)
  • But though the Baltic Sea is not like typical seawater, it is also not like typical ponds, lakes or river either. (helsinki.fi)
  • Kosher Celtic - Naturally harvested from salt ponds where the seawater is naturally filtered up through the ground. (celticseasalt.com)
  • Author, business advisor and media commentator Bernard Salt was born in Terang and attended Terang High School. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ideally engineers want to achieve the highest salt rejection at lowest operating pressures. (asme.org)
  • In the 1990s, I took part in a multidisciplinary study carried out in the south of Guantánamo, where rapid changes were detected in the salinity of the soil, and in a smaller area, very different - that is, contrasting - concentrations of salt were found. (ipsnews.net)
  • Gourmet Kosher - Hand harvested by salt farmers from lined beds where seawater is piped in and allowed to evaporate. (celticseasalt.com)
  • The seawater is taken from deep ocean currents where there is higher salinity, which yields a high-mineral salt with beautiful natural chunks and flakes. (celticseasalt.com)
  • Salinity results in salt toxicity and plant fatigue. (earthjournalism.net)
  • The salinity differences between El Niño and La Niña are very small - only about one part per thousand. (nasa.gov)
  • There are recurrent cycles that are salinity-driven that can store heat deep in the Atlantic and Southern oceans," Tung said. (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • Similarly, volatile organic solvent emissions have prompted an initiative to identify cleaner solvents for high performance polymer processing, particularly when such processing requires large volumes of environmentally unfriendly, toxic organic solvents. (sbir.gov)
  • If the oxygen consumption rate due to organic matter decomposition exceeds the supply rate due to the inflow of offshore seawater, then hypoxia or even anoxia may develop, leading to so-called dead zones. (frontiersin.org)
  • Salinity is of great importance for the physical and biological properties of seawater, or rather those living in it, and it is the result of long-lasting interactions between the processes that have taken place (and still persist) between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. (periodni.com)
  • The entire southern portion of eastern Cuba is dry and thus tends to have high levels of salinity. (ipsnews.net)
  • Agricultural workers, their families, and persons residing near crops that are treated with guthion are expected to have much greater frequency of exposure and the potential to be exposed to higher levels of guthion than the general population. (cdc.gov)
  • Researchers are attempting to make membrane materials that can be operated at extremely high pressures and salinities. (asme.org)
  • The WPS seawater was observed to reach the hypoxic area off the Pearl River Estuary in 2003-2004. (frontiersin.org)
  • Scientists will combine Aquarius' maps of global ocean surface salinity with in-ocean salinity measurements to generate routine maps of ocean salinity distribution. (nasa.gov)
  • The researchers also suggest that a sudden shift in salinity that corresponded with the slowdown of global warming at the beginning of the 21st century may have triggered this migration of heat to deeper waters. (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • In parts of the world, cool, high-salinity surface waters become so dense that they sink to great depths, where they become part of deep ocean currents. (nasa.gov)
  • Even so, currently, its waters are not remnants of seawater but rather were trapped by tectonism [6] or the sedimentation dynamics of the region. (scirp.org)
  • Inland salinity is reported to be gradually increasing in some areas at least since 2007. (earthjournalism.net)
  • Salinity decreased gradually (from 30 to 24) from 4.1 to ~2.5 ka BP. (lu.se)
  • If the highest mountain on Earth (Mount Everest, 8848 m above sea level) was placed at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean (Mariana Trench, 11 022 m deep) its peak would be more than two kilometers below the surface. (periodni.com)
  • There is a large-scale pattern to the way that seawater moves around the world ocean. (windows2universe.org)
  • Higher salinity is seen to coincide with more ocean heat storage. (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • Simulated ocean salinity data for NASA's Aquarius instrument. (nasa.gov)
  • Salinity and the deep blue sea While surface winds drive currents in the upper ocean, deep below the surface, it's a different story. (nasa.gov)
  • Its unique, advanced design combines three radiometers, which measure the salinity signal, with a scatterometer that compensates for the effects of ocean surface "roughness" (waves). (nasa.gov)
  • Later in the mission, Aquarius data will be inter-calibrated and combined with complementary data from the European Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity satellite. (nasa.gov)
  • Phosphate adsorption was significantly less in seawater, and more phosphorus was desorbed in the seawater compared to the DIW. (usda.gov)
  • The objective of the proposed work is to develop, demonstrate, and evaluate new technologies for low-cost, high-accuracy, whole-building CO2 monitoring for demand control ventilation. (sbir.gov)
  • They are the ideal drives for submersible deep well pumps, bottom intake pumps, seawater lift pumps, and for subsea machinery. (andritz.com)
  • Numerous salinity scales are available to match your application and desired unit of measure. (misco.com)
  • During this process, the highest mountains of the Cordillera Central were eroded by torrential rains, and their masses shifted following numerous land- slides, thereby forming the valleys of San Juan, Azua, and Neyba. (scirp.org)
  • Ratios of nC17 to pristane and nC18 to phytane were significantly lowered across the range of salinity. (nih.gov)
  • Salinity has also recently been identified in some of the Mahaweli regions, which is a key paddy producing area in the country. (earthjournalism.net)
  • Normally in winter, it would be about 2,000 microsiemens, which is a measure of salinity. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Although it is recognized that these high-pressure membranes may offer excellent pathogen removals, the lack of recognized on-line integrity has allowed regulators to permit the membrane processes with lower pathogen removals (e.g. (watereuse.org)
  • Develop protocol(s) and method(s) for high-pressure membrane integrity monitoring. (watereuse.org)
  • Complete bench or pilot-scale tests to simulate various potential defects and failures of high-pressure membranes and confirm the ability of the proposed test to detect these breaches of membrane integrity. (watereuse.org)