• Cyclins function as regulators of cyclin-dependent kinases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Inhibitors of the cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6 induce cell-cycle arrest in RB1-proficient tumors and have had promising results in several tumor types. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Cell-cycle events are controlled by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), whose periodic activation is driven by cyclins. (nature.com)
  • Brown, N. R., Noble, M. E., Endicott, J. A. & Johnson, L. N. The structural basis for specificity of substrate and recruitment peptides for cyclin-dependent kinases. (nature.com)
  • They are able to build complexes with cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and regulate their activity ( 2 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • Cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases, or CDK. (jove.com)
  • Positive regulators include two protein groups that allow cells to pass through regulatory checkpoints: cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). (jove.com)
  • Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) are evolutionarily conserved proteins that are essential for cell-cycle control in eukaryotes. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are serine/threonine protein kinases that act as key regulatory elements in cell cycle progression. (rcsb.org)
  • The profiling of compound 51 against a panel of 339 kinases revealed high selectivity for CDKs, with preference for CDK2 and CDK5 over CDK9, CDK1, CDK4, and CDK6. (rcsb.org)
  • High impact information on E2f Negative regulation of d E 2 F 1 by cyclin- dependent kinases controls cell cycle timing. (wikigenes.org)
  • Similarly, depletion in the STRIPAK component STRIP1 affects activation of GCKIII kinases and cell cycle disruption through elevated expression of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27, enhanced levels of which lead to a protective effect from therapeutic treatments and increased proliferation. (lu.se)
  • Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with CYCLINS to achieve full enzymatic activity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events. (bvsalud.org)
  • As a biologically important example we have studied the complex formed by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which play an essential role in the control of the eukaryotic cell cycle. (lu.se)
  • Thus, levels of the four different cyclins vary in predictable patterns and combine with consistent CDKs at specific points to achieve forward momentum. (jove.com)
  • Cyclins contain a conserved amino acid sequence motif, the cyclin box, which allows their binding to cdks to form active complexes that regulate progression of the cell cycle. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • High levels of cyclin D3 and CDK6 may predict response to CDK4/6 inhibitors in multiple tumor types. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Together, these findings elucidate a prosurvival role for cyclin D3-CDK6 in metabolism, in addition to its role in cell-cycle progression, and suggest that high levels of cyclin D3 and CDK6 may predict response to CDK4/6 inhibitors. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Identification of a cyclin-cdk2 recognition motif present in substrates and p21-like cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. (nature.com)
  • This is going to give you a question to ponder in your high-risk, ER-positive patients who are appropriate to consider for adjuvant cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. (medscape.com)
  • This protein and neuron-specific CDK5 activator CDK5R1/p39NCK5A both share limited similarity to cyclins, and thus may define a distinct family of cyclin-dependent kinase activating proteins. (nih.gov)
  • Cyclins are a group of proteins that play a key role in the control and regulation of the cell cycle. (iiarjournals.org)
  • You have proteins called cyclins, which are meant to interact with another protein called Cdk. (edge.org)
  • High mobility group B (HMGB) proteins have been previously related to the onset and progressions of cancers of different origins. (hindawi.com)
  • Cells lacking cyclin B can enter mitosis and phosphorylate most mitotic proteins , because of parallel PP2AB55 phosphatase inactivation by Greatwall kinase . (bvsalud.org)
  • Different cyclins exhibit distinct expression and degradation patterns which contribute to the temporal coordination of each mitotic event. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although we did not identify any highly Clb2-specific substrates, we found that Clb2-Cdk1 possessed higher intrinsic kinase activity than Clb5-Cdk1, enabling efficient phosphorylation of a broad range of mitotic Cdk1 targets. (nature.com)
  • Fisher, D. L. & Nurse, P. A single fission yeast mitotic cyclin B p34 cdc2 kinase promotes both S-phase and mitosis in the absence of G1 cyclins. (nature.com)
  • Donaldson, A. D. The yeast mitotic cyclin Clb2 cannot substitute for S phase cyclins in replication origin firing. (nature.com)
  • Mitotic cyclins stably associate with CDC2 and function as regulatory subunits. (caslab.com)
  • Two mitotic cyclin types, cyclin A and B, exist in higher eukaryotes , but their specialised functions in mitosis are incompletely understood. (bvsalud.org)
  • Loss of cyclin A in G2-phase prevents mitotic entry. (bvsalud.org)
  • The final barrier to mitotic establishment corresponds to nuclear envelope breakdown, which requires a decisive shift in the balance of cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk1 and PP2AB55 activity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Beyond this point, cyclin B /Cdk1 is essential for phosphorylation of a distinct subset of mitotic Cdk1 substrates that are essential to complete cell division . (bvsalud.org)
  • Our results identify how cyclin A , cyclin B and Greatwall kinase coordinate mitotic progression by increasing levels of Cdk1-dependent substrate phosphorylation . (bvsalud.org)
  • This translocation juxtaposes the CCDN1 gene encoding cyclin D1 to the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) leading to its overexpression. (wikidoc.org)
  • It was shown that amplification of CCND1, a gene encoding cyclin D1, was more prevalent in parathyroid carcinomas than in adenomas (71 vs. 21 %, p = 0.056). (nih.gov)
  • After A is degraded, concentrations of cyclin B peak in M phase and the complex will activate the different stages of mitosis. (jove.com)
  • Because Cdc2 kinase is important for cell entry into mitosis, cyclin C's ability to regulate cell cycle progression may be attributed, in part, to modulation of Cdc2 protein expression.6 Cyclin C has a predicted molecular weight of 36 kD. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • It is required in higher cells for entry into S-phase and mitosis. (caslab.com)
  • Cyclin A triggers Mitosis either via the Greatwall kinase pathway or Cyclin B. (bvsalud.org)
  • Further, the overexpression of HER3 enhanced cyclin D1 mRNA expression, while HER3 deleted of its identified TADs was hindered at doing so. (plos.org)
  • In this system very high levels of E 2 F 1 overexpression cause. (wikigenes.org)
  • The translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32) is considered the precipitating oncogenic event that induces cell cycle deregulation in mantle cell lymphoma due to overexpression of cyclin D1 . (wikidoc.org)
  • 101. Pathologically confirmed MCL, with documentation of either overexpression of cyclin D1 or presence of t(11;14) 102. (who.int)
  • the endogenous cyclin E gene is activated following expression of the E 2 F 1 product encoded by a recombinant. (wikigenes.org)
  • These results suggest that cyclin E, cdk2, cdk5 and E 2 F - 1 play. (wikigenes.org)
  • Ashok B. Kulkarni, Ph.D., has spent years studying a protein called cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Under the microscope, the team saw that mice who had high levels of Cdk5 showed larger calcium surges, indicating that their pain responses were intensified. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A- and B-type cyclins differentially modulate substrate specificity of cyclin-cdk complexes. (nature.com)
  • Differentially regulated pathways were characteristic of high-grade meningiomas. (nature.com)
  • High level expression of this gene was observed in ovarian and testicular tumors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Moreover, in breast cancer cells, which express CDK4 instead of CDK6, palbociclib induced cell-cycle arrest instead of apoptosis, further indicating that expression of cyclin D3 and CDK6 in T-ALL cells promotes apoptosis in response to palbociclib. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Additionally, 16 of 18 nonleukemic cancer cell lines exhibiting high expression of cyclin D3 and CDK6 underwent apoptosis in response to palbociclib, and, in melanoma patient-derived xenografts, high cyclin D3 and CDK6 expression was associated with tumor regression after CDK4/6 inhibition. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Expression of cyclin D1 has been reported to be a strong predictor for the clinical outcome of OSCC ( 4 ), and amplification of CCND1 was found significantly more frequently in patients with OSCC than in healthy controls ( 5 ), suggesting the predictive and prognostic value of this molecule and its potential as a therapeutic target. (iiarjournals.org)
  • Tumors from the BB group had higher expression of PTEN and E-cadherin and lower cyclin D1 and Bcl2 levels. (usda.gov)
  • Like many cyclins, the expression of cyclin C oscillates throughout the cell cycle, with a peak observed during G1 phase. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • by the coinjection of SV40 T- antigen, adenovirus E1A, or a high level of E 2 F - 1 expression plasmids. (wikigenes.org)
  • There is no expression of Cyclin D1 or CD5 within the malignant population. (radiopaedia.org)
  • ACT‑3 significantly reduced the expression levels of cyclin D1 and cyclin‑dependent kinase 4, and upregulated the expression levels of p21 and p53. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Functionally, miR-193b induces a G1 cell cycle arrest and cell death in neuroblastoma cell lines by reducing the expression of MYCN , Cyclin D1 and MCL-1 , three important oncogenes in neuroblastoma of which inhibition has shown promising results in preclinical testing. (oncotarget.com)
  • Expression of CCND1 mRNA level was significantly higher in carcinomas than in adenomas (p = 0.003). (nih.gov)
  • Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis also demonstrated higher expression of CCND1 in carcinoma specimens than in adenoma samples. (nih.gov)
  • Interestingly, tumors with both negative mdm-2 and p21 expression, irrespective of p53 status, had a high response rate to docetaxel but no response to MF. (lu.se)
  • Epigenetic Downregulation of Hsa-miR-193b-3p Increases Cyclin D1 Expression Level and Cell Proliferation in Human Meningiomas. (cdc.gov)
  • Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein expression and cyclin DI cell cyase protein expression in malignant and normal oesophageal tissues to see whether any variation in their expression in these tissues could be of diagnostic or prognostic value. (bvsalud.org)
  • EBV-LMPI protein expression and cyclin DI expression were studied immunohisto chemically in these tissue sections. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cyclin C associates with Cdk8, forming a complex which can induce gene transcription of Cdc2 (Cdk1). (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Here we compare the specificity of two budding yeast cyclins, the S-phase cyclin Clb5 and the M-phase cyclin Clb2, in the phosphorylation of 150 Cdk1 (Cdc28) substrates. (nature.com)
  • Targets of the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk1. (nature.com)
  • Inoculation with a high dose strains of LMP1 transgenic mice vide a powerful tool in mechanistic of EBV caused a B-cell lymphopro- were established that express LMP1 studies on the role of individual viral liferative disorder in these mice, under the control of the immunoglob- genes in cancer. (who.int)
  • CpG methylation of the FHIT, FANCF, cyclin-D2, BRCA2 and RUNX3 genes in Granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) of ovarian origin. (cancercentrum.se)
  • Background: South Africa (SA) has one of the highest global incidences of squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus (SCC). (bvsalud.org)
  • This cyclin forms a complex with and functions as a regulatory subunit of CDK4 or CDK6, whose activity is required for cell cycle G1/S transition. (wikipedia.org)
  • Assignment of CDK5R2 coding for the cyclin-dependent kinase 5, regulatory subunit 2 (NCK5AI protein) to human chromosome band 2q35 by fluorescent in situ hybridization. (nih.gov)
  • Cyclin C may play a dual role within the cell in its ability to regulate both cell cycle progression as well as gene transcription. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Metabolically active cells, neutrophils, and macrophages from the immune system produce high levels of ROS. (hindawi.com)
  • Cancer cells demand high energy production to sustain their pathological increase in proliferation rate. (hindawi.com)
  • Ki67 shows a high proliferation rate within the malignant large cells. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Anticancer effects of the HDAC inhibitor, 3β,6β‑dihydroxyurs‑12‑en‑27‑oic acid, in MCF‑7 breast cancer cells via the inhibition of Akt/mTOR pathways. (iasp-pain.org)
  • In vitro, proliferation is higher in neuronal progenitor cells derived from p21-/- mice compared to cells derived from wild-type mice. (blogspot.com)
  • Background/Aim: Cyclin D1 gene (CCND1) has a G to A polymorphism at the splice donor site of exon 4, position 870. (iiarjournals.org)
  • To understand how the B 1 and B 2 regions influenced the transcriptional functions of nuclear HER3, we performed cyclin D1 promoter-luciferase assays in which HER3 deleted of the B 1 and B 2 regions was severely hindered in regulating this promoter. (plos.org)
  • There are several different molecular influences acting on this complex of cyclin and Cdk which is what actually triggers off the cell division. (edge.org)
  • The identity of the higher molecular weight band (~ 45 kD) has not been determined, but may represent an alternative splice product of the cyclin C gene. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • SOX11 , a SOX family transcription factor , has recently been identified as an important molecular feature of MCL regardless of cyclin D1 status. (wikidoc.org)
  • Radiation is used as adjuvant to treat progressive tumors since there are no efficient chemotherapies for the management of high-grade tumors that fail treatments. (nature.com)
  • Transcript levels for DNA methylation enzymes DNMT1 and EZH2 were also higher in BB tumors. (usda.gov)
  • Doses as high as of 60 Gy (1 Gy=100 rad) were needed in stage 3 or 4 tumors that have invaded bone, nerves, or lymph nodes. (medscape.com)
  • High impact information on E 2 F 1 The role of the Arabidopsis E2FB transcription factor in regulating. (wikigenes.org)
  • Cyclin D3-CDK6 inhibits the glycolytic enzymes PFK1 and PKM2 to prevent T-ALL cell apoptosis. (aacrjournals.org)
  • 6-phosphofructokinase (PFK1) and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), enzymes that catalyze irreversible, rate-limiting steps in glycolysis, were directly phosphorylated and inhibited by cyclin D3-CDK6, suggesting that cyclin D3-CDK6 may have a unique role in glucose metabolism. (aacrjournals.org)
  • E is then degraded by cytoplasmic enzymes and cyclin A concentrations increase throughout the S phase and remain high into G2 to promote entry into the M phase when in an active complex. (jove.com)
  • HHV-8 latency-associated nuclear antigen-1 this assay had the highest sensitivity of the assays evaluat- and HHV-8 viral cyclin gene were identified in the lung tis- ed (97.1%) and a specificity of 83.2% (8). (cdc.gov)
  • The cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21Cip1 (p21) plays a crucial role in restraining cellular proliferation and maintaining cellular quiescence. (blogspot.com)
  • High tumor proliferation has previously been associated with response to chemotherapy. (lu.se)
  • The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the highly conserved cyclin family, whose members are characterized by a dramatic periodicity in protein abundance through the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), which predominately expresses CDK6 and the activating cyclin, cyclin D3, inhibition of CDK6 or cyclin D3 induces apoptosis. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The mechanisms underlying the prosurvival function of cyclin D3-CDK6 have not been elucidated, prompting Wang and colleagues to search for substrates that may promote cancer cell survival. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The metabolic function of cyclin D3-CDK6 kinase in cancer cell survival. (aacrjournals.org)
  • This truncated variant, cyclin D1b, does not have the part which is required for export from the nucleus into other cell localizations and therefore has higher transforming activity ( 8 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • For instance, during G1, when one type of cyclin, named D, is synthesized and binds to a CDK, the cell transitions into S phase, as another cyclin, E, peaks and forms a complex with CDK to promote DNA replication. (jove.com)
  • Cyclins can be categorized as G 1 , G 1 /S, S, or M cyclins based on the cell cycle phase or transition they are most involved in. (jove.com)
  • Generally, levels of a given cyclin are low during most of the cell cycle but abruptly increase at the checkpoint they most contribute to (G 1 cyclins are an exception, as they are required throughout the cell cycle). (jove.com)
  • More recently, cyclins are being shown to have additional functions not restricted to cell cycle regulation. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • ACT‑3 significantly decreased the cell viability in a concentration‑dependent manner and induced different morphological changes at high concentrations. (iasp-pain.org)
  • G1/S-specific cyclin-D2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCND2 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Miller, M. E. & Cross, F. R. Cyclin specificity: how many wheels do you need on a unicycle? (nature.com)
  • Through high specificity, targeted treatment can overcome the unfortunate side effects to normal tissue. (lu.se)
  • Protein drugs are increasingly important in drug development worldwide due their high specificity, potency, and low toxicity. (lu.se)
  • by contrast, subjects in a higher quartile of TG levels show lower lumbar BMD values in the pre-menopausal women. (who.int)
  • The levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were not associated with BMD values at any of the sites in the pre- and post-menopausal subjects. (who.int)
  • However, serum levels were significantly higher with mild or severe pre-eclampsia compared with normal pregnancies and significantly higher with severe rather than with mild pre-eclampsia. (who.int)
  • Untreated p21-/- mice exhibit a higher degree of baseline neurogenesis and decreased immobility in the forced swim test. (blogspot.com)
  • The identity of this protein has not been determined, but may represent an alternative splice product of the cyclin C gene, as has been identified in other species. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Cyclin C has been identified in both human and chicken species. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • For women at high risk, the ACS recommends breast cancer screening with breast MRI and a mammogram every year, typically starting at age 30 and continuing for as long as they are in good health. (medscape.com)
  • He has worked on multiple projects on genetic and epigenetic characterisation of Gastric Cancer using large cohorts of high-throughput microarray and sequencing data. (edu.au)
  • The survival rate of patients with high-risk neuroblastoma is still very low despite intensive multimodal treatments. (oncotarget.com)