High affinity glutamate excitatory amino acid transporter 3. Medical search. Frequent questions

2009). CEAT1 couples glutamate uptake to the symport of 3 Na+ and 1 H+ followed by the antiport of 1 K+. (lbl.gov)
It is well-established that the secondary active transporters Glt Tk and Glt Ph catalyze coupled uptake of aspartate and three sodium ions, but insight in the kinetic mechanism of transport is fragmentary. (nature.com)
The Na + ,K + -ATPase maintains the physiological gradients for Na + and K + ions and is, therefore, critical for the activity of ion channels and transporters involved neuronal excitability, neurotransmitter uptake or Ca 2+ signaling. (frontiersin.org)
Volatile anesthetics (VAs) have been demonstrated to enhance the uptake of glutamate in in vitro systems. (silverchair.com)
Here, S1P receptor knock-out mice, primary astrocyte cultures, and receptor-selective chemical tools were used to examine the effects of S1P on glutamate uptake. (eneuro.org)
S1P inhibited astrocytic glutamate uptake in a dose-dependent manner and increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption, primarily through S1P 2 . (eneuro.org)
Primary cultures of wild-type mouse astrocytes expressed S1P 1,2,3 transcripts, and selective deletion of S1P 1 and/or S1P 3 in cerebral cortical astrocytes, did not alter S1P-mediated, dose-dependent inhibition of glutamate uptake. (eneuro.org)
Pharmacological antagonists, S1P 2 -null astrocytes, and Gα 12 hemizygous-null astrocytes indicated that S1P 2 -Gα 12 -Rho/ROCK signaling was primarily responsible for the S1P-dependent inhibition of glutamate uptake. (eneuro.org)
In addition, S1P exposure increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates (OCRs) in wild-type astrocytes and reduced OCRs in S1P 2 -null astrocytes, implicating receptor selective metabolic consequences of S1P-mediated glutamate uptake inhibition. (eneuro.org)
Extracellular glutamate is excitotoxic and its levels are controlled by astrocyte uptake. (eneuro.org)
Here, we show that astrocytic S1P 2 activation by S1P results in glutamate uptake inhibition to promote excitotoxic damage. (eneuro.org)
S1P receptor modulators, including approved drugs for treating MS, e.g., fingolimod (FTY720) and siponimod (BAF312), do not engage S1P 2 , thus avoiding glutamate uptake inhibition. (eneuro.org)
The involvement of glutamate dysregulation in these neurologic diseases makes pharmacological modulation of glutamate uptake an attractive therapeutic target ( Anderson and Swanson, 2000 ). (eneuro.org)
This study shows that EAAC1 functions as the high-affinity L-aspartate transporter that is responsible for the uptake and accumulation of aspartate in prostate cells. (biomedcentral.com)
The xCT transporter mediates the uptake of cystine coupled to the efflux of glutamate, leading to an increase in blood glutamate. (e-cmh.org)

Solute carrier family 1 member 3. (lbl.gov)
Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) of the solute carrier family 1A (SLC1A) take up the neurotransmitter L-glutamate from the synaptic environment, which is necessary to keep the extracellular concentration low and prevent neurotoxicity 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
All the amino acid transporters mentioned in this study were addressed by the existing solute carrier (SLC) gene nomenclature system for amino acid transporters. (edu.au)

GLUTAMATE is a major excitatory neurotransmitter. (silverchair.com)
Glutamate (Fig. 1) is believed to be the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the retina. (org.es)

Though glutamate is present in all neurons, only a few are glutamatergic, releasing glutamate as their neurotransmitter. (org.es)
Using immunocytochemical techniques, neurons containing glutamate are identified and labeled with a glutamate antibody. (org.es)
These neurons are believed to release GABA, not glutamate, as their neurotransmitter (Yazulla, 1986), suggesting the weak glutamate labeling reflects the pool of metabolic glutamate used in the synthesis of GABA. (org.es)
Glutamate incorporated into Muller cells is rapidly broken down into glutamine, which is then exported from glial cells and incorporated into surrounding neurons (Pow and Crook, 1996). (org.es)
We are specifically focusing on two groups of transporters vesicular neurotransmitter transporters that package neurotransmitters into vesicles for release, and glutamine transporters that shuttle glutamine, a precursor for two major neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA, to neurons from glia, the supporting cells that surround them. (stanford.edu)
Expression of nucleoside diphosphate kinase, mitochondria-associated adenylate kinase, and several mitochondria-associated creatine kinase isozymes was highest in the outer retina, whereas expression of cytosolic adenylate kinase and brain creatine kinase was higher in the cones, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells indicating the diversity of ATP-buffering strategies among retinal neurons. (molvis.org)
However, later intracellular marking techniques, in which dyes were injected from the electrode tips into the cytoplasm of the recorded neuron, revealed that horizontal cells, second order neurons postsynaptic to cones, were the source of the S-potentials (3, 4). (org.es)
Many structures and processes are involved in the development of a seizure, including neurons, ion channels, receptors, glia, and inhibitory and excitatory synapses. (medscape.com)
Illustration representing astrocyte responsiveness to dopamine and the bidirectional communication flow between astrocytes and neurons with depression of excitatory post synaptic currents. (nature.com)
It serves as the precursor for the synthesis of the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in GABAergic neurons. (explained.today)

This has been supported by the results from double-labeling studies using antibodies to both GABA and glutamate: glutamate-positive amacrine cells also label with the GABA antibodies (Jojich and Pourcho, 1996, Yang, 1996). (org.es)
The main groups include sodium channel blockers, calcium current inhibitors, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhancers, glutamate blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, hormones, and drugs with unknown mechanisms of action (see the image below). (medscape.com)
In this regard, CBD inhibition of 5-HT 3 receptors may contribute to its role in modulation of nociception and emesis, potentiation of GABA receptors may account for its anti-seizure, anxiolytic and analgesic effects, and potentiation of glycine receptors may be relevant for CBD anti-nociceptive actions [3,16, 22] . (researchgate.net)

Following neurotransmission, astrocytes remove excess extracellular glutamate to prevent neurotoxicity. (eneuro.org)
Ramón y Cajal's observations align with the traditional view of astrocytes as support cells and the more recent lines of evidence revealing astrocytes as active regulators of synaptic transmission and plasticity [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. (nature.com)
constriction was attributed to PLA2-mediated arachidonic acid production by astrocytes, followed by diffusion of the arachidonic acid to smooth muscle and subsequent metabolism by cytochrome P450 4A (ω-hydroxylase) to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE). (biomedcentral.com)

Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) on the plasma membrane regulate and modulate glutamate neurotransmission by transporting synaptically released glutamate back into cells. (drexel.edu)
The main goals of my research are twofold: to investigate the regulation of EAATs in physiological states and neurological disorders, and to progress the development of compounds that target these transporters for therapeutic purposes. (drexel.edu)
Subsequent to our kinetic identification of the transport process, significant advances have been achieved in the genetic and protein identification and characterization of the X AG - transporter class as EAATs (excitatory amino acid transporters). (biomedcentral.com)

Glutamate is incorporated into these cell types through a high affinity glutamate transporter located in the plasma membrane. (org.es)

L-Aspartic acid is used as a cell culture media component for the commercial biomanufacture of therapeutic recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibodies. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Research in the A. Mortensen lab focuses on understanding mechanisms that regulate glutamate transporters, crucial proteins in the central nervous system (CNS) that modulate excitatory transmission. (drexel.edu)
In our studies on neurotransmitter metabolism we have focused our efforts on transporters, a functional class of proteins that move neurotransmitters and other small molecules across membranes in cells. (stanford.edu)
Cell-surface proteins that bind dopamine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. (lookformedical.com)

The present report is concerned with the identification of this putative L-aspartate transporter in rat and human prostate cells. (biomedcentral.com)
In other cells (predominantly excitable tissue cells), EAAC1 has been reported to function as a glutamate transporter rather than as an aspartate transporter. (biomedcentral.com)
The identification of EAAC1 as the high-affinity L-aspartate transporter now permits studies to elucidate the mechanism of hormonal regulation of EAAC1 gene expression, and to investigate the mechanism by which the cellular environment effects the functioning of EAAC1 as an aspartate transporter or as a glutamate transporter. (biomedcentral.com)
An important unresolved issue was the identification of the putative prostate high-affinity L-aspartate transporter. (biomedcentral.com)

Reduced peptide control of neurotransmission in the amygdala shifts the excitatory/inhibitory balance of inputs onto accumbens-projecting amygdala cells involved in relapse. (jneurosci.org)
Glutamate transporters are essential players in glutamatergic neurotransmission in the brain, where they maintain extracellular glutamate below cytotoxic levels and allow for rounds of transmission. (elifesciences.org)
Sodium and aspartate symporter Glt Ph is an archaeal homolog of human glutamate transporters, which clear the neurotransmitter glutamate from the synaptic cleft following rounds of neurotransmission ( Danbolt, 2001 ). (elifesciences.org)

Secondary effects of brain trauma can be reduced by molecules that limit glutamate release, antagonists of ionotropic glutamate receptors, and compounds that target calcium influx. (drexel.edu)
Glutamate and glutamate receptors in the vertebrate retina. (org.es)
2) Specific neurotransmitter receptors are localized on the postsynaptic cells, and (3) there exists a mechanism to stop neurotransmitter release and clear molecules from the cleft. (org.es)
Neuroactive glutamate is classified as an excitatory amino acid (EAA) because glutamate binding onto postsynaptic receptors typically stimulates, or depolarizes, the postsynaptic cells. (org.es)
S1P signals extracellularly through five G-protein-coupled receptors and it is found in higher concentrations in neurologic diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) where excitotoxic neurodegeneration has been implicated. (eneuro.org)

The effects on dopamine (DA) release and dopamine transporter (DAT) gene expression were assayed in hypothalamic HypoE22 cells. (researchgate.net)

In brain, these transporters are crucial in terminating the postsynaptic action of the neurotransmitter glutamate, and in maintaining extracellular glutamate concentrations below neurotoxic levels. (abbkine.com)
Dynamic target of seizure control in management of epilepsy is achieving balance between factors that influence excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and those that influence inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). (medscape.com)

This Human Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (SLC1A1) ELISA Kit employs a two-site sandwich ELISA to quantitate SLC1A1 in samples. (abbkine.com)
Human Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (SLC1A1) ELISA Kit has high sensitivity and excellent specificity for detection of Human SLC1A1. (abbkine.com)
This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species. (master-sistemisanitari-medicinenonconvenzionali.org)
Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Neurotensin Receptor 1, High Affinity from Human in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell culture fluid and other biological fluids. (1elisakits.com)

Linkage and association of the mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carrier SLC25A12 gene with autism. (neurotransmitter.net)
Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that showed evidence for divergent distribution between autistic and nonautistic subjects were identified, both within SLC25A12, a gene encoding the mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carrier (AGC1). (neurotransmitter.net)

Some neuroactive compounds are amino acids, which also have metabolic functions in the presynaptic cell. (org.es)
Neuroactive glutamate is stored in synaptic vesicles in presynaptic axon terminals (Fykse and Fonnum, 1996). (org.es)
Roles of neuroactive amino acids in ammonia neurotoxicity. (cdc.gov)

Glutamate transporters maintain the concentration of glutamate within the synaptic cleft at low levels, preventing glutamate-induced cell death (Kanai et al. (org.es)

Glutamate transporters play an important role in maintaining extracellular glutamate homeostasis. (silverchair.com)
however, a clear link between glutamate homeostasis and S1P signaling has not been established. (eneuro.org)
On the horizon, novel insights into metabolism and energy homeostasis reveal guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) signaling circuits as emerging targets for antiobesity pharmacotherapy. (eddoctor24h.com)
To guarantee the specificity of the signal transmission, the cell organizes dynamically the Ca 2+ fluctuations in the cytosol by varying the distribution, the type, and the availability of the different Ca 2+ transporters, and it increases the spatial and temporal complexity of Ca 2+ homeostasis by compartmentalizing the signals into the organelles. (schoolbag.info)

Glutamate transporters play an important role in removing glutamate from extracellular space into cells. (silverchair.com)

[3] This anion creates the savory umami flavor of foods and is found in glutamate flavoring s such as MSG . (explained.today)
At even higher pH, the other carboxylic acid group loses its proton and the acid exists almost entirely as the glutamate anion − OOC−CH− 2 −COO − , with a single negative charge overall. (explained.today)

Glutamate neurotoxicity has been reported in multiple neurologic diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), representing a shared neurodegenerative mechanism. (eneuro.org)
Astrocytic S1P-S1P 2 signaling increased extracellular glutamate, which could contribute to neurotoxicity. (eneuro.org)
Development and use of S1P 2 -selective antagonists may provide a new approach to reduce glutamate neurotoxicity in neurologic diseases. (eneuro.org)
S1P 2 antagonists may provide a means to reduce S1P-induced glutamate neurotoxicity and ameliorate neurologic diseases. (eneuro.org)

Other compounds that enhance the activity of EAAT2 (the main astrocytic transporter in the CNS) in pathological conditions, such as ß-lactam antibiotics, attenuate damage in both acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. (drexel.edu)
Previous studies in my lab have identified a unique natural compound from the spider Parawixia bistriata that increases the activity of glutamate transporter EAAT2 and has neuroprotective effects on retinal tissue under ischemia. (drexel.edu)

In the framework of this thesis, the effects of exogenous administration of several non-essential amino acids and the participation of their specific transporters in brain metabolism were investigated in Guinea pig cortical brain slices and mouse brain tissues using a targeted neuropharmacological and metabolomic strategy. (edu.au)
In cortical tissue slices L-aspartate increased brain metabolism concentration-dependently, L-ornithine significantly slowed it at higher concentrations (100 μmol/L), and the effects of LOLA was largely dependent on the balance of its two constituent amino acids. (edu.au)
Glucose is the major substrate for ATP synthesis through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), whereas intermediary metabolism through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle utilizes non-glucose-derived monocarboxylates, amino acids, and alpha ketoacids to support mitochondrial ATP and GTP synthesis. (molvis.org)
Confocal studies showed differential cellular and compartmental distribution of isozymes involved in glucose, glutamate, glutamine, lactate, and creatine metabolism. (molvis.org)
In isolated retinas, vasodilations dependent on astrocyte metabolism of arachidonic acid by cytochrome (CYP) P450 2C11 (epoxygenase) to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) became less likely as NO levels increased and directly inhibited epoxygenase activity [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In addition, it has been reported that antibody-mediated crosslinking of MAG can protect oligodendrocytes (OLs) against glutamate (Glu) overload by unknown mechanisms. (bvsalud.org)
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Neurotensin Receptor 1, High Affinity (NTSR1) in Tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids. (1elisakits.com)

Glutamate/aspartate:Na+ symporter, GLAST or EAAT1, Structural rearrangements have been probed by Leighton et al. (lbl.gov)

Excitatory amino-acid transporter 4 (EAAT4) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC1A6 gene. (wikipedia.org)
This transporter also transports aspartate, and mutations in this gene are thought to cause dicarboxylicamino aciduria, also known as glutamate-aspartate transport defect. (abbkine.com)
These diseases are the result of a defect in transport of sialic acid across lysosomal membranes and are associated with mutations in the gene encoding the sialic acid transporter sialin. (stanford.edu)
Negative association findings and research involving the serotonin transporter gene, FMR1, RELN, WNT2, HOXA1, and HOXB1 genes may be found elsewhere on this site . (neurotransmitter.net)

2009). Cotransports glutamic acid with three Na+ followed by countertransport of K+ (Teichman et al. (lbl.gov)
When glutamic acid is dissolved in water, the amino group (−) may gain a proton , and/or the carboxyl groups may lose protons, depending on the acidity of the medium. (explained.today)
Although they occur naturally in many foods, the flavor contributions made by glutamic acid and other amino acids were only scientifically identified early in the 20th century. (explained.today)
[10] In 1908, Japanese researcher Kikunae Ikeda of the Tokyo Imperial University identified brown crystals left behind after the evaporation of a large amount of kombu broth as glutamic acid. (explained.today)
He then patented a method of mass-producing a crystalline salt of glutamic acid, monosodium glutamate . (explained.today)
Glutamic acid is produced on the largest scale of any amino acid, with an estimated annual production of about 1.5 million tons in 2006. (explained.today)

L-Glutamate-induced responses were increased gradually with the increased concentrations of isoflurane, a volatile anesthetic. (silverchair.com)
The homeostatic regulation of amino acid concentrations is crucial for optimal brain function and development. (edu.au)

This requires a continuous de novo synthesis of glutamate, likely involving the action of both pyruvate carboxylase (PC) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). (123dok.net)
Description: Quantitative sandwich ELISA for measuring Human Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in samples from cell culture supernatants, serum, whole blood, plasma and other biological fluids. (master-sistemisanitari-medicinenonconvenzionali.org)
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Mouse Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate Dehydrogenase in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. (master-sistemisanitari-medicinenonconvenzionali.org)

Mutations in four genes have been identified in familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM), from which CACNA1A (FHM type 1) and SCN1A (FHM type 3) code for neuronal voltage-gated calcium or sodium channels, respectively, while ATP1A2 (FHM type 2) encodes the α 2 isoform of the Na + ,K + -ATPase's catalytic subunit, thus classifying FHM primarily as an ion channel/ion transporter pathology. (frontiersin.org)
Strikingly diverse functional abnormalities have been identified for disease-linked ATP1A2 mutations which frequently lead to changes in the enzyme's voltage-dependent properties, kinetics, or apparent cation affinities, but some mutations are truly deleterious for enzyme function and thus cause full haploinsufficiency. (frontiersin.org)

Our projects include basic research programs to further our knowledge of glutamate transporters regulation in physiological and disease states, and translational projects involving the development of small molecule allosteric modulators of these transporters. (drexel.edu)
Exposure of prostate cells to physiological levels of prolactin or testosterone results in an up-regulation of EAAC1 expression and a corresponding increase in the high-affinity transport of L-aspartate into the cells. (biomedcentral.com)

In response to the elevated glutamate in the liver, the expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is up-regulated in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) along with enhanced production of 2-arachidonoylglycerol, which in turn stimulates cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB 1 R) on neighboring hepatocytes to increase de novo lipogenesis. (e-cmh.org)

Thus, allosteric modulators of Sig1R are described as compounds that can increase the activity of Sig1R ligands that compete with [ 3 H](+)-pentazocine for binding to Sig1R. (frontiersin.org)

An increased PC activity upon ammonia exposure and the importance of PC activity for glutamine synthesis has previously been demonstrated while the importance of GDH for generation of glutamate as precursor for glutamine synthesis has received little attention. (123dok.net)

The authors studied the effects of volatile anesthetics on one type of glutamate transporters, excitatory amino acid transporter type 3 (EAAT3), and the role of protein kinase C in mediating these effects. (silverchair.com)
Excitatory amino acid transporter type 3 was expressed in Xenopus oocytes by injection of EAAT3 mRNA. (silverchair.com)
0.05) of EAAT3 for glutamate compared with control. (silverchair.com)

Despite countless in vitro and in vivo research on these amino acids' activities, many fundamental concerns about their metabolic function in different brain areas and pathophysiological conditions remain unanswered. (edu.au)
In this review, we briefly describe the underlying mechanisms of oxidative stress-mediated glutamate secretion and endocannabinoid production in alcoholic steatosis and suggest a novel metabolic synapse between hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and hepatocytes. (e-cmh.org)
On chronic ethanol consumption, ethanol is mainly metabolized in perivenous hepatocytes with high expression of CYP2E1, inducing metabolic stress-mediated death and regeneration of hepatocytes at zone 3. (e-cmh.org)

Glutamate is incorporated into the vesicles by a glutamate transporter located in the vesicular membrane. (org.es)

1994). Though Muller cells take up glutamate, they do not label with glutamate antibodies (Jojich and Pourcho, 1996). (org.es)

Some horizontal and/or amacrine cells can also display weak labeling with glutamate antibodies (Ehinger et al. (org.es)

Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder, accounting for the loss of 18 million years of healthy life in 2019 [ 3 ]. (degruyter.com)
According to World Drug Report 2021, it was estimated that about 36.3 million people were suffering from drug use disorder in 2019 and the number had rapidly accelerated year by year [ 3 ]. (degruyter.com)

The transport domains are mobile and move through the lipid bilayer (alike an elevator) when translocating the amino acid substrate and co-transported ions across the membrane 13 . (nature.com)
Prostate epithelial cells accumulate a high level of aspartate that is utilized as a substrate for their unique function of production and secretion of enormously high levels of citrate. (biomedcentral.com)

Studies on the physiological effects of sulfamic acid and ammonium sulfamate. (cdc.gov)

Neurotransmitter compounds can be small molecules, such as glutamate and glycine, or large peptides, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). (org.es)

Dysfunction of glutamate transporters causes glutamate accumulation that results in glutamate-mediated neuronal injury, which has been implicated in the pathophysiology of ischemic brain damage and other neurodegenerative disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. (silverchair.com)
This is achieved by the existence of a Na+-dependent high-affinity L-aspartate transport process with kinetic properties that result in cellular accumulation of aspartate from circulation [ 5 - 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Interestingly, although the increased expression of CYP2E1-mediated xCT and ROS generation are mainly observed at the perivenous area (zone 3), fat accumulation is mostly detected at hepatic zone 2. (e-cmh.org)

proton/sodium-glutamate symport protein GltT. (lbl.gov)

EAAC1 expression and high-affinity L-aspartate transport are correspondingly down-regulated by EAAC1 siRNA knock down. (biomedcentral.com)

SLC1A1 encodes a member of the high-affinity glutamate transporters that play an essential role in transporting glutamate across plasma membranes. (abbkine.com)

The pattern and intensity of the antibodies and of the COX and LDH activity showed the high capacity of photoreceptors for aerobic glycolysis and OXPHOS. (molvis.org)

Produced by in vitro bioreactor culture of hybridoma line followed by Protein A affinity chromatography. (antibodiesinc.com)

Proton-glutamate-aspartate transport protein. (lbl.gov)
In sufficiently acidic environments, the amino group gains a proton and the molecule becomes a cation with a single positive charge, HOOC−CH− 2 −COOH. (explained.today)
At pH values between about 2.5 and 4.1, [4] the carboxylic acid closer to the amine generally loses a proton, and the acid becomes the neutral zwitterion − OOC−CH− 2 −COOH. (explained.today)

It is also the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system. (explained.today)

Different amino acid transporters at cell membranes work together to facilitate the movement of amino acids into and out of the brain. (edu.au)

Neurotransmitter molecules can also bind onto presynaptic autoreceptors and transporters, regulating subsequent release and clearing excess neurotransmitter from the cleft. (org.es)

This has a profound impact on the level of receptor activation and excitatory transmission. (drexel.edu)
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Mouse Neurotensin Receptor 1, High Affinity (NTSR1) in samples from tissue homogenates or other biological fluids. (1elisakits.com)

Transporters have many characteristics that make them excellent pharmacological targets, and not surprisingly some of the most effective treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders are directed at transporters. (stanford.edu)

Anatomy11

Organisms3

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs72

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Phenomena and Processes13

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Uptake15

Solute3

Major excitatory neurotransmitter2

Neurons10

GABA3

Astrocytes3

EAATs3

Plasma membrane1

Proteins4

Aspartate transporter4

Neurotransmission3

Receptors5

Dopamine1

Postsynaptic2

ELISA Kit4

Mitochondrial aspartate2

Neuroactive3

Synaptic cleft1

Homeostasis4

Extracellular space1

Anion2

Neurotoxicity4

EAAT22

Metabolism5

Antibody2

GLAST1

Gene4

Glutamic acid6

Concentrations2

Dehydrogenase3

Mutations2

Regulation2

Metabotropic1

Allosteric modulators1

Precursor1

EAAT33

Metabolic3

Vesicular1

19941

Amacrine cells1

20192

Substrate2

Physiological1

Glycine1

Accumulation3

Symport1

EAAC11

SLC1A11

Antibodies1

Vitro1

Proton3

Abundant1

Membranes1

Subsequent1

Receptor2

Pharmacological1