High affinity excitatory amino acid transporter 4. Medical search. Frequent questions

SLC1A1 encodes a member of the high-affinity glutamate transporters that play an essential role in transporting glutamate across plasma membranes. (abbkine.com)
Research in the A. Mortensen lab focuses on understanding mechanisms that regulate glutamate transporters, crucial proteins in the central nervous system (CNS) that modulate excitatory transmission. (drexel.edu)
Our projects include basic research programs to further our knowledge of glutamate transporters regulation in physiological and disease states, and translational projects involving the development of small molecule allosteric modulators of these transporters. (drexel.edu)
Glutamate transporters play an important role in maintaining extracellular glutamate homeostasis. (silverchair.com)
The authors studied the effects of volatile anesthetics on one type of glutamate transporters, excitatory amino acid transporter type 3 (EAAT3), and the role of protein kinase C in mediating these effects. (silverchair.com)
Glutamate transporters play an important role in removing glutamate from extracellular space into cells. (silverchair.com)
Dysfunction of glutamate transporters causes glutamate accumulation that results in glutamate-mediated neuronal injury, which has been implicated in the pathophysiology of ischemic brain damage and other neurodegenerative disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. (silverchair.com)
1,2 Five glutamate transporters have been characterized to date: excitatory amino acid transporters 1-5 (EAAT1-5). (silverchair.com)
Glutamate transporters maintain the concentration of glutamate within the synaptic cleft at low levels, preventing glutamate-induced cell death (Kanai et al. (org.es)

Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) of the solute carrier family 1A (SLC1A) take up the neurotransmitter L-glutamate from the synaptic environment, which is necessary to keep the extracellular concentration low and prevent neurotoxicity 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
All the amino acid transporters mentioned in this study were addressed by the existing solute carrier (SLC) gene nomenclature system for amino acid transporters. (edu.au)

Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) on the plasma membrane regulate and modulate glutamate neurotransmission by transporting synaptically released glutamate back into cells. (drexel.edu)
The main goals of my research are twofold: to investigate the regulation of EAATs in physiological states and neurological disorders, and to progress the development of compounds that target these transporters for therapeutic purposes. (drexel.edu)
Subsequent to our kinetic identification of the transport process, significant advances have been achieved in the genetic and protein identification and characterization of the X AG - transporter class as EAATs (excitatory amino acid transporters). (biomedcentral.com)

EAAT1-2 are glial, EAAT3-4 are neuronal, and the mRNA of EAAT5 is distributed in the neurons and glia of retina. (silverchair.com)
Mutations in four genes have been identified in familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM), from which CACNA1A (FHM type 1) and SCN1A (FHM type 3) code for neuronal voltage-gated calcium or sodium channels, respectively, while ATP1A2 (FHM type 2) encodes the α 2 isoform of the Na + ,K + -ATPase's catalytic subunit, thus classifying FHM primarily as an ion channel/ion transporter pathology. (frontiersin.org)
The Na + ,K + -ATPase maintains the physiological gradients for Na + and K + ions and is, therefore, critical for the activity of ion channels and transporters involved neuronal excitability, neurotransmitter uptake or Ca 2+ signaling. (frontiersin.org)

Hence, it is of great significance to reveal the mechanism behind drug addiction, and thanks to the advancing technology in the neuroscience, accumulating studies help people understand how versatile astrocytes work in drug addiction indeed [ 4 ]. (degruyter.com)
Ramón y Cajal's observations align with the traditional view of astrocytes as support cells and the more recent lines of evidence revealing astrocytes as active regulators of synaptic transmission and plasticity [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. (nature.com)
Illustration representing astrocyte responsiveness to dopamine and the bidirectional communication flow between astrocytes and neurons with depression of excitatory post synaptic currents. (nature.com)
constriction was attributed to PLA2-mediated arachidonic acid production by astrocytes, followed by diffusion of the arachidonic acid to smooth muscle and subsequent metabolism by cytochrome P450 4A (ω-hydroxylase) to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE). (biomedcentral.com)

GLUTAMATE is a major excitatory neurotransmitter. (silverchair.com)
Glutamate (Fig. 1) is believed to be the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the retina. (org.es)

In our studies on neurotransmitter metabolism we have focused our efforts on transporters, a functional class of proteins that move neurotransmitters and other small molecules across membranes in cells. (stanford.edu)
L-Aspartic acid is used as a cell culture media component for the commercial biomanufacture of therapeutic recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibodies. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Cell-surface proteins that bind dopamine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. (lookformedical.com)

Glutamate is incorporated into these cell types through a high affinity glutamate transporter located in the plasma membrane. (org.es)

In the framework of this thesis, the effects of exogenous administration of several non-essential amino acids and the participation of their specific transporters in brain metabolism were investigated in Guinea pig cortical brain slices and mouse brain tissues using a targeted neuropharmacological and metabolomic strategy. (edu.au)
In cortical tissue slices L-aspartate increased brain metabolism concentration-dependently, L-ornithine significantly slowed it at higher concentrations (100 μmol/L), and the effects of LOLA was largely dependent on the balance of its two constituent amino acids. (edu.au)
Glucose is the major substrate for ATP synthesis through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), whereas intermediary metabolism through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle utilizes non-glucose-derived monocarboxylates, amino acids, and alpha ketoacids to support mitochondrial ATP and GTP synthesis. (molvis.org)
In isolated retinas, vasodilations dependent on astrocyte metabolism of arachidonic acid by cytochrome (CYP) P450 2C11 (epoxygenase) to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) became less likely as NO levels increased and directly inhibited epoxygenase activity [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

We are specifically focusing on two groups of transporters vesicular neurotransmitter transporters that package neurotransmitters into vesicles for release, and glutamine transporters that shuttle glutamine, a precursor for two major neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA, to neurons from glia, the supporting cells that surround them. (stanford.edu)

The transport domains are mobile and move through the lipid bilayer (alike an elevator) when translocating the amino acid substrate and co-transported ions across the membrane 13 . (nature.com)
Prostate epithelial cells accumulate a high level of aspartate that is utilized as a substrate for their unique function of production and secretion of enormously high levels of citrate. (biomedcentral.com)
ATB 0+ (SLC6A14) is a transporter for numerous dipolar and cationic amino acids and thus has a much broader substrate specificity than the glycine transporters alongside which it is grouped on the basis of structural similarity [ 10 ]. (guidetopharmacology.org)
Compared to other lipid ATP-binding cassette transporters, ALDP has two substrate binding cavities formed by the transmembrane domains. (elifesciences.org)

It is well-established that the secondary active transporters Glt Tk and Glt Ph catalyze coupled uptake of aspartate and three sodium ions, but insight in the kinetic mechanism of transport is fragmentary. (nature.com)
This study shows that EAAC1 functions as the high-affinity L-aspartate transporter that is responsible for the uptake and accumulation of aspartate in prostate cells. (biomedcentral.com)
The xCT transporter mediates the uptake of cystine coupled to the efflux of glutamate, leading to an increase in blood glutamate. (e-cmh.org)

This Human Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (SLC1A1) ELISA Kit employs a two-site sandwich ELISA to quantitate SLC1A1 in samples. (abbkine.com)
Human Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (SLC1A1) ELISA Kit has high sensitivity and excellent specificity for detection of Human SLC1A1. (abbkine.com)
Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Neurotensin Receptor 1, High Affinity from Human in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell culture fluid and other biological fluids. (1elisakits.com)

The present report is concerned with the identification of this putative L-aspartate transporter in rat and human prostate cells. (biomedcentral.com)
In other cells (predominantly excitable tissue cells), EAAC1 has been reported to function as a glutamate transporter rather than as an aspartate transporter. (biomedcentral.com)
The identification of EAAC1 as the high-affinity L-aspartate transporter now permits studies to elucidate the mechanism of hormonal regulation of EAAC1 gene expression, and to investigate the mechanism by which the cellular environment effects the functioning of EAAC1 as an aspartate transporter or as a glutamate transporter. (biomedcentral.com)
An important unresolved issue was the identification of the putative prostate high-affinity L-aspartate transporter. (biomedcentral.com)

Excitatory amino acid transporter type 3 was expressed in Xenopus oocytes by injection of EAAT3 mRNA. (silverchair.com)

In brain, these transporters are crucial in terminating the postsynaptic action of the neurotransmitter glutamate, and in maintaining extracellular glutamate concentrations below neurotoxic levels. (abbkine.com)
However, later intracellular marking techniques, in which dyes were injected from the electrode tips into the cytoplasm of the recorded neuron, revealed that horizontal cells, second order neurons postsynaptic to cones, were the source of the S-potentials (3, 4). (org.es)
Neuroactive glutamate is classified as an excitatory amino acid (EAA) because glutamate binding onto postsynaptic receptors typically stimulates, or depolarizes, the postsynaptic cells. (org.es)
Dynamic target of seizure control in management of epilepsy is achieving balance between factors that influence excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and those that influence inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). (medscape.com)

This transporter also transports aspartate, and mutations in this gene are thought to cause dicarboxylicamino aciduria, also known as glutamate-aspartate transport defect. (abbkine.com)
These diseases are the result of a defect in transport of sialic acid across lysosomal membranes and are associated with mutations in the gene encoding the sialic acid transporter sialin. (stanford.edu)
The structure and functional studies of disease-causing mutations are solid and will appeal to the transporter and medical genetics communities. (elifesciences.org)
FHM type 4 is attributed to mutations in the PRRT2 gene, which encodes a proline-rich transmembrane protein of as yet unknown function. (frontiersin.org)
Strikingly diverse functional abnormalities have been identified for disease-linked ATP1A2 mutations which frequently lead to changes in the enzyme's voltage-dependent properties, kinetics, or apparent cation affinities, but some mutations are truly deleterious for enzyme function and thus cause full haploinsufficiency. (frontiersin.org)

The effects on dopamine (DA) release and dopamine transporter (DAT) gene expression were assayed in hypothalamic HypoE22 cells. (researchgate.net)

Many structures and processes are involved in the development of a seizure, including neurons, ion channels, receptors, glia, and inhibitory and excitatory synapses. (medscape.com)
Reduced peptide control of neurotransmission in the amygdala shifts the excitatory/inhibitory balance of inputs onto accumbens-projecting amygdala cells involved in relapse. (jneurosci.org)
It serves as the precursor for the synthesis of the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in GABAergic neurons. (explained.today)

Other compounds that enhance the activity of EAAT2 (the main astrocytic transporter in the CNS) in pathological conditions, such as ß-lactam antibiotics, attenuate damage in both acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. (drexel.edu)
Previous studies in my lab have identified a unique natural compound from the spider Parawixia bistriata that increases the activity of glutamate transporter EAAT2 and has neuroprotective effects on retinal tissue under ischemia. (drexel.edu)

Excitatory amino-acid transporter 4 (EAAT4) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC1A6 gene. (wikipedia.org)
Immunogenicity was evalua ted based on detection of total antibodies (Ab) against spike protein and neutralizing Ab in serum 4 weeks after the second vaccine dose. (bvsalud.org)
Oocytes pretreated with any of the three protein kinase C inhibitors alone (chelerythrine, staurosporine, or calphostin C) did not affect basal transporter current. (silverchair.com)
S1P signals extracellularly through five G-protein-coupled receptors and it is found in higher concentrations in neurologic diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) where excitotoxic neurodegeneration has been implicated. (eneuro.org)
Adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP) is responsible for the transport of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and corresponding CoA-esters across the peroxisomal membrane. (elifesciences.org)
The adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP) or ABCD1 is an ABC transporter that participates in the transport of free very long-chain fatty acids and their CoA esters across the peroxisomal membrane. (elifesciences.org)
Sig1R is an endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein that, in addition to its promiscuous high-affinity ligand binding, has been shown to have chaperone activity. (frontiersin.org)
Our safety is to skip a not artificial appropriate hemodynamic tissue treatment, high of containing the thiazolidinediones of a chief Nephritis of patients with such protein Source. (hone.world)
[1] the ionic form is known as glutamate ) is an α- amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of protein s. (explained.today)

Two gene products, GlyT1 and GlyT2, are known that give rise to transporters that are predominantly located on glia and neurones, respectively. (guidetopharmacology.org)
Negative association findings and research involving the serotonin transporter gene, FMR1, RELN, WNT2, HOXA1, and HOXB1 genes may be found elsewhere on this site . (neurotransmitter.net)
We provide that oxygen people containing studies synthesized to invariant mechanisms of the metabolic and Magnetic positive high shipping accounts, and Excerpt movements between these costs and the ACE-gene, are to new correlation in cardiomyopathy to renal laboratory stress. (hone.world)

The homeostatic regulation of amino acid concentrations is crucial for optimal brain function and development. (edu.au)
Different amino acid transporters at cell membranes work together to facilitate the movement of amino acids into and out of the brain. (edu.au)
Despite countless in vitro and in vivo research on these amino acids' activities, many fundamental concerns about their metabolic function in different brain areas and pathophysiological conditions remain unanswered. (edu.au)
Glutamate is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the human brain. (eneuro.org)
Expression of nucleoside diphosphate kinase, mitochondria-associated adenylate kinase, and several mitochondria-associated creatine kinase isozymes was highest in the outer retina, whereas expression of cytosolic adenylate kinase and brain creatine kinase was higher in the cones, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells indicating the diversity of ATP-buffering strategies among retinal neurons. (molvis.org)
By contrast PROT (SLC6A7), which is expressed only in brain in association with a subset of excitatory nerve terminals, shows specificity for the transport of L-proline . (guidetopharmacology.org)
In another set of experiments, brain slices were incubated in aCSF containing 1 or 5 mM 15 N-labeled NH 4 Cl and 5 mM unlabeled glucose. (123dok.net)

Exposure of prostate cells to physiological levels of prolactin or testosterone results in an up-regulation of EAAC1 expression and a corresponding increase in the high-affinity transport of L-aspartate into the cells. (biomedcentral.com)

1868(4): 166324, 2022 04 01. (bvsalud.org)

Some neuroactive compounds are amino acids, which also have metabolic functions in the presynaptic cell. (org.es)
Roles of neuroactive amino acids in ammonia neurotoxicity. (cdc.gov)

At even higher pH, the other carboxylic acid group loses its proton and the acid exists almost entirely as the glutamate anion − OOC−CH− 2 −COO − , with a single negative charge overall. (explained.today)

Glutamate is incorporated into the vesicles by a glutamate transporter located in the vesicular membrane. (org.es)

Within this QTL, we selected glial high-affinity glutamate transporter 1 (Glt1) as the leading candidate. (nih.gov)

EAAC1 expression and high-affinity L-aspartate transport are correspondingly down-regulated by EAAC1 siRNA knock down. (biomedcentral.com)

It is also neurotoxic when extracellular concentration is high. (silverchair.com)

Neurotransmitter molecules can also bind onto presynaptic autoreceptors and transporters, regulating subsequent release and clearing excess neurotransmitter from the cleft. (org.es)

On chronic ethanol consumption, ethanol is mainly metabolized in perivenous hepatocytes with high expression of CYP2E1, inducing metabolic stress-mediated death and regeneration of hepatocytes at zone 3. (e-cmh.org)

To overcome the complication that purified transporters may adopt right-side-out or inside-out membrane orientations upon reconstitution, thereby confounding the kinetic analysis, we employed a rapid method using synthetic nanobodies to inactivate one population. (nature.com)

Studies on the physiological effects of sulfamic acid and ammonium sulfamate. (cdc.gov)

It is also the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system. (explained.today)

2009). Cotransports glutamic acid with three Na+ followed by countertransport of K+ (Teichman et al. (lbl.gov)
When glutamic acid is dissolved in water, the amino group (−) may gain a proton , and/or the carboxyl groups may lose protons, depending on the acidity of the medium. (explained.today)
Although they occur naturally in many foods, the flavor contributions made by glutamic acid and other amino acids were only scientifically identified early in the 20th century. (explained.today)
[10] In 1908, Japanese researcher Kikunae Ikeda of the Tokyo Imperial University identified brown crystals left behind after the evaporation of a large amount of kombu broth as glutamic acid. (explained.today)
He then patented a method of mass-producing a crystalline salt of glutamic acid, monosodium glutamate . (explained.today)
Glutamic acid is produced on the largest scale of any amino acid, with an estimated annual production of about 1.5 million tons in 2006. (explained.today)

EAAT4 is expressed predominantly in the cerebellum, has high affinity for the excitatory amino acids L-aspartate and L-glutamate. (wikipedia.org)

The main groups include sodium channel blockers, calcium current inhibitors, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhancers, glutamate blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, hormones, and drugs with unknown mechanisms of action (see the image below). (medscape.com)

To guarantee the specificity of the signal transmission, the cell organizes dynamically the Ca 2+ fluctuations in the cytosol by varying the distribution, the type, and the availability of the different Ca 2+ transporters, and it increases the spatial and temporal complexity of Ca 2+ homeostasis by compartmentalizing the signals into the organelles. (schoolbag.info)

In mammals and many higher vertebrates, each muscle fiber typically has a single synaptic site innervated by a single motor axon branch. (intechopen.com)

However, in the solid state and mildly acid ic water solutions, the molecule assumes an electrically neutral zwitterion structure − OOC−CH− 2 −COOH. (explained.today)
In sufficiently acidic environments, the amino group gains a proton and the molecule becomes a cation with a single positive charge, HOOC−CH− 2 −COOH. (explained.today)

This has a profound impact on the level of receptor activation and excitatory transmission. (drexel.edu)
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Neurotensin Receptor 1, High Affinity (NTSR1) in Tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids. (1elisakits.com)
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Mouse Neurotensin Receptor 1, High Affinity (NTSR1) in samples from tissue homogenates or other biological fluids. (1elisakits.com)

Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an endogenous tryptophan (Trp) metabolite known to possess neuroprotective property. (mdpi.com)

This transporter selectively accumulates glutamate through a sodium-independent, ATP-dependent process (Naito and Ueda, 1983, Tabb and Ueda, 1991, Fykse and Fonnum, 1996), resulting in a high concentration of glutamate in each vesicle. (org.es)
Facilitated diffusion does not directly involve high-energy molecules like adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or guanosine triphosphate (GTP) since the molecules are moving along their concentration gradient. (biologydictionary.net)
On the other hand, it is less likely that random molecular movement will result in the directional movement from a region of low concentration specifically towards regions of high concentration. (biologydictionary.net)
Since each of these molecules are moving from regions of high concentration towards areas with low concentration, there is no direct involvement of ATP or other energy currency molecules. (biologydictionary.net)

1987. Ammonia emissions and their role in acid deposition. (cdc.gov)

In earlier kinetic studies we identified the existence of a unique Na+-dependent high-affinity L-aspartate transport process in rat prostate secretory epithelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
This is achieved by the existence of a Na+-dependent high-affinity L-aspartate transport process with kinetic properties that result in cellular accumulation of aspartate from circulation [ 5 - 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The kinetic properties are representative of the Na+- dependent high-affinity glutamate-aspartate transporters referred to as the X AG - class of amino acid transporters. (biomedcentral.com)

Neither has high-fat/high-sodium junk foods and sugar-rich sodas to more the awareness that healthier habits for eating and exercise can fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and healthier bever- be curative proved particularly effective. (eddoctor24h.com)

A ) Schematic of very-long-chain fatty acids transport into the peroxisomes by ALDP. (elifesciences.org)
A schematic representation of the Ca 2+ transporters of animal cells. (schoolbag.info)

Transporters have many characteristics that make them excellent pharmacological targets, and not surprisingly some of the most effective treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders are directed at transporters. (stanford.edu)

At pH values between about 2.5 and 4.1, [4] the carboxylic acid closer to the amine generally loses a proton, and the acid becomes the neutral zwitterion − OOC−CH− 2 −COOH. (explained.today)

Importantly, it has also emerged that Ca 2+ may even regulate the generation and the transmission of its signal by controlling the expression of its own transporters. (schoolbag.info)

Combined with previous pre-equilibrium binding studies, a full kinetic mechanism of structurally characterized aspartate transporters of the SLC1A family is now emerging. (nature.com)
When there is a high density of scented molecules in a region, there is a chance that a few will move away due to the innate kinetic energy of these molecules. (biologydictionary.net)

Anatomy34

Organisms15

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs139

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Phenomena and Processes41

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science4

Glutamate transporters9

Solute2

EAATs3

Neuronal3

Astrocytes4

Major excitatory neurotransmitter2

Proteins3

Plasma membrane1

Metabolism4

Neurotransmitter transporters1

Substrate4

Uptake3

ELISA Kit3

Aspartate transporter4

EAAT31

Postsynaptic4

Mutations5

Dopamine1

Inhibitory3

EAAT22

Protein9

Gene3

Brain7

Regulation1

20221

Neuroactive2

Anion1

Vesicular1

Glial1

EAAC11

Neurotoxic1

Subsequent1

Metabolic1

Membrane1

Physiological1

Abundant1

Glutamic acid6

Predominantly1

GABA1

Specificity1

Synaptic1

Molecule2

Receptor3

Metabolite1

Concentration4

Ammonia1

Dependent3

Sodium1

Schematic2

Characteristics1

Neutral1

Regulate1

Kinetic2