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HexosesPentosesSugar AcidsPentose Phosphate PathwayBacteriaHexosephosphatesPentosephosphatesTransaldolaseGlucoseCarbohydrate MetabolismXyloseCarbohydratesDeoxy SugarsGlucosephosphate DehydrogenaseTransketolaseMonosaccharide Transport ProteinsPhosphogluconate DehydrogenaseGram-Negative BacteriaRiboseGram-Positive BacteriaMethylglucosidesFructoseMolecular Sequence DataSugar AlcoholsGalactoseArabinoseBacteria, AnaerobicGlycolysisFermentationGlucosephosphatesEscherichia coliMonosaccharidesAmino SugarsMethylglycosidesBacterial ProteinsDeoxyglucose3-O-MethylglucosePhylogenyGluconatesRNA, Ribosomal, 16SRibosemonophosphatesSucroseCarbon IsotopesDNA, BacterialHexokinaseKineticsGlucose-6-PhosphateBiological TransportGlucose Transporter Type 5MannoseGlucose Transport Proteins, FacilitativePhlorhizinGlucose-6-Phosphate IsomeraseCarbonCulture MediaBacteria, Aerobic6-AminonicotinamideNADPSequence Analysis, DNASugar PhosphatesAmino Acid SequenceFructosephosphatesCytochalasin BXylitolAnaerobiosisDNA, RibosomalRibulosephosphatesCitric Acid CycleCarbohydrate SequenceBiological Transport, ActiveBiofuelsOxidation-ReductionPhloretinUridine Diphosphate SugarsPhosphoenolpyruvate Sugar Phosphotransferase SystemHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationGlyceraldehyde 3-PhosphateGram-Negative Anaerobic BacteriaOligosaccharidesMutationGenes, BacterialCarbon DioxideMaltoseRanunculaceaeBase SequenceGlucosamineWater MicrobiologyRhamnosebeta-FructofuranosidaseLactatesCarbohydrate EpimerasesDietary SucroseMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyDisaccharidesPolysaccharidesSpecies Specificity

GlucoseXyloseMonosaccharidesSimple sugarsPathwayFattyAminoPathwaysFructoseOrganic compoundsPolysaccharidesCarbohydratesAmmoniaReactionHydrolysisFermentationContentBiochemicalGroupCellEnergyGrowthProcessFatty acidsGlucuronic acidFoundPresent

Glucose17

• The experimental data included four different cases: glucose, xylose, sugar mixture, and wheat straw hydrolysate (WSH) fermentations. (biomedcentral.com)
• The substrate uptake rate of C. saccharolyticus on single sugar-defined media was higher on glucose compared to xylose. (biomedcentral.com)
• In contrast, in the defined sugar mixture and WSH, the pentoses were consumed faster than glucose. (biomedcentral.com)
• Subsequently, the cultures entered a lag phase when all pentoses were consumed after which glucose uptake rate increased. (biomedcentral.com)
• The observation could be described with a modified diauxic model including a second enzyme system with a higher affinity for glucose being expressed when pentose saccharides are consumed. (biomedcentral.com)
• The previously observed co-consumption of glucose and pentoses with a preference for the latter was herein confirmed. (biomedcentral.com)
• However, once all pentoses were consumed, C. saccharolyticus most probably expressed another uptake system to account for the observed increased glucose uptake rate. (biomedcentral.com)
• Moreover, the observation indicates a regulation system that has fundamental research relevance, since pentose and glucose uptake in C. saccharolyticus has only been described with ABC transporters, whereas previously reported diauxic growth phenomena have been correlated mainly to PTS systems for sugar uptake. (biomedcentral.com)
• A hexose or fermentable monosaccharide and isomer of glucose from manna, the ash Fraxinus ornus and related plants. (lookformedical.com)
• Among these, pentoses (e.g., ribose in ribonucleic acid (RNA)) and hexoses (e.g., glucose, or blood sugar) are the most common sugars in animal tissues. (oregonstate.education)
• A. Monosaccharides are often referred to as simple sugars (e.g., glucose) and cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler compounds. (oregonstate.education)
• Both glucose and fructose have the same molecular formula C6H12O6 and are hexoses (6 C). But glucose is an aldose (also called aldohexose) and fructose is a ketose, or a ketohexose. (oregonstate.education)
• The three hexoses that are nutritionally and metabolically important are glucose, fructose, and galactose (see Figure 3.1). (oregonstate.education)
• Glucose is the form of carbohydrates found in circulating blood (blood sugar) and is the primary carbohydrate used by the body for energy production. (oregonstate.education)
• 4) glycosidic linkage, which connects to Iast the two sugar residues on a non-reducing end, creating glucose 1-phosphate as well as the polymer, which is one that is a glucose unit smaller. (microbiologynote.com)
• The glucose 6-phosphate that is formed during the phosphoglucomutase process can be absorbed into glycolysis or a different pathway, such as the pentose phosphate pathway. (microbiologynote.com)
• In the majority of organisms, other hexoses than glucose are able to undergo glycolysis following transformation into the phosphorylated form. (microbiologynote.com)

Xylose1

• The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of mono sugars revealed that EPS was composed of manouronic acid, glucuronic acid, xylose, and fructose at a molar ratio of 1.0:0.5:1.0:2.0, respectively. (springeropen.com)

Monosaccharides2

• The aim of this study was to quantify uptake of pentose and hexose monosaccharides in an industrial substrate and to present a kinetic growth model of C. saccharolyticus that includes sugar uptake on defined and industrial media. (biomedcentral.com)
• Most monosaccharides in animal tissues are of 5 C and 6 C sugars. (oregonstate.education)

Simple sugars3

• These pre-treatments are designed to allow the carbohydrate portion of the biomass to be broken down into simple sugars, for example by en-zymatic hydrolysis using exogenously added cellulases to release fermentable sugars [ 12 ]. (banksolar.ru)
• and (4) polysaccharides, large polymers of simple sugars. (oregonstate.education)
• Simple sugars are also subdivided into aldose, a sugar that contains an aldehyde structure, or ketose, a sugar that contains a ketone group. (oregonstate.education)

Pathway1

• Most anaerobic bacteria undergo hexose metabolism via the Emden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway (EMP) which produces pyruvate as an intermediate along with NADH. (fao.org)

Fatty4

• In the second stage, hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria convert the higher volatile fatty acids e.g., propionic and butyric acids, produced, to H 2 , CO 2 , and acetic acid. (fao.org)
• Lipases convert lipids to long-chain fatty acids. (fao.org)
• The long-chain fatty acids produced are further degraded by p-oxidation to produce acetyl CoA. (fao.org)
• It consists of five major components each with a different fatty acid moiety. (lookformedical.com)

Amino5

• A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. (lookformedical.com)
• SUGARS containing an amino group. (lookformedical.com)
• GLYCOSYLATION of other compounds with these amino sugars results in AMINOGLYCOSIDES. (lookformedical.com)
• Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories. (lookformedical.com)
• Additionally, we demonstrated that ZmHXK4-6 and ZmHXK9 are located in the mitochondria and their location relies on the first 30 amino acids of the N-terminal domain. (biomedcentral.com)

Pathways1

• The production of hexose 6 phosphate is a key node in different pathways that are required for a successful germination. (biomedcentral.com)

Fructose1

• Fructose, or "fruit sugar," is found in ripened fruits and honey and is also formed by digestion of disaccharide sucrose. (oregonstate.education)

Organic compounds1

• Yeasts lack chlorophyll and are unable to manufacture by photosynthesis from inorganic substrates the organic compounds required for growth, as do higher plants, algae, and even some bacteria. (biologydiscussion.com)

Polysaccharides1

• The breakdown of polysaccharides in food like glycogen and starch inside the intestinal tract through hydrolysis, rather than phosphorolysis, will not result in any energy gain Sugar phosphates cannot be transferred into the cells of the intestine, but they must first be dephosphorylated and converted to sugar free. (microbiologynote.com)

Carbohydrates2

• In the plant cell, carbohydrates could be present in the cell content as sugar or starch, or they could be associated with the cell wall structure (e.g., cellulose). (oregonstate.education)
• One method of classifying carbohydrates is based on the number of carbon atoms per each molecule of a carbohydrate and on the number of molecules of sugar in the compound. (oregonstate.education)

Ammonia1

• It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (lookformedical.com)

Reaction1

• Hexokinase (HXK) is a glycolytic regulatory enzyme that catalyzes the irreversible phosphorylation reaction of D-hexoses at the sixth carbon using ATP-Mg 2+ as a phosphate donor. (biomedcentral.com)

Hydrolysis2

• One approach to un-locking the potential in this abundant feedstock is to separate the lignin from the carbohydrate fraction of the biomass via extensive pre-treatment of the lignocellulose involving, for exam-ple, steam-explosion and/or acid hydrolysis. (banksolar.ru)
• Alternatively, processes using cellulolytic microorganisms (such as C. cellulolyticum, C. thermocellum, and C. phytofermentans) to carry out both the hydrolysis of lignocelluloses and sugar fermentation in a single step, termed 'Consolidated Bioprocessing Process (CBP)' [ 12 ] have been proposed, how-ever the development of these is still at an early stage, and again low conversion rates seem to be a major limitation that needs to be overcome. (banksolar.ru)

Fermentation2

• A few years ago, I was asked to explain lactic acid fermentation in sourdough, and the difference between homo- and heterofermentation. (thefreshloaf.com)
• A description of microorganisms involved in methane fermentation, based on an analysis of bacteria isolated from sewage sludge digesters and from the rumen of some animals, is summarized in Fig. 4-1. (fao.org)

Content1

• Seed germination is a crucial process in the plant life cycle when a dramatic variation of type and sugar content occurs just as the seed is hydrated. (biomedcentral.com)

Biochemical1

• Based on the number of carbon atoms, a carbohydrate can be classified as triose (3 C), tetrose (4 C), pentose (5 C), and hexose (6 C). The suffix " ose " at the end of a biochemical name flags the molecule as a "sugar. (oregonstate.education)

Group1

• A group of naturally occurring N-and O-acyl derivatives of the deoxyamino sugar neuraminic acid. (lookformedical.com)

Cell1

• Protein or glycoprotein substances of plant origin that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes. (lookformedical.com)

Energy1

• Sugars are the main source of carbon and energy, but they also have signaling functions [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Growth1

• Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA. (lookformedical.com)

Process1

• Therefore, the dramatic changes of sugar type and concentration during the germination process undoubtedly regulates the enzyme activity and the pattern of gene expression of several enzymes [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Fatty acids1

• On the basis of this work and the finding of fatty acids in the specific portion of the heterogenetic antigen and sugar acids in the polysaccharides discussed below, Landsteiner CHEMICAL NATURE OF IMMUNE SUBSTANCES 109 ascribes especial significance to acid groups in the determination of specificity (6). (nih.gov)

Glucuronic acid2

• The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of mono sugars revealed that EPS was composed of manouronic acid, glucuronic acid, xylose, and fructose at a molar ratio of 1.0:0.5:1.0:2.0, respectively. (springeropen.com)
• The major constituent monosaccharides of these polysaccharides are glucose, xylose, and arabinose, while smaller amounts of galactose, glucuronic acid, rhamnose and mannose are also present. (biomedcentral.com)

Found2

• There are many different species and strains of bacteria found in various types of starters, and because they produce lactic acid while fermenting sugar, they fall under the heading of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB). (laverace.com)
• Landsteiner has found that among the azoproteins the most sharply defined specificity and least overlapping are shown by those in which the diazotized aromatic component possesses an acid group, such asin the aminobenzoic acids, sulfanilie acid and arsanilic acid. (nih.gov)

Present1

• In yeasted breads, acids come in small doses from naturally occurring bacteria present in flour and commercial yeast. (laverace.com)