AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesTechnology, Industry, AgricultureHealth Care
ChromiumChromatesCarcinogens, EnvironmentalWeldingDiphenylcarbazideChromium CompoundsPotassium DichromateElectroplatingWater Pollutants, ChemicalSodium CompoundsDrinking WaterAir Pollutants, OccupationalMarsileaceaeStainless SteelOccupational ExposureMutagenicity TestsMetallurgyBiodegradation, EnvironmentalMutagensChromium AlloysOxidation-ReductionOccupational DiseasesDNA DamagePicolinic AcidsLungDose-Response Relationship, DrugCell SurvivalOxidative StressChromium Isotopes
TrivalentCompoundsExposuresKnown as hexavalent chromiumOccupationalToxicOxidation stateEssential nutrientGroundwaterHuman carcinogenStainless steelCarcinogenCarcinogenicWastewaterReverse OsmosisChemicalsChromateNational InstitutAdsorptionForms of chromiumExposure to chromium0.02 ppbWeldersElement chromiumAqueousSoilErin BrockovichRisksSodiumLung cancerRemovalConcentrationsReductionIngestionElectroplatingHealth GuidelineDrinking WaterWorkers exposedToxicity studiesHarmfulFormOccursFoundExhaust ventilationWorkplacesConcentrationReproductiveCaliforniaAssessment2001Industrial processesFumesPoseProcessesSamplesIndustriesMethodsTotalContaminantsAmountsOccur among workersHigh temperaturesCompound
Trivalent11
  • It comes in several different forms, including trivalent chromium and hexavalent chromium. (nih.gov)
  • Trivalent chromium is often referred to as chromium (III) and is proposed to be an essential nutrient for the body. (nih.gov)
  • Inside the cell, hexavalent chromium(VI) is reduced first to pentavalent chromium(V) then to trivalent chromium(III) without the aid of any enzymes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The element chromium occurs naturally in various states, including trivalent chromium which is an essential nutrient. (nih.gov)
  • Many will find electrons and become trivalent and less toxic, but enough will stay hexavalent to pose an exposure concern. (air-quality-eng.com)
  • Chromium can occur in a number of different chemical forms including trivalent chromium, a micronutrient, and hexavalent chromium. (azocleantech.com)
  • Reprocessed waste, consisting of a mix of trivalent and hexavalent chromium containing compounds, was dumped in sites around the country during the 1940s and 1950s. (azocleantech.com)
  • This is five times less than the current total chromium standard of 50 ppb, which includes both trivalent chromium (chromium-3) and chromium-6. (alpha-labs.com)
  • The element can exist in water as charged particles in one of two states, oxidation state 3+ (trivalent form) and 6+ (the hexavalent form usually exists as chromate or dichromate). (watertechonline.com)
  • Chromium, as trivalent (+3) chromium, is a trace element that is naturally present in many foods and available as a dietary supplement. (nih.gov)
  • This fact sheet focuses entirely on trivalent chromium. (nih.gov)
Compounds13
  • The U.S. is one of the world's leading producers of chromium compounds. (nih.gov)
  • Hexavalent chromium compounds have been shown to cause lung cancer in humans when inhaled. (nih.gov)
  • The Report on Carcinogens lists hexavalent chromium compounds as known human carcinogens. (nih.gov)
  • People who work in industries that process or use chromium or chromium compounds can be exposed to higher-than-normal levels of chromium. (nih.gov)
  • Additional hexavalent chromium compounds include chromium trioxide and various salts of chromate and dichromate, among others. (wikipedia.org)
  • All hexavalent chromium compounds are toxic (due to their oxidizing power) as well as carcinogenic (IARC Group 1), especially if airborne and inhaled where they cause lung cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Positive associations have also been observed between exposure to chromium (VI) compounds and cancer of the nose and nasal sinuses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hexavalent chromium compounds are genotoxic carcinogens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) compounds are a large group of chemicals with varying properties, uses, and workplace exposures. (cdc.gov)
  • Hexavalent chromium compounds have been found in drinking water . (nih.gov)
  • In Canada, this is precisely what the Chromium Electroplating, Chromium Anodizing and Reverse Etching Regulations want to ensure by controlling air emissions of hexavalent chromium compounds. (airex-industries.com)
  • Although classified as known or presumed to cause cancer to humans, chemicals such as benzene, cadmium, cobalt, tricholoroethylene, formaldehyde and hexavalent chromium and its compounds are still present or being used in European workplaces. (europa.eu)
  • Response to Comments Received on: 1.Hexavalent Chromium (Particulate Compounds) Development Support Document 2. (texas.gov)
Exposures10
  • Some of the adverse health effects from hexavalent chromium exposures include nasal and sinus cancers, kidney and liver damage, nasal and skin irritation and ulceration, and eye irritation and damage. (nih.gov)
  • In the U.S., the OSHA PEL for airborne exposures to hexavalent chromium is 5 μg/m3 (0.0050 mg/m3). (wikipedia.org)
  • The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health proposed a REL of 0.2 µg/m3 for airborne exposures to hexavalent chromium. (wikipedia.org)
  • This report increases awareness and recommends work practices to reduce exposures to hexavalent chromium. (cdc.gov)
  • The effects of exposures to hexavalent chromium. (americantrainingresources.com)
  • Proper response to exposures to hexavalent chromium. (americantrainingresources.com)
  • In terms of occupation, the groups with the largest number of exposures to chromium (VI) are welders (who are exposed when welding stainless steel), printing press operators, construction millwrights and industrial mechanics, and automotive service technicians, truck and bus mechanics, and mechanical repairers. (carexcanada.ca)
  • According to the Burden of Occupational Cancer in Canada project, occupational exposure to chromium (VI) leads to approximately 50 lung cancers, and less than five possible sinonasal cancers each year in Canada, based on past exposures (1961-2001). (carexcanada.ca)
  • EPA has already cleaned the property that showed the highest hexavalent chromium levels in surface dust in order to prevent more exposures to contaminated surface dust and to keep contaminated groundwater from re-entering this basement. (cdc.gov)
  • 21. Assessment of the mode of action for hexavalent chromium-induced lung cancer following inhalation exposures. (nih.gov)
Known as hexavalent chromium2
  • Chromium 6, also known as hexavalent chromium, might sound familiar. (best-osmosis-systems.com)
  • Researchers at School of Biochemical Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology at the Banaras Hindu University (IIT-BHU) claim to have isolated a new bacterial strain from a contaminated site that can remove a potentially cancer-causing toxic agent, known as hexavalent chromium, from waste water in the most effective and eco-friendly manner. (hindustantimes.com)
Occupational6
  • The following resources provide information about occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium. (cdc.gov)
  • NIOSH Criteria Document: Criteria for a Recommendation Standard for an Occupational Exposure to Hexavalent Chromium - DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2013-128 (2013). (cdc.gov)
  • Hexavalent chromium is an established human carcinogen in certain occupational settings as a result of inhalation exposure. (nih.gov)
  • Hexavalent chromium's general permissible exposure limit (PEL), enforced by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), is remarkably low at just 0.005 milligrams per cubic meter. (air-quality-eng.com)
  • Inhalation and dermal contact are the most important routes of occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium (VI). (carexcanada.ca)
  • Hexavalent chromium is considered an occupational human carcinogen by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (eenews.net)
Toxic8
  • Under distribution system conditions-- in the presence of an oxidant such as chlorine -- chromium-3 can be transformed into the more toxic chromium-6 form. (epa.gov)
  • The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) is cautioning residents in a small section of Garfield, NJ to stay out of their basements to prevent potential exposure to a toxic metal called hexavalent chromium. (cdc.gov)
  • Hexavalent chromium is a toxic metal that can cause several health problems, including irritation of the lining of the nose, breathing problems (asthma, cough, and shortness of breath) and certain types of cancer, including lung and intestinal cancers. (cdc.gov)
  • Magnetic polyaniline nanocomposites toward toxic hexavalent chromium r" by Hongbo Gu, Sowjanya B. Rapole et al. (lsu.edu)
  • The substances within these devices which cause most concern environmentally are the heavy metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium and chromium, halogenated substances (eg CFCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (aka PCBs, not to be confused with printed circuit boards), PVC and brominated flame retardants (which can give rise to extremely toxic dioxins such as PBDDs and furans such as PBDFs when incinerated). (envocare.co.uk)
  • Oct. 12, 2010 -- The metal chromium is an essential nutrient for plant and animal metabolism, but it can accumulate to toxic and hazardous levels in the environment when discharged in industrial wastewater. (watertechonline.com)
  • The hexavalent form of chromium is the most toxic. (watertechonline.com)
  • Chromium also exists as hexavalent (+6) chromium, a toxic by-product of stainless steel and other manufacturing processes [ 1 , 2 ]. (nih.gov)
Oxidation state3
Essential nutrient2
  • In 2001, the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine considered chromium to be an essential nutrient based on its effects on insulin action [ 2 ]. (nih.gov)
  • However, in 2014, the European Food Safety Authority Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies concluded that no convincing evidence shows that chromium is an essential nutrient and, therefore, setting chromium intake recommendations would be inappropriate [ 5 ]. (nih.gov)
Groundwater4
  • Chromium (hexavalent) in drinking water may be due to industrial pollution or natural occurrences in mineral deposits and groundwater. (ewg.org)
  • Sodium dichromate dihydrate (SDD), an inorganic compound containing hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), is a common environmental contaminant of groundwater sources due to widespread industrial use. (nih.gov)
  • EPA has cleaned 12 other contaminated homes and is continuing steps to prevent chromium-contaminated groundwater from entering basements. (cdc.gov)
  • A groundwater plume of hexavalent chromium is discharging into the Columbia River through the gravels beds used by spawning salmon. (mdpi.com)
Human carcinogen1
  • According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) , hexavalent chromium is a group 1 human carcinogen , or cancer-causing agent . (air-quality-eng.com)
Stainless steel4
Carcinogen3
  • Chromium (hexavalent) is a carcinogen that commonly contaminates American drinking water. (ewg.org)
  • The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has issued a new standard - a certified reference material - to aid in the detection and measurement of the potent carcinogen hexavalent chromium in soil. (azocleantech.com)
  • NIST scientists collected soil contaminated with hexavalent chromium, a potent carcinogen, from a site in Hudson County, N.J., to create a new Standard Reference Material (SRM). (azocleantech.com)
Carcinogenic2
  • White Plains, New York - March 2, 2010 - A carcinogenic form of chromium, hexavalent chromium, is present is some dietary supplements, according to new tests by ConsumerLab.com. (consumerlab.com)
  • 31. Is hexavalent chromium carcinogenic via ingestion? (nih.gov)
Wastewater4
  • The tiny pores of the reverse osmosis membrane are too small for the hexavalent chromium to pass through, and it is eliminated with the wastewater. (best-osmosis-systems.com)
  • It is very effective for removal of hexavalent chromium from wastewater compared to other conventional methods. (hindustantimes.com)
  • State regulators served Tribar Manufacturing LLC multiple violation notices and ramped up enforcement for failing to immediately notify authorities of the release of more than 10,000 gallons of hexavalent chromium into a wastewater treatment plant along the Huron River, an event lawmakers like Democratic Michigan Rep. Debbie Dingell in recent days have called "inexcusable and deeply disturbing. (eenews.net)
  • Just 20 minutes prior, Tribar had notified EGLE that it had spilled several thousand gallons of a liquid containing 5 percent hexavalent chromium into the Wixom Sewage Treatment Plant, which releases wastewater into Norton Creek, a tributary of the Huron. (eenews.net)
Reverse Osmosis6
Chemicals2
  • Within the European Union, the use of hexavalent chromium in electronic equipment is largely prohibited by the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive and the European Union regulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fumes containing various chemicals including hexavalent chromium contribute to these risks. (cdc.gov)
Chromate4
  • Hexavalent chromium is used in textile dyes, wood preservation, anti-corrosion products, chromate conversion coatings, and a variety of niche uses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Due to its structural similarity to sulfate, chromate (a typical form of chromium(VI) at neutral pH) is transported into cells via sulfate channels. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vitamin C and other reducing agents combine with chromate to give chromium(III) products inside the cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Useful search terms for hexavalent chromium include "chromate" and "chrome six. (cdc.gov)
National Institut1
  • Based on the findings of the National Toxicology Program (NTP)-which is headquartered in the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)-in 2014, California established a state-wide drinking water standard of 10 parts per billion (ppb)-micrograms per liter (MCL) of 10 ppb-"specifically for hexavalent chromium, not total chromium. (wikipedia.org)
Adsorption2
  • Adsorption of hexavalent chromium on duniteA. (iwaponline.com)
  • They looked at the effects of pH, contact time, initial concentration and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption of hexavalent chromium. (watertechonline.com)
Forms of chromium2
  • However, cleanup efforts are complicated by the fact that interactions with components in the soil such as organic carbon and iron, as well as and the acidity of the soil can cause either of these two forms of chromium to convert to the other. (azocleantech.com)
  • EPA believes that monitoring for chromium-6 will enable public water systems (PWSs) to: better inform their consumers about the levels of chromium-6 in their drinking water, evaluate the degree to which other forms of chromium are transformed into chromium-6 in their drinking water and assess the degree to which existing treatment is affecting the levels of chromium-6. (epa.gov)
Exposure to chromium1
  • The table below shows the number of workers exposed by industry group and level of exposure to chromium VI. (carexcanada.ca)
0.02 ppb2
  • The EWG Health Guideline of 0.02 ppb for chromium (hexavalent) was defined by the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment as a public health goal, the level of a drinking water contaminant that does not pose a significant health risk. (ewg.org)
  • However, California has set a goal of limiting chromium 6 in drinking water to 0.02 ppb, but it is a goal, not a hard limit. (best-osmosis-systems.com)
Welders3
  • Read on to learn about the risks of hexavalent chromium overexposure and how, according to Harris's experience and expertise , a source capture device helps protect welders and others in the shop. (air-quality-eng.com)
  • On top of personal respirators for welders, I strongly recommend using a local exhaust ventilation system to protect against hexavalent chromium," he said. (air-quality-eng.com)
  • the largest groups for women are printing press operators (approximately 1,500 women exposed), followed by dental technologists and technicians (approximately 1,200 exposed), while many more men exposed to chromium (VI) are welders, construction millwrights and industrial mechanics, printing press operators, and automotive technicians. (carexcanada.ca)
Element chromium1
Aqueous2
  • The specific objectives were focused on the oxidation of trichloroethylene in soil and aqueous media using both unmodified-KMnO 4 particles and poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA)-encapsulated KMnO 4 in the presence and absence of hexavalent chromium. (confex.com)
  • This bacterial strain showed fast growth rate in the Hexavalent chromium Cr (VI) containing aqueous medium and gets easily separated from the aqueous medium after the treatment process," he said. (hindustantimes.com)
Soil3
  • To aid in reducing the uncertainty surrounding these important measurements, NIST scientists have prepared and assigned certified values for Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2701, Hexavalent Chromium in Contaminated Soil, High Level ( https://www-s.nist.gov/srmors/view_detail.cfm?srm=2701 ). (azocleantech.com)
  • The contaminated soil SRM has been assigned certified values for hexavalent chromium, total chromium, iron and manganese as well as reference values for other elements of environmental interest including aluminum, calcium, magnesium, nickel, silicon, sulfur, titanium and vanadium. (azocleantech.com)
  • However, chromium amounts in these foods vary widely depending on local soil and water conditions as well as agricultural and manufacturing processes used to produce them [ 4 , 7 , 12 , 17-20 ]. (nih.gov)
Erin Brockovich2
  • Based on a true story, Erin Brockovich takes on a giant power company found to be polluting a town's water supply with chromium 6, leading to a large settlement from the company to those affected by exposure to the chemical. (best-osmosis-systems.com)
  • Hexavalent chromium (which was at the center of the movie Erin Brockovich) , should not normally be found in supplements. (consumerlab.com)
Risks4
  • Harris recommends several possible solutions for decreasing or eliminating the risks of hexavalent chromium exposure. (air-quality-eng.com)
  • There is a standard for total chromium, which is chromium 3 and 6, though ingesting chromium 3 does not pose health risks. (best-osmosis-systems.com)
  • The specific risks associated with these amounts are not known, but it seems prudent to avoid such exposure, particularly as other chromium-containing products are available that passed ConsumerLab.com testing. (consumerlab.com)
  • 35. Chromium in drinking water: sources, metabolism, and cancer risks. (nih.gov)
Sodium3
  • Virtually all chromium ore is processed via hexavalent chromium, specifically the salt sodium dichromate. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a result of these nominations, NTP studied the short-term toxicity and long-term carcinogenicity of sodium dichromate dihydrate, a hexavalent chromium compound, administered to rodents in drinking water. (nih.gov)
  • For a full list of studies, see the NTP testing status page for sodium dichromate dihydrate, a hexavalent chromium compound. (nih.gov)
Lung cancer2
  • Studies have consistently shown increased lung cancer rates in workers who were exposed to high levels of chromium in workroom air. (nih.gov)
  • Workers who are exposed to hexavalent chromium are at increased risk of developing lung cancer, asthma, or damage to the nasal epithelia and skin. (wikipedia.org)
Removal1
  • Aqua Pure H2O VCS System is a revolutionary system for Whole House removal of Hexavalent Chromium Cr+6 down to limits of .07 ppb and below. (aquapurewatertreatment.com)
Concentrations2
  • The sampling/analytical platform was deployed for the purpose of collecting data on subsurface hexavalent chromium concentrations at more frequent intervals than was possible with the previous sampling and analysis methods employed a the Site. (mdpi.com)
  • Dr Mishra said the new strain named Microbacterium paraoxydans strain VSVM IIT (BHU) was able to tolerate large concentrations of hexavalent chromium. (hindustantimes.com)
Reduction1
  • But you need to make sure that testing has been conducted for chromium 6 reduction specifically - you can do so by checking the lab data (test results) usually published in the product manual. (best-osmosis-systems.com)
Ingestion1
Electroplating3
Health Guideline1
  • Chromium (hexavalent) was found at 11 times above EWG's Health Guideline. (ewg.org)
Drinking Water16
  • Hexavalent chromium can also be found in drinking water and public water systems. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hexavalent chromium is present in drinking water and public water systems. (wikipedia.org)
  • The results of NTP's two-year toxicity and carcinogenicity studies on a hexavalent chromium compound ( NTP TR 546 ) were cited in the initial statement to adopt a maximum contaminant level for hexavalent chromium in drinking water in California. (nih.gov)
  • After receiving nominations in 2000-2001 to study the safety of hexavalent chromium in drinking water, NTP began preliminary studies and designed long-term, two-year studies. (nih.gov)
  • The discussion also focused on the design of proposed laboratory toxicity and carcinogenicity studies of hexavalent chromium administered in drinking water to rodents. (nih.gov)
  • Shipkowski KA, Sheth CM, Smith MJ, Hooth MJ, White KL Jr, Germolec DR. Assessment of immunotoxicity in female Fischer 344/N and Sprague Dawley rats and female B6C3F1 mice exposed to hexavalent chromium via the drinking water . (nih.gov)
  • If EPA decides to revise the regulation that includes chromium-6 in drinking water, what is the process the agency will follow? (epa.gov)
  • The Agency encourages water systems to consider the following recommendations and to determine how your system might enhance drinking water monitoring for chromium-6. (epa.gov)
  • This monitoring will enable systems and their customers to better understand the impact that chromium-6 has on their drinking water. (epa.gov)
  • Chromium is complex in its behavior in drinking water systems as it may occur in water systems in both the chromium-3 and chromium-6 forms. (epa.gov)
  • The EPA has not set a federal limit for chromium 6 in drinking water. (best-osmosis-systems.com)
  • The California Department of Public Health (CDPH) announced today it has submitted a first-in-the-nation drinking water standard for hexavalent chromium (chromium-6) to the Office of Administrative Law (OAL). (alpha-labs.com)
  • California is the first and only state in the nation to establish a maximum contaminant level specifically for chromium-6 in drinking water," said Dr. Ron Chapman, CDPH director and public health officer. (alpha-labs.com)
  • The proposed regulations set the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for chromium-6 in drinking water at 10 parts per billion (ppb) and specifically regulate the hexavalent form of chromium. (alpha-labs.com)
  • Legal limits have not been established for the amount of hexavalent chromium in supplements, but the state of California is considering an aggressive public health goal limiting hexavalent chromium in drinking water to only 0.06 ppb - about 0.12 mcg per day. (consumerlab.com)
  • Just weeks after recent headlines about hexavalent chromium, a cancer-causing chemical, contaminating drinking water systems around the U.S., a new report indicates that scores of leaking coal ash sites across the country could be a major source of such water contamination, wrote Earth Justice. (yourlawyer.com)
Workers exposed5
  • Other industries with larger numbers of workers exposed to chromium (VI) include building equipment contractors and commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance. (carexcanada.ca)
  • The number of workers exposed to hexavalent chromium decreased by approximately 19,000 workers from 2006 to 2016 (a 19% decrease). (carexcanada.ca)
  • The proportions of workers exposed to hexavalent chromium through CCA treated wood were also adjusted to account for fewer wood preservation facilities using CCA in 2016 compared to 2006. (carexcanada.ca)
  • The majority of workers exposed to chromium (VI) are in the low exposure category. (carexcanada.ca)
  • Identifying industries with either 1) workers exposed to high levels of chromium (VI) or 2) a larger number of workers exposed to chromium (VI) is important in guiding cancer prevention efforts to prioritize exposed groups and target resources most effectively. (carexcanada.ca)
Toxicity studies2
  • In 2007, NTP published the results of the short-term, three-month toxicity studies ( TOX-72 ) on a hexavalent chromium compound. (nih.gov)
  • EPA began a rigorous and comprehensive review of the health effects of chromium-6 following the 2008 release of toxicity studies by the Department of Health and Human Service's National Toxicology Program. (epa.gov)
Harmful3
  • Hexavalent chromium is harmful to the eyes, skin, and respiratory system. (cdc.gov)
  • The problem is that when subjected to high temperatures, it oxidizes and turns into chromium VI, a highly harmful product. (airex-industries.com)
  • Accidentally swallowing or inhaling this contaminated dust can expose people to harmful levels of hexavalent chromium. (cdc.gov)
Form3
  • In the workplace, the most common form of exposure to hexavalent chromium is dust or powder. (airex-industries.com)
  • When the water recedes, the chromium dries out and may be visible in the form of yellow dust or crystals. (cdc.gov)
  • Although the precise mechanism for this activity has not been identified, scientists have proposed that chromium binds to an oligopeptide to form chromodulin, a low-molecular-weight, chromium-binding substance that binds to and activates the insulin receptor to promote insulin action [ 4 , 6-8 ]. (nih.gov)
Occurs1
  • Hexavalent chromium exposure occurs through breathing it in, ingesting it in food or water, or direct contact with the skin. (nih.gov)
Found5
  • We caught up with Harris again this month to learn about another major threat found in welding fumes: hexavalent chromium (CrVI). (air-quality-eng.com)
  • High levels of hexavalent chromium were found at a property near the corner of Midland Avenue and Grand Street in Garfield, New Jersey. (cdc.gov)
  • Hexavalent chromium was found in two popular weight loss products and a chromium supplement, while three other chromium-containing supplements selected for testing were not contaminated. (consumerlab.com)
  • ConsumerLab.com found that one widely sold weight loss pill delivered 26.4 mcg of hexavalent chromium per day, 220 times the maximum amount one could be exposed to from daily intake of water under California's proposed limit. (consumerlab.com)
  • In its 2001 evaluation, the FNB found the existing data insufficient to derive an EAR for chromium. (nih.gov)
Exhaust ventilation1
  • video on local exhaust ventilation (LEV) that is part of HexChEC, a training package on welding and hexavalent chromium containing 6 short videos, a 32-page instructor manual and poster. (elcosh.org)
Workplaces2
  • Overexposure to hexavalent chromium is likely in typical workplaces engaging in stick or MIG welding, and we tested at an even higher concentration. (air-quality-eng.com)
  • In total, approximately 85,000 Canadians are exposed to chromium (VI) in their workplaces. (carexcanada.ca)
Concentration3
  • Moreover, since hexavalent chromium is odourless, only a measuring instrument can detect it and measure its concentration with the aim of maintaining an adequate threshold value. (airex-industries.com)
  • Combined with the previous two solutions, the fresh air supply helps dilute the concentration of hexavalent chromium in the atmosphere. (airex-industries.com)
  • What you can also do is check your water utility on the EWG Tap Water Database, and utilize their interactive map showing the average chromium 6 concentration in different water supplies. (best-osmosis-systems.com)
Reproductive1
  • Studies have shown that chromium 6 can increase the risk of gastric tumors and cancers, with long-term exposure also linked to liver and reproductive damage. (best-osmosis-systems.com)
California1
  • In 2001, California adopted the first-in-the-nation law requiring a MCL for chromium-6. (alpha-labs.com)
Assessment2
  • In September, 2010, EPA released a draft of the scientific human health assessment ( Toxicological Review of Hexavalent Chromium ) for public comment and external peer review. (epa.gov)
  • People in this area should avoid using their basements until the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducts an environmental assessment for hexavalent chromium. (cdc.gov)
20011
Industrial processes3
  • Hexavalent chromium, or chromium (VI), is generally produced by industrial processes. (nih.gov)
  • The processing of chromium ores can extract portions of these species for use in other industrial processes, as an anti-corrosion agent, and in paints, dyes and leather tanning. (azocleantech.com)
  • Specifically, what industrial processes can expose you to chromium VI? (airex-industries.com)
Fumes1
  • During the welding process, hexavalent chromium escapes into the air and the fumes spread throughout the shop. (air-quality-eng.com)
Pose1
  • Chromium-3 is harmless and actually a required nutrient, while chromium-6 may pose a risk of cancer when ingested. (alpha-labs.com)
Processes1
  • Existing treatment processes such as conventional treatment may be effective in removing chromium-3, but not chromium-6. (epa.gov)
Samples4
  • The source material for the new SRM was collected from a waste site in Hudson County, N.J. After milling, blending, and sterilizing, scientists analyzed the samples for hexavalent chromium using several EPA-approved methods designed to minimize and compensate for the chameleon-like chemical properties of chromium. (azocleantech.com)
  • To understand the fate of incoming chromium-6 in raw water supplies or transformed chromium-6 from chromium-3 following conventional treatment and disinfection, EPA recommends that systems collect samples at the locations listed below. (epa.gov)
  • Since the chemical release, EGLE has taken 144 water samples along 42 miles of the river, and three of those samples have come back with detections of hexavalent chromium. (eenews.net)
  • For example, the amount of chromium can vary 50-fold in samples of oatmeal because of growing and processing differences [ 21 ]. (nih.gov)
Industries3
  • Hexavalent chromium is used in many industries. (cdc.gov)
  • In What Industries Do We Find Chromium VI And Its By-Products? (airex-industries.com)
  • Hexavalent chromium is a heavy metal ion used in different industries and can cause cancers, infertility, kidney and liver malfunctioning in humans, said researchers Dr Vishal Mishra and his Ph.D student Veer Singh. (hindustantimes.com)
Methods1
  • However, no validated methods for determining chromium status and no clinically defined chromium deficiency state exist [ 6 , 8 ]. (nih.gov)
Total4
  • In the interim period, EPA is providing the following guidance to water systems on how they may monitor for chromium-6 in addition to the monitoring they are required to perform for total chromium. (epa.gov)
  • The EPA limit for total chromium is 100 ppb (parts per billion). (best-osmosis-systems.com)
  • The federal MCL for total chromium is 100 ppb. (alpha-labs.com)
  • Its tests showed these three products contained 6.3%, 2.0%, and 0.64%, respectively, of their total chromium as hexavalent chromium, all exceeding ConsumerLab.com's limit. (consumerlab.com)
Contaminants1
  • The third Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (UCMR 3) requires many public water systems to monitor for 28 contaminants including chromium-6. (epa.gov)
Amounts1
  • However, recent research has suggested that although chromium might have benefits at pharmacologic amounts (e.g., in the hundreds of mcg), it is not an essential mineral because an absence or deficiency of chromium does not produce abnormalities that can be reversed with the addition of chromium (see the Chromium Deficiency section below) [ 5 , 9-13 ]. (nih.gov)
Occur among workers1
High temperatures1
  • In these situations the chromium is not originally hexavalent, but the high temperatures involved in the process result in oxidation that converts the chromium to a hexavalent state. (wikipedia.org)
Compound1
  • In 2008, NTP published the results of the two-year toxicity and carcinogenicity studies ( TR-546 ) on a hexavalent chromium compound. (nih.gov)