Herbaceous plant exudates. Medical search. Frequent questions

Hence, the present study attempts to evaluate the allelopathic activity of the root exudates of E. alba . (edu.ph)
This hiatus has lead the greenhouse industry and the allied researchers to seek sustainable biological alternatives [4] such as microbial and (medicinal) plant resources as either soil drenches or root dips amongst other conservative crop rotational strategies against Fusarium wilt of ornamental crops. (scirp.org)
they add organic matter to the soil both by root exudates and with their tissue when they die for the winter or at the end of their life cycle. (ortoforesta.it)
A mycorrhiza (from the Greek mykes for "fungus" and rhiza, for "root") is a symbiotic association in which the fungus forms with plant roots. (rodaleinstitute.org)
Endomycorrhizas are the only type of mycorrhiza that associate with herbaceous roots (including vegetables), living inside the host's plant root cells, forming densely branched structures called arbuscules (See Photo 1), and thus are known as arbuscular mycorrhizal ( AM ) fungi. (rodaleinstitute.org)
The belowground mycorrhizal hyphal network expands the volume of soil that plant root system can explore and has the potential to connect plants, allowing movement of resources among plants. (rodaleinstitute.org)
Further, the abundance of root exudates and rhizodeposits may facilitate a greater carrying capacity by providing nutrients to house a greater number of cells. (nature.com)
This approach can obscure between species comparisons, as it may combine roots with vastly different functions within a plant and different plant species possess disparate fine root morphologies 24 , 25 . (nature.com)
Classification by root order involves designating the most distal roots as root order 1 (R1) and progressively increasing order numbers for root segments that grow closer to the base of the plant 25 , 27 . (nature.com)
2009. Role of root exudates in plant-microbe interactions. (innspub.net)
We also expect divergence in nutrient cycling due to contrasting properties of leaf and root detritus and exudates as well as mycorrhizal types. (umn.edu)
Root is has great role for plant adaptation and productivity of the agricultural crops as well as other plants by exploiting the soil resource thus, important for plant growth and development or main growth factors. (oap-onlinejournals.org)
Root system architecture is made up of structural features which exhibits great role in response to environmental stress, and critical to plant growth and development with sufficient root growth. (oap-onlinejournals.org)
Root system architecture has a central role in crop plants' response to abiotic (soil microorganisms) and abiotic stresses like water stress, mechanical impedance. (oap-onlinejournals.org)
The diﬀerent interactions of a root with its environment depend on its organization and structure, from the cellular to whole-plant level. (oap-onlinejournals.org)
Much of the research on root traits has thus far focused on the most common cereal crops and model plants. (oap-onlinejournals.org)
Root system architecture (RSA) is an important developmental and agronomic trait, which plays vital roles in plant adaptation and productivity under water-limited environments. (oap-onlinejournals.org)
Plants which obtain their nutrients through a mycorrhizal fungus that is attached to the root of a photosynthetic plant. (ukflora.info)

Weed control is a type of pest control, which attempts to stop or reduce growth of weeds, especially noxious weeds, with the aim of reducing their competition with desired flora and fauna including domesticated plants and livestock, and in natural settings preventing non native species competing with native species. (wikipedia.org)
With their work, herbaceous plants prepare the soil for the arrival of more complex species, such as pioneer shrubs and trees. (ortoforesta.it)
Sometimes people instinctively shy away from this plant thinking that For contrast, two similar plants are shown at the bottom that are often confused with these species: Horse Balm (Collinsonia canadensis) and False Nettle … The skin surrounding the hives may be red. (abcprofil.com)
The wide range of species covers short-lived annuals to long-lived perennial trees and small herbaceous species to large woody species, adapted both to tropical and Mediterranean areas. (cgiar.org)
The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development. (lookformedical.com)
A plant species of the family SOLANACEAE, native of South America, widely cultivated for their edible, fleshy, usually red fruit. (lookformedical.com)
Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. (lookformedical.com)
A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. (lookformedical.com)
In this review, we discuss the key differences in the structural features of xylans across diverse plant species, how these features affect their interactions with cellulose and lignin, and recent developments in understanding their biosynthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
If we modestly assume that across all species xylans account for approximately 20% of plant cell walls, then we conservatively estimate that roughly 10 billion tons of carbon is incorporated into xylan polymers annually. (biomedcentral.com)
AcGXs are the predominant type of xylan found within the thick lignified secondary cell walls of hardwoods and herbaceous dicot species such as Poplar and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Fig. 1 ) [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
To test this, we sampled roots of six temperate tree species from a 23-year-old common garden planting, separating by branching order. (nature.com)
The problem is huge in the case of tissue culture of woody plant species, because of higher chances of exudation or leaching out of phenolic compounds from the cut or wounded ends of the explants. (plantcelltechnology.com)
Several factors affect the browning of the medium including plant species and genotypes, explants and physiological status, explant damage, medium composition, and culture conditions, and culture time. (plantcelltechnology.com)
However, the technique might not work for all species of the plant. (plantcelltechnology.com)
Catharanthus roseus is a perennial species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae. (stuartxchange.org)
Ecosystem function in monocultures will differ among plots planted with species or lineages that have contrasting functional trait values, particularly for "effect traits", known to have ecosystem consequences. (umn.edu)
The FAB1 single species plots allow us to test hypotheses about the importance of plant functional traits in influencing ecosystem properties (e.g. (umn.edu)
For example, we expect that plant species that increase concentrations of polyvalent soil cations (e.g., because of unique base cation chemistry or because of effects on soil acidity that influence Al and Fe solubility) will promote soil C stabilization through mineral-organic matter interactions and the formation of microaggregates that protect soil C from decomposition. (umn.edu)
At Bossou more than 200 plant species, representing approximately 30% of available species in the habitat, are consumed by the chimpanzees, comprising more than 246 plant parts (Sugiyama and Koman 1992). (greencorridor.info)
In this section, for a specific characteristic (spot-character) of a plant, we give a list of those families, genera and species which possess that character. (ukflora.info)
Over 40 species of insects are attracted to honeydew and can carry spores from infected to healthy plants. (wisc.edu)
For current distribution, please consult the Plant Profile page for this species on the PLANTS Web site. (eopugetsound.org)

In the wild, a degraded soil gets quickly colonised by a diverse series of plants, animals and microorganisms. (ortoforesta.it)
Shrubs and trees are also more effective at improving soil, because of their deeper roots and their ability to provide shade during the hotter months, thus creating less extreme conditions for plants in the undergrowth. (ortoforesta.it)
Water hemlock - a perennial frequently found in wet, fertile soil - is a five-foot-tall plant with thick Some plants may contain several poisonous principles. (abcprofil.com)
The richness and composition of AM fungi communities depend on the host plant, climate, and soil conditions. (rodaleinstitute.org)
their contributions of plant nitrogen (N) are less pronounced and often depend on soil type, water content, and pH [3,4] . (rodaleinstitute.org)
The purpose of the IRNAS is to conduct research on the use and conservation of soil-plant-water natural resources, focusing mainly on tackle problems derived from their exploitation in arid and semi-arid areas. (csic.es)
Integrated studies on the soil - water - plant system, focused on the use of organic and inorganic fertilisers, and amendments, and on the improving of the quality of degraded and polluted soils, ensuring provision of ecosystem services. (csic.es)
Moreover, the stimulation of plant growth by elevated CO2 should lead to sequestration of soil available nutrients and hence to progressive N limitation. (bestpfe.com)
Soil organic matter (including fresh plant-derived C and soil humified recalcitrant C) is a major source of energy as well as various nutrients for soil microbes for cellular activity and growth. (bestpfe.com)
It seems that, when mineral N availability is weak, the soil does not store excess C coming from increased plant production under elevated CO2. (bestpfe.com)
Soil contamination, along with other degradation processes, can negatively affect soil health [8], often defined as "the capacity of a given soil to perform its functions as a living system capable of sustaining biological productivity, promoting environmental quality and maintaining plant and animal health" [9]. (fortunepublish.com)
1938. Some influences of the development of higher plants upon the microorganisms in the soil VI. (innspub.net)
This high-density forest biodiversity experiment (FAB1) focused on trees of our region investigates the consequences of multiple dimensions of tree diversity for soil processes, food webs, plant physiology, community dynamics, reproduction and mortality through time, and critical ecosystem functions, including productivity. (umn.edu)
Plant roots play a signiﬁcant role in plant growth by exploiting soil resources via the uptake of water and nutrients 72 . (oap-onlinejournals.org)
Roots are essential for plant productivity and serve a variety of functions, such as water and nutrient uptake, forming symbioses with other microorganisms in the rhizosphere, anchoring the plant to the soil, and acting as storage organs. (oap-onlinejournals.org)
Plants growing on or under water, free-floating, or if rooted in the soil then not growing more than a few cm above the water level, lying flat upon the mud during dry periods and not self supporting. (ukflora.info)
Remove the pups (baby plants) from the base of the plant, let the stems dry and harden, and then plant the cuttings in a pot of cactus soil mix. (ucanr.edu)
Yerba Mansa requires moist soil, so best to plant in streambeds, seeps or other damp areas. (ucanr.edu)
It will often spread out like a carpet throughout the damper soil, and choke out any other plants in the area, and in particular while it's blooming, it's quite beautiful. (ucanr.edu)
Altered assimilation patterns of recent plant-derived C and changes in soil C stocks following warming as well as increased N availability are critical in mediating the direction and magnitude of these community shifts. (univie.ac.at)
The warming effects on microbial biomass and community composition were partly mediated through soil C depletion with warming and changes in recent plant-derived C uptake patterns of the microbial community. (univie.ac.at)
Steve Solomon has proposed specific parts per million (ppm) targets for soil tests to ensure optimal nutrient levels for plant growth. (nigelkay.ca)
Conducting soil tests and consulting local agricultural extension services or experts can provide more precise recommendations based on your specific soil and plant needs. (nigelkay.ca)
Additionally, the ideal base saturation levels may differ based on individual soil test results and the specific needs of different plants. (nigelkay.ca)
Therefore, it is always recommended to consult local soil testing laboratories or agricultural experts for specific recommendations tailored to your soil and plant requirements. (nigelkay.ca)

The resulting pressure gradient can cause the plant to exude the excess water from specialised pores at the leaf tips and vein endings, known as hydathodes or "water stoma. (gulpmatrix.com)

Guttation is often seen in trees and large shrubs, but can also occur in smaller herbaceous plants. (gulpmatrix.com)
Included here are semi-climbing shrubs and herbaceous climbing or twining plants. (ukflora.info)

In view of this allelopathic potential, the roots of the plants are considered as a vital biochemical mediator to the environment. (edu.ph)
The roots are the most poisonous parts of the plants. (abcprofil.com)
They live on the surface of the epidermal cells of the plant roots forming dense hyphae covering and branch out to the rhizosphere, but never enter the cell walls. (rodaleinstitute.org)
Fine roots vary dramatically in their functions, which range from resource absorption to within-plant resource transport. (nature.com)
Roots are essential for plant adaptation and productivity, but are less studied due to the difficulty of observing them during the plant life cycle 34 . (oap-onlinejournals.org)
In the case of drought, guttation can be a useful tool for evacuating the excess water around the roots of a plant, as this can help to avoid rot and allow it to grow more vigorously. (gulpmatrix.com)

these, in turn, respond by intensifying their mycorrhizal network through which plants communicate and trade nutrients. (ortoforesta.it)
the mycorrhizal fungi scavenge and transport otherwise unavailable nutrients to their host plants in return for carbohydrates produced through photosynthesis. (rodaleinstitute.org)
Secondary benefits of the mycorrhizal relationship with the host plant also include increased resistance to diseases, drought, and salinity. (rodaleinstitute.org)
Almost all plants growing in a wide range of ecosystems, from deserts to forests to arable land, form a symbiotic association with mycorrhizal fungi. (rodaleinstitute.org)
A few plant families such as Brassicaceae (the mustard family) and Amaranthaeceae (the goosefoot family) do not form mycorrhizal associations. (rodaleinstitute.org)
Research has shown that plants allocate between 10 and 20% of their photosynthates to AM fungi, while up to 20% and sometimes up to 50% of assimilates (organic substances made by the plant) can be allocated to ECM fungi and ericoid mycorrhizal fungi [1,2] . (rodaleinstitute.org)

Groundsel can produce 1000 seed, and can continue right through a mild winter, whilst Scentless Mayweed produces over 30,000 seeds per plant. (wikipedia.org)
Ajowan oil is steam distilled from the fruits, seeds and sometimes from the whole plant of Ptychotis Ajowan, also known as carum Ajowan or Carum Copticum. (naturalperfumeacademy.com)
Ambrette seeds come from the plant Hibiscus Abelmoschus. (naturalperfumeacademy.com)
Seeds and the pith of herbaceous plants also comprise a non-negligible portion of their diet. (greencorridor.info)
So the tiny green flowers at the base of the plants fertilize themselves and then make seeds no need for pesky bees or other plants. (tracysfeldman.com)

Some perennials such as couch grass exude allelopathic chemicals that inhibit the growth of other nearby plants. (wikipedia.org)
The first plants are herbaceous (i.e., without woody tissues), these include ephemeral, annuals, biennials and finally perennials. (ortoforesta.it)
Potato plants are herbaceous perennials that grow about 60 cm (24 in) high, depending on variety, with the leaves dying back after flowering, fruiting and tuber formation. (prakun4u.com)

Nicotiana tabbacum is an annually grown herbaceous plant promising great economic importance and the rhizosphere of Nicotiana tabbacum harbours considerable groups of microorganisms. (innspub.net)

Tsitsirika is an erect, smooth or slightly hairy, simple or slightly branched plant, 30 to 50 centimeters high. (stuartxchange.org)

The woody plants and some herbaceous plants contain phenolic compounds in their cells and tissues. (plantcelltechnology.com)
It is more common in herbaceous plants than woody plants, as they have a greater capacity to absorb excess water. (gulpmatrix.com)

Xylans in these tissues can account for up to 30% of the plant cell wall's dry weight [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
They provide (like lignin) structural strength to the plant tissues. (plantcelltechnology.com)
It reduces the rate of cell division and capacity of explant regeneration that eventually leads to the death of the cultured tissues and failure in the plant tissue culture. (plantcelltechnology.com)

They are obtained by alcohol extraction of concretes or other hydrocarbon types of extracts or from fat extracts of plant material. (naturalperfumeacademy.com)

False Nettle (Bohemeria cylindrical) is a native plant found in North, Central, and South America. (abcprofil.com)

Description: The leaves and stems of this plant are covered in fine, tiny hairs. (abcprofil.com)
Some plant stems and leaves have glands and glandular hairs or sticky exudates or aromatic compounds that sometimes can limit their utilization. (cgiar.org)

Artemisia douglasiana is an aromatic shrub in the Asteraceae (Sunflower) family, although plants in this genus don't look like it. (ucanr.edu)

Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk (Asteraceae) is a branched herbaceous plant known for its curative properties against various tropical and sub-tropical diseases. (edu.ph)

Tall-growing vigorous weeds such as fat hen (Chenopodium album) can have the most pronounced effects on adjacent crops, although seedlings of fat hen that appear in late summer produce only small plants. (wikipedia.org)
New immature growth of a plant including stem, leaves, tips of branches, and SEEDLINGS. (lookformedical.com)
Due to the long lag between planting tree seedlings and determining effects of tree composition and diversity on ecosystem functioning, fewer experiments have been established to elucidate the role of biodiversity in the functioning of forest ecosystems than grassland experiments. (umn.edu)

500 Plants for Temperate Food Forests and Permaculture Gardens. (pfaf.org)
It focuses on the attributes of plants suitable for food forests, what each can contribute to a food forest ecosystem, including carbon sequestration, and the kinds of foods they yield. (pfaf.org)

Use of microorganisms and their enzymes to transform plant residues of biotechnological and environmental interest (i.e., production of biofuels, biodegradation of biological materials and pollutants, etc. (csic.es)

Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard. (lookformedical.com)

The extensive growth of the plant in moist areas of diverse topology indicates its invasiveness and signifies its intense allelopathic activity. (edu.ph)

Activated charcoals can efficiently absorb the inhibitory compounds from the media and reduce the accumulation of toxic metabolites, phenolic exudation, and brown exudate. (plantcelltechnology.com)

Adonis is a herbaceous plant from the genus of buttercups. (abchealthonline.com)
A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. (lookformedical.com)

The plant should not be touched or handled as the toxic compounds can be absorbed through the skin. (abcprofil.com)
The phenolic compounds benefit plants in several ways. (plantcelltechnology.com)
Apart from the wonderful benefits the phenolics compounds provide to plants, there is one negative side of it when it comes to tissue culture. (plantcelltechnology.com)
Growth Substance - all naturally-occurring or synthetically produced compounds that affect the physiology, growth and development of plants. (tamu.edu)

higher would be the production of plant biomass (Figure 1.5). (bestpfe.com)
The progressive N limitation hypothesis suggests that the increased plant biomass and plant fixation of CO2 under elevated CO2 subsides in the long term. (bestpfe.com)
Plant cell walls encompass the majority of terrestrial biomass and play many important environmental and economic roles [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Plant diseases. (lookformedical.com)
Diseases of plants. (lookformedical.com)
It can also be used to water fruit trees and other garden plants, which helps to promote growth and prevent plant diseases. (gulpmatrix.com)
The original version of this fact sheet was completed as partial fulfillment of the requirements for Plant Pathology 559 - Diseases of Economic Plants at the University of Wisconsin Madison. (wisc.edu)

Signs of ergot first appear as droplets of a sticky exudate (called honeydew) on immature grain heads. (wisc.edu)

Horse nettle is a perennial plant, two-feet-high, with spiny stems and leaves, and smooth, orange-yellow berries. (abcprofil.com)

to investigate the role of recent plant-derived C and warming on the microbial community structure and size. (univie.ac.at)

As a result, herbaceous pioneers start to be less abundant and are replaced by more demanding plants, more similar to our common vegetables and thus rich in carbohydrates and proteins. (ortoforesta.it)
Cultivated plants or agricultural produce such as grain, vegetables, or fruit. (lookformedical.com)

In Illinois, the two members of the Nettle family with stinging Black nightshade is an annual plant, two-feet high, with many branches. (abcprofil.com)

have suggested that approximately 50 billion tons of carbon is incorporated by terrestrial plants annually [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
......4 Plant epipetric or terrestrial (except Acrostichum ), usually dark or bluish green and coriaceous. (unc.edu)
Transpiration is a continuous process that takes place throughout the day and night in all plants, both aquatic and terrestrial. (gulpmatrix.com)

These nutrients include but are not limited to phosphates, nitrates, zinc, copper, as well as organically bound nutrients (attached to carbon in large molecules that plants can't use) that are important for plant growth. (rodaleinstitute.org)
The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (lookformedical.com)

Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (lookformedical.com)

Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Hormones. (tamu.edu)

Morphologically the plant bears soft and sessile stem. (edu.ph)

It is found in the xylem of plant tissue. (lookformedical.com)

The rate of phenolic exudation depends on the season and presence of plant secondary metabolites. (plantcelltechnology.com)

The following article features another one of our successful departments where botany has a long and distinguished history and where it continues to thrive and attract undergraduate and graduate students to the study of plant science. (botany.org)

In Turkish it is called gunluk due to the fragrance of the trees or sigla because of the gum like exudate which develops in response to injury, being thus more a pathological than physiological response. (isebindia.com)
As it matures, the visible part of the plant develops red stains, eventually turning bright red in the fall. (ucanr.edu)

For example the anthropogenic additions of N in atmosphere are deposited back on ground in the forms that are readily available to plants thereby stimulating productivity and enhancing the uptake of CO2 from the atmosphere. (bestpfe.com)
This article talks about the browning of the media and its prevention, which will eventually lead to enhancing the productivity of your cultured plants. (plantcelltechnology.com)

When a plant is not able to use its energy in the form of photosynthesis, it needs to find another way to get rid of this water. (gulpmatrix.com)

Stress-tolerant plants that withstand salinity, drought and heat conditions (in separate or in combination). (csic.es)

Effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on yield, growth and nutrient contents in organically growing raspberry. (innspub.net)
A somewhat vague category used to describe plants of a cushion-like growth. (ukflora.info)
The Power of Movement in Plants " marks the beginning of the modern study of plant growth", including signals and growth stimuli, later shown to be plant hormones. (tamu.edu)

They produce flagellated, actively motile spores (zoospores) that are pathogenic to many crop plants and FISHES. (lookformedical.com)
Antifungal activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens against different plant pathogenic fungi of tobacco, Indian Journal of Plant Protection 37(1&2), 211-212. (innspub.net)

This is especially important during drought conditions, when it can help to hydrate the plant and prevent wilting. (gulpmatrix.com)

Bull Nettle Carolina Nettle, Horse Nettle Laportea candensis d c All Parts Burn Plant Aloe Vera Aloe barbadensis d c Sap Burning Bush Wahoo, Spindle Tree Euonymus atropurpurea d c All Parts (Euonymous occidentalis) Burdock Arctium lappa Linn. (abcprofil.com)

Processes orchestrated or driven by a plethora of genes, plant hormones, and inherent biological timing mechanisms facilitated by secondary molecules, which result in the systematic transformation of plants and plant parts, from one stage of maturity to another. (lookformedical.com)
Common culturing problems include fungal contamination, excessive hydrosis (vitrification), setting up the right composition of hormones, sugar, and other elements required by the plants, choosing the right explant for your cultures, browning of the medium, number of explants to be cultured on the media, etc. (plantcelltechnology.com)

The plant is native to the western United States and into Baja California where it is often found in moist areas such as drainages. (ucanr.edu)

In Turkish it is called gunluk due to the fragrance of the trees or sigla because of the gum like exudates, which has been used for more than seven hundred years as an all purpose drug, in particular as the most effective cure for stomach ulcers. (isebindia.com)

They help plants to fight against pathogens and pests. (plantcelltechnology.com)

Weeds compete with productive crops or pasture, they can be poisonous, distasteful, produce burrs, thorns or otherwise interfere with the use and management of desirable plants by contaminating harvests or interfering with livestock. (wikipedia.org)
Some plants are considered weeds by some farmers and crops by others. (wikipedia.org)
They may eat unpalatable weeds or ornamental plants growing along fences. (abcprofil.com)

Researchers have found that guttation can be useful in identifying harmful insecticides, and can serve as a quick assessment of pesticide residues in the leaves of a plant. (gulpmatrix.com)

However some common plants are poisonous to goats and can kill them. (abcprofil.com)

Even a small nettle plant only a … Animals do not readily eat them. (abcprofil.com)

The functional hereditary units of PLANTS. (lookformedical.com)

It also allows plants to regulate their nutrient intake. (gulpmatrix.com)

Fortunately these plants are unpalatable for most wild and domestic animals. (abcprofil.com)

Anatomy7

Organisms12

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs5

Phenomena and Processes5

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science1

Health Care2

Root18

Species23

Soil25

Leaf1

Shrubs2

Roots6

Mycorrhizal6

Seeds5

Perennials3

Rhizosphere1

Erect1

Woody plants2

Tissues3

Extracts1

Cylindrical1

Hairs2

Aromatic1

Asteraceae1

SEEDLINGS3

Food forests2

Microorganisms1

Solvent1

Allelopathic1

Accumulation1

Genus2

Compounds4

Biomass3

Diseases4

Immature1

Stems and leaves1

Microbial1

Vegetables2

Branches1

Terrestrial3

Nutrients2

VASCULAR PLANTS1

Physiology1

Sessile1

Tissue1

Secondary metabolites1

Botany1

Develops2

Productivity2

Photosynthesis1

Salinity1

Growth3

Pathogenic2

Drought1

Aloe1

Hormones2

Moist1

Trees1

Pathogens1

Weeds3

Residues1

Common1

Small1

Functional1

Nutrient1

Unpalatable1