Hepcidin concentrations. Medical search. Frequent questions

Elevation in ferritin concentration without elevation in transferrin saturation does not rule out an iron overload disorder. (wikipedia.org)
Soluble transferrin receptor-1 (sTfR1) concentrations are increased in the plasma under two conditions that are associated with increased iron absorption, i.e. iron deficiency and increased erythropoiesis. (karger.com)
High serum transferrin saturation and iron concentration are independent predictors of mortality in patients admitted to the ICU [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Plasma hepcidin, ferritin, and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) were measured, and sTfR:ferritin ratio was derived, twice before GDM diagnosis (gestational weeks 10-14 and 15-26), and at weeks 23-31 and 33-39. (nih.gov)
Hemoglobin (Hb), serum iron (Fe 2+ ), serum ferritin (SF), soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), hepcidin and the dosage of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) before and after intervention in patients were analyzed. (biomedcentral.com)
Concentrations of maternal serum ferritin (SF) were measured using chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassays, and erythropoietin (EPO), hepcidin and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. (ualberta.ca)
The value of hepcidin, non-transferrin-bound iron, and reticulocyte indexes is being explored in research settings. (cdc.gov)

Liver expression of hepcidin increases in response to interleukin 6 (IL-6). (nih.gov)
Iron excess increases the hepatic expression of hepcidin, the systemic iron metabolism regulator that favors iron sequestration in the spleen. (imoa.info)
Increased adipose tissue expression of hepcidin in severe obesity is independent from diabetes and NASH. (ac.ir)

Hepcidin is a master regulatory hormone that controls dietary absorption and circulating plasma iron concentrations required for normal blood production in the bone marrow. (genomeweb.com)
Iron absorption, serum iron levels and hepcidin expression were then measured. (karger.com)
Although expression of high levels of sTfR1 significantly increased serum iron levels, repeated experiments showed that neither hsTfR1 nor msTfR1 had any effect on iron absorption or hepcidin mRNA expression levels. (karger.com)
These changes are mediated predominantly by the polypeptide hepcidin, which acts to decrease the absorption and availability of iron, despite acute phase increases in iron-binding proteins, such as ferritin, which may suggest normal or increased iron stores. (biomedcentral.com)
The deficiency of hepcidin, the hormone that controls iron absorption and its tissue distribution, is the cause of iron overload in nearly all forms of hereditary hemochromatosis and in untransfused iron-loading anemias. (ashpublications.org)
In hereditary hemochromatoses (HH) types I-III, mutations in genes encoding hepcidin regulators, or hepcidin itself lead to diminished production of hepcidin thus decreasing the inhibitory effect of hepcidin on duodenal iron absorption and causing clinical iron overload. (ashpublications.org)
Given that iron absorption is impaired by hepcidin, our data suggest that asymptomatic and febrile malaria contribute to the high burden of ID seen in African children. (ox.ac.uk)
In the body, iron absorption is regulated by the peptide hormone hepcidin. (monomousumi.com)
When the body is replete with iron, a hormone called hepcidin switches on and blocks dietary iron absorption. (thenutmarket.com.au)
To maximize intestinal iron absorption in cGKI -/- mice hepcidin mRNA levels are down regulated in the liver. (biomedcentral.com)
Hepcidin has been identified to be a central regulator of iron absorption from the intestines and of plasma iron levels. (ijbcp.com)
Plasma hepcidin concentrations significantly predict interindividual variation in iron absorption in healthy men Roe MA, Collings R, Dainty JR, Swinkels DW, Fairweather-Tait SJ. (hepcidinanalysis.com)
Hepcidin is a 25-amino acid peptide hormone produced mainly in the liver that regulates intestinal iron absorption by causing degradation of the enterocyte iron transporter ferroportin, iron recycling by macrophages, and iron release from hepatic stores [ 4 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In polycythemia vera, iron absorption is increased due to suppression of hepcidin production. (msdmanuals.com)

Grade of soluble inflammatory response is mainly affected by circulating bacterial DNA concentrations in cirrhosis. (medscape.com)

Ferroportin Q248H mutation in African families with dietary iron overload showed lower mean cell volume and higher ferritin concentration. (wikipedia.org)
The phylogenetic study revealed the co-evolution of hepcidin and its receptor ferroportin. (auburn.edu)
Multiple Sequence Analysis (MSA) demonstrated that charged residues (E, D, H, K, and R) within external segments (ESs) are most likely involved in the hepcidin-ferroportin interaction. (auburn.edu)
In this study, highly conserved external segments (ES1-4, and ES6) were predicted to play a critical role during the binding between hepcidin and ferroportin. (auburn.edu)
On the other hand, the most variable external segment ES5 was proposed to be responsible for the endurance of ferroportin to hepcidin variation. (auburn.edu)
Hepcidin binding initiates the endocytosis and proteolysis of ferroportin and thereby decreases iron flow into plasma. (ashpublications.org)
Hepcidin produces regulatory effects on iron by binding with ferroportin, the only known transmembrane iron exporter. (unios.hr)
The levels of hepcidin, as well as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), ferroportin 1 (FPN1), and ferritin‐light (Ft‐L) protein in the liver or spleen, were assessed. (uea.ac.uk)
Iron balance in the body is regulated by the interaction between a liver-produced hormone called hepcidin and the iron transporting receptor ferroportin. (eurekalert.org)
Hepcidin binds to ferroportin resulting in decreased export of iron out of cells. (eurekalert.org)
In the study, Kaplan and researchers from the University of Utah and University of California, Los Angeles report that they have identified the hepcidin-binding domain (HBD), the specific site where hepcidin binds to ferroportin. (eurekalert.org)

Hepcidin, originally identified as a 25 amino acid (aa) antimicrobial peptide made in the liver, is a small peptide hormone that has been shown to be the long-sought regulator of iron metabolism in humans and mice. (auburn.edu)
Pigeon C, Ilyin G, Courselaud B, Leroyer P, Turlin B, Brissot P, Loreal O: A new mouse liver-specific gene, encoding a protein homologous to human antimicrobial peptide hepcidin, is overexpressed during iron overload. (karger.com)
Impact of hepcidin antimicrobial peptide on iron overload in tuberculosis patients. (ac.ir)

Spleen moybdenum and manganese concentrations paralleled the modulation of both spleen iron concentrations, increasing in secondary iron overload and decreasing in hepcidin deficiency related iron overload, as well as hepatic hepcidin mRNA expression. (imoa.info)
When mice were treated with AD or NE continuously for 7 days, an increase in hepatic hepcidin mRNA levels and serum hepcidin concentration was also observed. (uea.ac.uk)

Liver biopsy measures the iron concentration of liver. (wikipedia.org)
Parallel variations of plasma IL-6, C-reactive protein, and hepcidin concentrations, together with tumor immunohistochemistry, strongly suggested that IL-6 synthesized by the tumor caused both the inflammation and iron deficiency through enhancement of hepcidin production by the liver. (nih.gov)
In the current study, it was found that in channel catfish hepcidin transcript levels in the liver were increased by 4, 19, and 22 fold at 4, 24, and 48 hours post Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge, respectively. (auburn.edu)
In naturally occurring anemic fish, the concentration of serum iron, total iron binding capacity, and liver iron content were half of that in healthy controls. (auburn.edu)
PR65 administration to hepcidin knockout mice with pre-existing iron overload had a more moderate effect and caused partial redistribution of iron from the liver to the spleen. (ashpublications.org)
Produced by the liver, hepcidin is a 25 amino acid peptide hormone that circulates in plasma and homeostatically controls body iron balance. (ashpublications.org)
Liver iron concentrations and urinary hepcidin in beta-thalassemia. (medscape.com)
In the liver ferritin levels and hepcidin mRNA levels are increased. (biomedcentral.com)

The recently discovered iron regulatory peptide hormone hepcidin holds promise as a novel biomarker in iron metabolism disorders. (haematologica.org)

Intrinsic said it will use the SBIR grant to establish cGMP/ISO compliant manufacturing of Hepcidin Index and perform a clinical study at Boston Children's Hospital to validate the test for the differential diagnosis of IRIDA from other acquired forms of microcytic anemia. (genomeweb.com)
With chronic overproduction of IL-6 as a hallmark, CD could be an interesting human model for studying the contribution of the IL-6/hepcidin pathway in the pathogenesis of anemia of chronic disease. (nih.gov)
The results of this unique case study (1) explain the mechanism of iron deficiency observed in some children with CD, (2) confirm in vivo the regulatory effect of IL-6 in human hepcidin production, and (3) suggest that iron deficiency is a causal link between IL-6 and anemia of chronic disease. (nih.gov)
The levels of hepcidin transcript in the livers of catfish affected by anemia were only 14% of that of healthy catfish. (auburn.edu)
The prevalence of HIV infection and malaria-HIV coinfection was too low to allow meaningful analysis of their association with anemia or hemoglobin concentration. (biomedcentral.com)
Its blood concentration is a useful diagnostic marker for anemia. (monomousumi.com)
Answer: B the important thing to reply dos q is know the types of anemia: -iron deficiency anemia in being pregnant brought on by elevated hepcidin degree which inhibit iron transport. (ehd.org)
An excess of hepcidin in the blood can result in anemia and a deficiency of hepcidin causes a build-up of iron that is damaging to body organs. (eurekalert.org)
Anemia of chronic disease, or anemia of inflammation, is a form of anemia that is thought to be related to abnormally high levels of hepcidin. (eurekalert.org)
A mechanism linking cancer-related anemia and IL-6 through hepcidin production is suggested. (biomedcentral.com)
To clarify the hypothesis that overproduction of IL-6 elevates hepcidin levels and contributes to the development of cancer-related anemia, we evaluated anti-IL-6 receptor antibody treatment of cancer-related anemia in an IL-6-producing human lung cancer xenograft model. (biomedcentral.com)
Our results suggest that overproduction of hepcidin by IL-6 signaling might be a major factor that leads to functionally iron-deficient cancer-related anemia in the LC-06-JCK model. (biomedcentral.com)

Worldwide eight laboratories participated in a urinary and plasma round robin in which hepcidin was analyzed. (haematologica.org)
For both urine and plasma: (i) the absolute hepcidin concentrations differed widely between methods, (ii) the between-sample variation and the analytical variation of the methods are similar. (haematologica.org)
Therefore, to increase comparability of hepcidin data across clinical studies we evaluated the levels, between-sample variation and the analytical variation of hepcidin assays on a panel of urine and plasma samples in a so-called Round Robin . (haematologica.org)
A prospective repeated measurement design with 12 replicates was used to assess concordance in urine and plasma hepcidin analysis. (haematologica.org)
Seven plasma pools were composed from hospitalized patient sample remnants (March 2008), so as to cover a wide variation in hepcidin levels (samples 9-15). (haematologica.org)
Links between iron metabolism and other metals being suggested, our aim was to investigate, during iron overload, the relationships between the hepatic hepcidin expression level and the hepatic and splenic concentrations of iron, manganese, copper, zinc, and moybdenum , determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. (imoa.info)
1 Iron levels in turn regulate hepcidin production: in healthy individuals, hepcidin production increases when plasma or tissue iron concentrations rise and decreases after iron depletion. (ashpublications.org)
In situations of infection in the body, plasma concentrations of iron are lowered. (thenutmarket.com.au)
Significant lower in plasma concentration of lamotrigine has been shown, probably because of induction of lamotrigine glucuronidation. (ehd.org)
This pilot study demonstrated that the study subjects, white male platelet- and plasma-apheresis donors, had lower serum ferritin and serum hepcidin, and exhibited evidence of iron-restricted erythropoiesis relative to controls. (notifylibrary.org)
Concentrations of preptin, salusins and hepcidins in plasma milk of lactating women with or without gestational diabetes mellitus. (jsurgmed.com)

In this study, Kaplan and his colleagues found that the fish hepcidin which is the same length as human hepcidin was able to bind to the HBD at temperatures as low as 4°C but had very little antibacterial activity at both 4°C and 37°C. This discovery provides insight into the evolution of hepcidin among vertebrates. (eurekalert.org)
Human hepcidin has both iron- and bacteria-related activities, while fish hepcidin genes evolved to separate these functions. (eurekalert.org)

There was no difference in maternal hepcidin between obese and normal weight women. (ucc.ie)

Key Points Iron status, erythropoietic drive, inflammation, and malaria season combine to control dynamic fluctuations of hepcidin in African children. (ox.ac.uk)
However, assays, including hepcidin, offer the potential to identify iron restriction despite the presence of inflammation and may be coupled with promising therapeutic options to address issues including nosocomial infection and functional recovery for patients admitted to the ICU. (biomedcentral.com)
In diseases with abnormal hepcidin levels, including chronic inflammation, special attention should be paid to those metals that can participate with the phenotype. (imoa.info)
Then, once there's enough inflammation, hepcidin kicks in and sequesters iron away. (thenutmarket.com.au)
It can also measure hepcidin concentration in response to inflammation. (eurekalert.org)
Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism, is produced mainly by interleukin-6 (IL-6) during inflammation. (biomedcentral.com)
The diagnosis of iron deficiency (ID) through SF concentration, the most commonly used indicator, is complicated by concomitant inflammation. (cdc.gov)

Although closely related hepcidin genes and peptides have been identified in other mammals, amphibians and various fish species, it is still largely unknown whether hepcidin can regulate iron metabolism in fish and amphibians. (auburn.edu)
Two hepcidin genes were identified in the X. tropicalis frog but only tHEP2 was responsive to iron loading, indicating a possible role of tHEP2 in the regulation of iron homeostasis. (auburn.edu)
The study on the promoter areas of the two hepcidin genes supports such notions. (auburn.edu)
This assay can readily detect variations in hepcidin levels in the blood due to mutations in genes that are known to affect hepcidin levels, as well as mutations in other genes involved in iron metabolism. (eurekalert.org)
Most mammals have only one hepcidin gene, but fish have multiple hepcidin genes that encode hepcidin molecules of different lengths. (eurekalert.org)

Elevated level of ferritin concentration can be observed in acute or chronic inflammatory process without pathologic iron overload. (wikipedia.org)
Vitamin D status is associated with hepcidin and hemoglobin concentrations in children with inflammatory bowel disease. (ijbcp.com)
Concentrations of C- reactive protein and Interleukin-6 in obese women compared to normal weight women were indicative of an inflammatory response. (ucc.ie)
Iron, hepcidin and inflammatory status of young healthy overweight and obese women in Australia. (ac.ir)
Hepcidin secretion is regulated by iron stores, oxygenation, and inflammatory signals. (biomedcentral.com)

Serum hepcidin levels are innately low in HFE-related haemochromatosis but differ between C282Y-homozygotes with elevated and normal ferritin levels van Dijk BA, Laarakkers CM, Klaver SM, Jacobs EM, van Tits LJ, Janssen MC, Swinkels DW. (hepcidinanalysis.com)
Serum hepcidin and ferritin levels were statistically elevated in mice bearing LC-06-JCK. (biomedcentral.com)

As a first step towards method harmonization, several hepcidin assays were compared. (haematologica.org)
1 , 2 Progress in human studies of hepcidin in normal physiology and various disease states has been hampered by the limited availability of hepcidin assays. (haematologica.org)
Assays have been developed on mass spectrometry platforms including surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS), matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and liquid chromatography tandem-MS techniques (LC-MS/MS). Some methods use an internal standard, either hepcidin analogs or bioactive hepcidin-25 synthesized with stable isotopes. (haematologica.org)
3 - 10 Recently, immunochemical (IC) assays for hepcidin-25 have also been developed, which comprise of competitive radio-immunoassays (RIA) 11 and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). (haematologica.org)

South Asians had significantly higher body fat percentage (BF%) and IL-6 concentration (38.34% and 1.66 pg·mL-1, respectively), compared to NZ Europeans (27.49% and 0.63 pg·mL-1, respectively, p (bvsalud.org)
South Asians had significantly lower 25(OH)D concentrations compared to NZ Europeans (33.59 nmol·L-1 vs 74.84 nmol·L-1, p (bvsalud.org)
CONCLUSION: Within South Asian women, an unexpected positive relationship between 25(OH)D and hepcidin concentration was observed which may be due to significantly higher IL-6 concentrations, BF%, and lower 25(OH)D concentrations. (bvsalud.org)
Administration of MR16-1 to mice bearing LC-06-JCK significantly suppressed levels of both serum hepcidin and ferritin, with increased values of MCV and MCH. (biomedcentral.com)

However, beta thalassemia may still exist when the HbA2 level is normal, with such concentrations dropping into the normal range in the presence of conditions such as concomitant iron deficiency and delta-chain mutations. (medscape.com)
The advent of safe and effective intravenous iron preparations provides an opportunity to explore the potential benefits of treating patients diagnosed with functional iron deficiency in the ICU, when enteral iron is ineffective due to the actions of hepcidin. (biomedcentral.com)
3 Hepcidin deficiency and hyperabsorption of dietary iron are major factors not only in HH but also in iron overload associated with hereditary anemias caused by ineffective erythropoiesis. (ashpublications.org)
Hepcidin in obese children as a potential mediator of the association between obesity and iron deficiency. (ac.ir)
Hepcidin suppression and defective iron recycling account for dysregulation of iron homeostasis in heme oxygenase-1 deficiency Kartikasari AE, Wagener FA, Yachie A, Wiegerinck ET, Kemna EH, Swinkels DW. (hepcidinanalysis.com)

Genetic iron overload related to hepcidin insufficiency decreases the spleen iron concentration and increases hepatic iron concentration, whereas during secondary iron overload, the hepcidin expression increases together with spleen iron concentration in addition to hepatic iron concentrations increase. (imoa.info)
High-Dose Vitamin D3 administration is associated with increases in hemoglobin concentrations in mechanically ventilated critically ill adults: A pilot double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. (ijbcp.com)

cGKI-/- and cGKI rescue mice have significant lower erythrocyte levels than their control littermates, lower hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations and elevated reticulocyte numbers. (biomedcentral.com)

Meanwhile, the expected downstream effects of elevated hepcidin, namely decreased FPN1 expression and increased Ft‐L protein and non‐heme iron concentrations in the spleen, were observed after the continuous AD or NE treatments. (uea.ac.uk)
Serum levels of hepcidin and C-reactive protein (CRP) may be used as tools to predict the possibility of acne-related scarring, according to a new study published in the Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology . (dermatologyadvisor.com)

In addition, the study donors who donated more frequently had lower MCV, reticulocyte hemoglobin concentration, hepcidin concentration, and ferritin. (notifylibrary.org)

Asymptomatic malaria and malaria antibody titres were positively associated with hepcidin concentrations. (ox.ac.uk)
Serum hepcidin concentration was assessed through a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit, which is commercially available. (dermatologyadvisor.com)
Mice bearing LC-06-JCK were administered rat anti-mouse IL-6 receptor antibody MR16-1 and their serum hepcidin levels and hematological parameters were determined. (biomedcentral.com)

Suppression of iron-regulatory hepcidin by vitamin D. J Am Soc Nephrol. (ijbcp.com)

Hepcidin-deficient mice, secondary iron overload mice models, and their respective controls were studied. (imoa.info)
Here we explore the feasibility of using minihepcidins for the prevention and treatment of iron overload in hepcidin-deficient mice. (ashpublications.org)
PR65 was administered by subcutaneous injection daily for 2 weeks to iron-depleted or iron-loaded hepcidin knockout mice. (ashpublications.org)
Taken together, we found that AD or NE increase hepatic hepcidin expression via the α1‐adrenergic receptor and STAT3 pathways in mice. (uea.ac.uk)

Studies show that the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin is induced by malaria, but few studies have investigated this relationship longitudinally. (ox.ac.uk)
Hepcidin is a key iron‐regulatory hormone, which maintains body iron balance. (uea.ac.uk)

Due to the similarity of the hepcidin binding site among vertebrates, the usefulness of the novel HBD assay described in this study is not limited to humans. (eurekalert.org)

Measurement of serum hepcidin levels may be useful in diagnostic for iron overload. (wikipedia.org)
Importantly, the analytical variation as percentage of the total variance is low for all methods, indicating their suitability to distinguish hepcidin levels of different samples. (haematologica.org)
The elevated hepatic hepcidin decreased FPN1 levels in the spleen, likely causing the increased iron accumulation in the spleen. (uea.ac.uk)
Some types of hereditary hemochromatosis are associated with inappropriately low levels of hepcidin in the blood. (eurekalert.org)

The company seeks to address this with its Hepcidin Index test, which is based on monoclonal antibodies to hepcidin and intended for the rapid diagnosis of IRIDA "without expensive genetic testing or extensive clinical workups," Intrinsic CEO Mark Westerman said in a statement. (genomeweb.com)

PURPOSE: To investigate the associations between vitamin D, hepcidin, and iron status in premenopausal females of different ethnic cohorts residing in Auckland, New Zealand (NZ). (bvsalud.org)
Elevated systemic hepcidin and iron depletion in obese premenopausal females. (ac.ir)

Objectives: The first objective was to determine how maternal concentrations of iron and vitamin D biomarkers changed across pregnancy into postpartum and to assess the combined maternal status of iron and vitamin D during the 2nd trimester (mid-pregnancy). (ualberta.ca)

Synthetic hepcidin-25 (Peptide Institute Inc., Osaka, Japan, net hepcidin peptide weight is precisely determined by amino acid analysis after acid hydrolysis) was added to a final concentration of 13.1 nmol/mmol creatinine to a urine sample that by SELDI-TOF MS 7 was found to have a hepcidin concentration below the lower limit of detection of 0.5 nmol/L (sample 5). (haematologica.org)

At the end of the malaria season, hepcidin is low and ID is more prevalent, so iron therapy may be beneficial at this time. (ox.ac.uk)
Malaria and Age Variably but Critically Control Hepcidin Throughout Childhood in Kenya. (ox.ac.uk)
We measured hepcidin concentrations, markers of iron status, and antibodies to malaria antigens during two cross-sectional surveys within a cohort of 324 Kenyan children ≤ 8 years old who were under intensive surveillance for malaria and other febrile illnesses. (ox.ac.uk)
Recent episodes of febrile malaria were associated with high hepcidin concentrations that fell over time. (ox.ac.uk)
Hepcidin concentrations were not associated with the subsequent risk of either malaria or other febrile illnesses. (ox.ac.uk)

These preliminary data suggested that X. tropicalis could be a promising animal model which allows us to separate some features of the regulation of hepcidin expression at the transcriptional level. (auburn.edu)
In the present study, we investigated the effects of adrenaline (AD) and norepinephrine (NE) on hepatic hepcidin regulation. (uea.ac.uk)
Regulation of hepcidin: insights from biochemical analyses on human serum samples Kemna EH, Kartikasari AE, van Tits LJ, Pickkers P, Tjalsma H, Swinkels DW. (hepcidinanalysis.com)

Hepcidin plays a central role in iron metabolism, and could become a useful biomarker for the diagnosis and monitoring of iron disorders. (haematologica.org)
Hepcidin in the diagnosis of iron disorders Girelli D, Nemeth E, Swinkels DW. (hepcidinanalysis.com)

They also discovered that hepcidin's ability to bind to the HBD decreases at temperatures below the normal human body temperature of 37°C due to structural changes in the hepcidin molecule at lower temperatures. (eurekalert.org)

The ability to detect and measure hepcidin has important implications for the diagnosis of anemias and iron overload disorders related to hepcidin. (eurekalert.org)

In Xenopus tropicalis study, we demonstrated for the first time that hepcidin may regulate iron metabolism in amphibians. (auburn.edu)

This activity varied according to concentration (100/500 μg/ml), multiplicity of infection (0.1/0.01), and cell type (Vero E6/Caco-2 cells). (frontiersin.org)
0.01) concentrations predicted lower 3rd trimester maternal EPDS scores. (ualberta.ca)

Conclusions: Iron and vitamin D biomarker concentrations were dynamic across gestation and into the postpartum period in generally healthy pregnant individuals. (ualberta.ca)

Women from ethnic minority groups (n = 64) had higher sTfR concentration compared with white women. (ucc.ie)
sTfR concentration is an indicator of functional ID that is not an acute-phase reactant, but challenges in its interpretation arise because of the lack of assay standardization, common reference ranges, and common cutoffs. (cdc.gov)

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs8

Transferrin7

Expression of hepcidin3

Absorption14

Soluble1

Ferroportin11

Antimicrobial peptide3

Hepatic hepcidin mRNA2

Liver8

Peptide hormone1

Anemia12

Plasma11

Human hepcidin2

Maternal hepcidin1

Inflammation7

Genes5

Inflammatory5

Ferritin levels2

Assays4

Significantly4

Deficiency5

Increases2

Hemoglobin concentrations1

Protein2

Reticulocyte1

Antibody3

Suppression1

Mice4

Regulatory hormone2

Humans1

Levels4

Genetic1

Premenopausal females2

Biomarkers1

Amino acid1

Malaria5

Regulation3

Iron disorders2

Decreases1

Diagnosis1

Regulate1

0.012

Biomarker1

STfR concentration2