• The duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) envelope is comprised of two transmembrane (TM) proteins, the large (L) and the small (S), that assemble into virions and subviral particles. (edu.au)
  • We used bafilomycin A1 during infection of primary duck hepatocytes to show that DHBV must be trafficked from the early to the late endosome for fusion to occur. (edu.au)
  • Exchange of the TM1 of DHBV with that of hepatitis B virus yielded functional, infectious DHBV particles, suggesting that TM1 of all of the hepadnaviruses act similarly in the fusion mechanism. (edu.au)
  • There is agreement that the infectivity assay with the duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) is a suitable surrogate test to validate disinfectants for hepatitis B virucidal activity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The present study compares the activity of five different biocides against DHBV and the classical test virus for limited virucidal activity, the vaccinia virus strain Lister Elstree (VACV) or the modified vaccinia Ankara strain (MVA). (biomedcentral.com)
  • derived from the Chinese herb, Salvia miltiorrhiza) on HBV replication in HepG2 2.2.15 cell line and duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) replication in ducklings in vivo. (nih.gov)
  • In addition to disinfecting against HIV-1, tb Minuteman NEX GEN has the added benefit of disinfecting against Hepatitis B (DHBV) and Hepatitis C (BVDV) to assure significant reduction of risk of cross-infection from these three commonly feared bloodborne viral pathogens. (maxill.com)
  • A lot of our understanding of the HBV lifestyle cycle continues to be extracted from comparative research using the distantly related duck hepatitis B pathogen (DHBV) which is certainly endemic in ducks [10] [11]. (globaltechbiz.com)
  • To define the contribution of computer virus versus host cell in the genome recycling pathway we have previously performed cross-species transfection experiments in which DHBV was expressed in human HepG2 and HBV in chicken LMH cells. (globaltechbiz.com)
  • The high hydrophobicity of the TM1 domain of L, but not of S, was shown to be essential for virus infection at a step downstream of receptor binding and virus internalization. (edu.au)
  • Duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV) 1, formerly called DHV-1, is one of three viruses which cause duck viral hepatitis (DVH), an acute, highly contagious, often-fatal viral infection of young ducklings. (poultrydvm.com)
  • Duck hepatitis virus (DHV) is a fatal, rapid spreading viral infection of young ducklings that causes hepatitis and has a high mortality rate if not managed. (ekb.eg)
  • In view of reported high frequency of laboratory aerosol infection that occurred in workers manipulating high concentrations of Pichinde virus, it is strongly recommended that work with high concentrations of Level 2 arenaviruses be done at Level 3. (cdc.gov)
  • While the molecular biology of the two viruses has been characterized in great detail, the absence of robust cell culture models for HBV and/or HDV infection has limited the investigation of virus-host interactions. (mdpi.com)
  • In the present study, tissue samples collected from a total of 130 commercial ducks collected from clinically suspected flocks and diseased birds in six provinces of northern Vietnam were tested for DuCV infection. (researchsquare.com)
  • Curiously, none of the duck samples showed any signs of infection with duck hepatitis B virus. (williamhaseltine.com)
  • The viruses that cause DVH in ducklings should not be confused with duck hepatitis B virus, a hepadnavirus infection of older ducks. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • As per WHO estimates, 296 million people were living with chronic hepatitis B infection in 2019, and ~ 1.5 million new HBV infections are recorded each year. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It acts as a serum antigen marker after hepatitis B infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hepatitis C virus infection in injection drug users in Bavaria: risk factors for seropositivity. (celebralotodo.com)
  • Simian immunodeficiency virus infection induces severe loss of intestinal central memory T cells which impairs CD4+ T-cell restoration during antiretroviral therapy. (angenechem.com)
  • Effects of pyrimidine and purine analog combinations in the duck hepatitis B virus infection model. (angenechem.com)
  • Antiviral activity of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) adenine (PMEA) on human and duck hepatitis B virus infection. (qrforex.com)
  • Viral hepatitis is a cause of considerable morbidity and mortality in the human population, both from acute infection and chronic sequelae which include, in the case of hepatitis B, C and D, chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis. (medmuv.com)
  • Infection with this more recently identified virus is common in many countries. (medmuv.com)
  • Among the several viruses that can cause hepatitis, these three were selected for evaluation because of their potential to induce chronic liver infection. (who.int)
  • The most extensive monograph evaluates the large body of data suggesting a link between infection with hepatitis B virus and hepatocellular carcinoma in humans. (who.int)
  • The evaluation takes on particular importance in view of the high prevalence of chronic infection with this virus, particularly in developing countries. (who.int)
  • A brief summary of the structure of the virus and methods for its detection and analysis is followed by a thorough assessment of human exposure data, including patterns of transmission and factors influencing the course and clinical manifestations of infection, studies of cancer in humans, and studies of cancer in primates, transgenic mice, woodchucks, ground squirrels, ducks and other species. (who.int)
  • In view of the strong association between hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic infection with hepatitis B virus demonstrated in numerous studies, the monograph concludes that chronic infection with hepatitis B virus is carcinogenic to humans. (who.int)
  • Following a similar format of evaluation, the monograph concludes that chronic infection with hepatitis C virus is carcinogenic to humans. (who.int)
  • 1,5 Contact with sick or dead poultry has been consistently identified as a risk factor for human influenza A(H5N1) infection, and live poultry markets have been shown to be important locations for amplifying influenza A(H5N1) virus transmission. (who.int)
  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a member of the hepadnavirus group, double-stranded DNA viruses which replicate, unusually, by reverse transcription. (medmuv.com)
  • Hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) is a member of the Hepadnavirus family . (wikidoc.org)
  • The hepatitis B virus and the mammalian hepadnavirus genomes encode for a short open reading frame called x. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In contrast, the replication levels of the duck hepatitis B virus, a hepadnavirus that lacks the x open reading frame, were unchanged in the context of XIP expression. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The DuCV genome was detected in 56 out of 130 (43.08%) duck samples by PCR. (researchsquare.com)
  • The hepatitis D virus-like genome discovered in the duck samples also had an open reading frame with the capacity to express an 185-amino-acid-long protein. (williamhaseltine.com)
  • The location of this open reading frame within the genome very closely mirrors the location of the open reading frame seen in human hepatitis D virus (Figure 1). (williamhaseltine.com)
  • The most similar genome to HEV is found in a plant virus, beet necrotic yellow vein virus, and there are similarities in the functional domains to rubella virus. (medmuv.com)
  • [1] The virus is divided into four major serotypes (adr, adw, ayr, ayw) based on antigenic epitopes presented on its envelope proteins and ten genotypes (A-J) according to overall nucleotide sequence variation of the genome . (wikidoc.org)
  • [7] By the early 1980s the genome of the virus had been sequenced, [8] and the first vaccines were being tested. (wikidoc.org)
  • Duck hepatitis is an acute and fatal disease in ducklings caused by the Avihepatovirus DHV-1 and DHV-3. (wikipedia.org)
  • DHAV is the most virulent of the three viruses, and can cause mortality up to 95% in ducklings younger than 3 weeks old. (poultrydvm.com)
  • DHAV-1, classified as a sole member of Picornavirus genus (Avihepatovirus), is the most virulent virus type which can cause mortality up to 95% in ducklings younger than 3 weeks old (only Mallard and Pekin breeds). (poultrydvm.com)
  • Studies on the antiviral activity of some herbal plants extract against isolated duck hepatitis virus in infected ducklings. (ekb.eg)
  • Duck viral hepatitis is an acute infectious disease affecting young ducklings. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • Duck viral hepatitis (DVH) is an acute, highly contagious, viral disease typically affecting ducklings less than six weeks of age. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • Viruses that differ from DHAV have been recognized as causes of DVH in ducklings. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • The sample was collected from ducklings diagnosed clinically dying from duck virus hepatitis on the duck farm in Binzhou county of Shandong province in China. (ahau.edu.cn)
  • Natural hepadna virus infections also occur in other mammals including woodchucks, beechy ground squirrels and ducks. (medmuv.com)
  • Hepatitis B virus is endemic in the human population and hyperendemic in many parts of the world. (medmuv.com)
  • This virus requires hepadna virus helper functions for propagation in hepatocytes, and is an important cause of acute and severe chronic liver damage in many regions of the world. (medmuv.com)
  • Hepatitis E virus is an important cause of large epidemics of acute hepatitis in the subcontinent of India, Central and Southeast Asia, the Middle East, parts of Africa and elsewhere. (medmuv.com)
  • Protocatechuic aldehyde inhibits hepatitis B virus replication both in vitro and in vivo. (nih.gov)
  • These are characterized by their circular genomes and lack of replication proteins: where viruses encode proteins to help them replicate their genetic information, viroids and virusoids instead hijack host-cell proteins. (williamhaseltine.com)
  • In particular, HBeAg reflects active replication of hepatitis B virus, with the presence of a solid infectious state. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) serves not only as a bicistronic message RNA to translate core protein (Cp) and DNA polymerase (Pol), but also as the template for reverse transcriptional replication of viral DNA upon packaging into nucleocapsid. (bvsalud.org)
  • Investigation of the role of XIP in hepatitis B virus replication in differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma cells revealed that XIP expression reduces wild-type hepatitis B virus replication to levels observed following transfection with an HBx-minus virus. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We propose that one of the physiologic functions of the cellular protein XIP is to negatively regulate HBx activity and thus to alter the replication life cycle of the virus. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Melegari, M, Scaglioni, PP & Wands, JR 1998, ' Cloning and characterization of a novel hepatitis B virus x binding protein that inhibits viral replication ', Journal of virology , vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 1737-1743. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Experimental studies in hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication are commonly done with human hepatoma cells to reflect the natural species and tissue tropism of the virus. (globaltechbiz.com)
  • Hepatitis D "virus" is a tiny, infectious RNA pathogen. (williamhaseltine.com)
  • One possible explanation for this is that non-human hepatitis D virus-like agents may take advantage of other viruses to make infectious particles and to transmit from cell to cell. (williamhaseltine.com)
  • Hepatitis A virus (HAV), classified as hepatovirus, is a small, unenveloped symmetrical RNA virus which shares many of the characteristics of the picornavirus family, and is the cause of infectious or epidemic hepatitis transmitted by the fecal-oral route. (medmuv.com)
  • These particles are not infectious and are composed of the lipid and protein that form part of the surface of the virion, which is called the surface antigen ( HBsAg ), and is produced in excess during the life cycle of the virus. (wikidoc.org)
  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV), is an enveloped single-stranded RNA virus which appears to be distantly related (possibly in its evolution) to flaviviruses, although hepatitis C is not transmitted by arthropod vectors. (medmuv.com)
  • In 2019, hepatitis B accounted for ~ 820,000 deaths, which were majorly contributed by cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (primary liver cancer) [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is also the eighth installment in a series on hepatitis D virus, a virusoid-like pathogen that causes serious human disease. (williamhaseltine.com)
  • Hepatitis D virus has generally been considered an exclusively human pathogen, but a fast-growing body of research suggests otherwise. (williamhaseltine.com)
  • CAL-130 Launch Hepatitis B pathogen (HBV) mainly infects human beings and pathogen amplification occurs solely in the liver organ. (globaltechbiz.com)
  • Tissue samples from a total of 130 2- to 8-week-old broiler ducks were obtained from a total of 38 duck farms with slightly increased mortality, according to the owners' personal reports and local veterinarians in Hanoi (HN), Haiduong (HD), Thainguyen (TN), Bacgiang (BG), Thaibinh (TB), and Hungyen (HY) cities/provinces of northern Vietnam. (researchsquare.com)
  • This virus is responsible for high mortality (15-20%), during pregnancy particularly during the third trimester. (medmuv.com)
  • An important way to prevent infections encompasses disinfection measures to interrupt transmission by the inactivation of the virus on instruments, surfaces and in biological materials [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) infections are major causes of liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. (mdpi.com)
  • Cloning and sequencing of the duck hepatitis B virus system as model for HBV infections. (mpg.de)
  • 6,7 An antibody seroprevalence study conducted among 200 poultry market workers (PMWs) in Hanoi in 2001 detected antibodies against influenza A(H5N1) virus in 4% of subjects, 8 suggesting that there were human infections with influenza A(H5N1) before the first case was officially confirmed. (who.int)
  • The originally described, most widespread, and most virulent subtype of duck viral hepatitis, traditionally referred to as DVH Type I, has been renamed duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1) and is now classified in the genus Avihepatovirus in the Picornaviridae family. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • FMD Virus (FMDV) is the type species of the Aphthovirus genus of the Picornaviridae. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • A hydrophobic domain in the large envelope protein is essential for fusion of duck hepatitis B virus. (edu.au)
  • In this study, we demonstrated that among the nine APN orthologs tested, the APN of the Mexican free-tailed bat could also efficiently support CCoV-HuPn-2018 spike (S) protein-mediated entry, raising the possibility that bats may also be an alternative host epidemiologically important for the transmission of this virus. (bvsalud.org)
  • Interestingly, the CCoV-HuPn-2018 spike protein pseudotyped virus infected multiple human cancer cell lines in a human APN-independent manner, whereas sialic acid appeared to facilitate the entry of the pseudotyped virus into human cancer cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • This 9.6-kDa protein is capable of binding to HBx in vitro, and transient and stable expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells abolishes the transactivation properties of HBx on luciferase constructs driven by AP-1 and endogenous hepatitis B virus enhancer/promoter elements. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma which is one of the ten most common cancers worldwide, is closely associated with hepatitis B, and at least in some regions of the world with hepatitis C virus. (medmuv.com)
  • To further address the possible functional role of HBx in the life cycle of hepatitis B virus, we performed an analysis using the yeast two-hybrid system to screen a cDNA library derived from a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line with a HBx fusion bait in an attempt to identify cellular partners that may bind to and alter the biologic properties of HBx. (elsevierpure.com)
  • From January 2010 to December 2013, data from 179 treatment-naive patients with CHB who were hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive and had visited the first affiliated hospital of Wenzhou Medical University were assessed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The virus was not discovered until 1965 when Baruch Blumberg , then working at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), discovered the Australia antigen (later known to be Hepatitis B surface antigen, or HBsAg) in the blood of Australian aboriginal people. (wikidoc.org)
  • Conclusive diagnosis of these viruses requires electron microscopic examination of stool specimens, a laboratory technique that is available only at a few large centers, including CDC. (cdc.gov)
  • Despite free administration of the hepatitis B vaccine, ~ 93 million individuals are still infected with chronic HBV in China, which includes ~ 20 million patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hepatitis D virus-like agents seem to be active in a range of different animal species, from fish all the way to termites. (williamhaseltine.com)
  • Limited virucidal activity has been declared when there is a proven efficacy against two representatives of enveloped viruses, the vaccinia virus strain Lister Elstree (VACV) or the modified vaccinia Ankara strain (MVA) [ 6 ] and the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strain NADL. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1 (BVDV-1) is present. (unog.ch)
  • And like other virusoids, it is also understood to be dependent on the envelope proteins of a helper virus -in this case hepatitis B virus- for transmission between hosts and between cells. (williamhaseltine.com)
  • HRIG is not associated with transmission of viral hepatitis or HIV. (medscape.com)
  • 1 Numerous outbreaks of influenza A(H5N1) viruses have occurred, with limited transmission to humans and as of yet unclear potential for sustained human-to-human transmission. (who.int)
  • High-level resistance to (-) enantiomeric 2'-deoxy-3'-thiacytidine in vitro is due to one amino acid substitution in the catalytic site of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase. (angenechem.com)
  • However, the continuing evolution and genetic diversification of influenza A(H5N1) viruses is worrying since as few as four amino acid changes are necessary to render the viruses transmissible between ferrets, reinforcing the ongoing pandemic threat from these viruses. (who.int)
  • The virus is one of the smallest enveloped animal viruses, with a virion diameter of 42nm, but pleomorphic forms exist, including filamentous and spherical bodies lacking a core. (wikidoc.org)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses re-emerged in south-eastern Asia in 2003, and these viruses continue to circulate widely among domestic poultry in the region. (who.int)
  • This explanation is supported by later work, which showed that, even in humans, hepatitis B virus is not the only one that can function as a helper virus. (williamhaseltine.com)
  • Hepatitis viruses / this publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 8-15 June 1993. (who.int)
  • Evaluates the carcinogenic risk to humans posed by exposure to three hepatotropic viruses: hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C viruses, and hepatitis D virus, which exists as a satellite agent of hepatitis B virus. (who.int)
  • The final monograph evaluates data on hepatitis D virus, a satellite agent of hepatitis B virus with no known natural host other than humans. (who.int)
  • Because of methodological problems and inconsistencies in the evidence, infectin with hepatitis D virus could not be classified as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (who.int)
  • All disinfectants inactivate or destroy microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses or fungi using one or multiple modes of antimicrobial action. (maxill.com)
  • Current studies suggest that dyslipidemia affects the antiviral efficacy of hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapies, while recent studies suggest that serum lipids influence the response rates of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients receiving PEGylated interferon-alpha (Peg IFN-α) treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After several weeks, and up to eight months later, 191 of the vaccinated workers became ill with jaundice and were diagnosed as suffering from serum hepatitis. (wikidoc.org)
  • One of the first traces of hepatitis D virus-like agents in non-human hosts was discovered in 2018 by a group of researchers based in Australia. (williamhaseltine.com)
  • Reverse Genetics for Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus: Current Status and Lessons to Learn from Other Non-segmented Negative-Sense RNA Viruses[J]. Virologica Sinica, 2018, 33(6): 472-483. (virosin.org)
  • Alimbarova L.M., Ambrosov I.V., Matelo S.K., Barinsky I.F. Antiviral activity of the organic germanium complex with aciclovir against the herpes simplex virus (Herpesviridae: Alphaherpesvirinae: Simplexvirus: Human alphaherpesvirus 1/2) in the in vitro and in vivo systems. (crie.ru)
  • HDCV is prepared from the Pitman-Moore strain of rabies virus grown in MRC-5 human diploid cell culture and concentrated by ultrafiltration (23). (cdc.gov)
  • Hepatitis C virus is associated with chronic liver disease and also with primary liver cancer in some countries. (medmuv.com)
  • These were then tested using a horse haemagglutination inhibition assay and a microneutralization assay with all three clades of influenza A(H5N1) viruses that have circulated in Viet Nam since 2004. (who.int)
  • A strain of virus was isolated from suspected duck hepatitis virus (DHV) in duckling liver samples through chicken embryo allantoic sac inoculation. (ahau.edu.cn)
  • The GB hepatitis viruses (GBV-A, GBV-B and GBV-C). The GB hepatitis viruses were cloned recently and preliminary genomic characterization shows that they are related to other positive-stranded RNA viruses with local regions of sequence identity with various flaviviruses. (medmuv.com)
  • Novel nonnucleoside inhibitors that select nucleoside inhibitor resistance mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase. (angenechem.com)
  • In vitro activity of structurally diverse nucleoside analogs against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with the K65R mutation in reverse transcriptase. (angenechem.com)
  • However, the number of agents achieving broad-spectrum virucidal efficacy is limited and they are not required for the inactivation of HBV such as other human blood-borne viruses since these lipophilic viruses with an envelope are characterized by lower stability than viruses without envelope [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ebola virus (Filoviridae: Ebolavirus: Zaire ebolavirus): fatal adaptation mutations. (crie.ru)
  • The sculpture entitled "Quarere Veritatem" in the cover represents an influenza virus. (virosin.org)
  • On the Fly: Interactions Between Birds, Mosquitoes, and Environment That Have Molded West Nile Virus Genomic Structure Over Two Decades. (cdc.gov)
  • 2 (0) ] should remain vigilant and the control tries reported the virus in birds only. (who.int)
  • They noticed that some of the RNA resembled that of human hepatitis D virus. (williamhaseltine.com)
  • On top of this, certain sequences of the avian hepatitis D virus-like agents resemble those corresponding to the genomic and antigenomic ribozymes found in human hepatitis D virus. (williamhaseltine.com)
  • Indeed, both of these potential avian ribozymes had secondary structures very similar to those of human hepatitis D virus ribozymes (Figure 2). (williamhaseltine.com)
  • Rapid in vitro selection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistant to 3'-thiacytidine inhibitors due to a mutation in the YMDD region of reverse transcriptase. (angenechem.com)
  • The hepatitis viruses include a range of unrelated and often highly unusual human pathogens. (medmuv.com)
  • Isaeva O.V., Kyuregyan K. K., Mikhailov M. I. Animal delta-like viruses (Kolmioviridae: Deltavirus) and the origin of the human hepatitis D virus (HDV). (crie.ru)
  • Botvinkin A.D. Bats and viruses: interdisciplinary issues. (crie.ru)
  • The virus strain was identified as DHV serotypeⅠand named as DHV BZ-Ⅰstrain by observation of clinical performance and the tests results of pathological examination, physical-chemical characteristics, neutralization , RT-PCR , and animal pathogenicity. (ahau.edu.cn)