• In males, in physiological conditions, testosterone acts via androgen receptors (AR) to increase insulin receptor (IR) expression and glycogen synthesis, and to decrease glucose uptake controlled by liver-specific glucose transporter 2 (GLUT-2). (nih.gov)
  • Insulin resistance (IR) is clinically characterized as the inability of insulin to enhance glucose uptake and metabolism. (researchsquare.com)
  • The peptide hormone insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is critical for maintaining normal blood glucose levels and acts to regulate cellular metabolism and growth by facilitating glucose uptake by peripheral tissues. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Hepatocyte-specific deletion of blocks hepatocyte glucose uptake (231). (irjs.info)
  • Glucose is definitely phosphorylated by glucokinase in hepatocytes to generate glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), CC-5013 novel inhibtior leading Rabbit Polyclonal to B4GALT1 to a reduction in intracellular glucose concentrations which further increases glucose uptake (Fig. 1). (irjs.info)
  • Methods and results: Levels of the glucose transporters SGLT-2 and GLUT-2, as well as glucose uptake, glucose production, and key proteins of the insulin pathways, namely insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and PI3K/AKT pathway were analysed. (faksignaling.com)
  • EC (5-20 µM) and DHBA (20 µM) reduced both renal glucose uptake and production. (faksignaling.com)
  • Conclusion: EC and DHBA regulate the renal glucose homeostasis by modulating both glucose uptake and production, and strengthen the insulin signalling by activating key proteins of that pathway in NRK-52E cells. (faksignaling.com)
  • In diabetes, there is a marked increase in renal glucose uptake, which might be accompanied by the upregulation of SGLT- 2 and glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2) levels, and the renal gluconeogenesis is enhanced because of the deregulation of rate-limiting gluconeogenic enzymes [2, 4, 5]. (faksignaling.com)
  • The conditions that cause enhancement of intestinal glucose absorption, reduction of glucose and fat uptake by muscles and the heart, stimulation of lipid synthesis and storage in adipose tissue, increase in the number of adipocytes (fat cells), and suppression of thermo genesis are known to promote diabetes [1-7]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • On the other hand, the metabolic conditions, including inhibition of glucose absorption, enhancement of glucose and fat uptake by muscle and heart tissues, suppression of fat, cholesterol and glucose biosynthesis by the liver, reduction of the number of adipocytes, and promotion of thermo genesis, have been shown to prevent and treat the development of diabetes[1-7]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • Endogenous production of glucose is enhanced by insulin and thyroid hormones since both FT 3 and FT 4 stimulate GLUT4 messenger RNA and protein expression in skeletal muscle and elevate glucose uptake (Kemp et al. (springeropen.com)
  • Our data demonstrate that high serum glibenclamide concentrations and an increased t 1/2 of glibenclamide in the blood of Hnf-1α −/− mice are caused by a defect in hepatic uptake of glibenclamide. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The participation of HNF-1α in glucose metabolism and diabetes has been reported, including the involvement in GLUT1 and GLUT2 transporter expression in pancreatic β-cells and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene expression in pancreatic islets. (wikipedia.org)
  • The 3 main categories in which they can be classified are (1) alterations in the function of the carriers that transport substances across the luminal membrane, (2) disturbances in cellular energy metabolism, and (3) changes in permeability characteristics of the tubular membranes. (medscape.com)
  • Under the scenario of a defective cellular energy metabolism, any process that results in a decrease in the level of ATP impairs the performance of secondary active transport mechanisms, such as those of glucose, phosphate, or amino acids. (medscape.com)
  • IR alters glucose metabolism, resulting in an elevation in insulin production by beta-cells. (researchsquare.com)
  • Therefore, if we take into consideration the repercussions of IR on the different organs, it is interesting to differentiate between the outcomes secondary to over activation of signaling pathways that remain sensitive to insulin versus changes that are a consequence of an impaired ability of insulin to regulate glucose metabolism. (researchsquare.com)
  • Accumulated evidence from genetic animal models suggests that the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, has a key role in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
  • The brain modulates various aspects of metabolism, such as food intake, energy expenditure, insulin secretion, hepatic glucose production and glucose/fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. (nature.com)
  • Here we comprehensively review the above topics, discussing the main findings related to the role of the brain in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive metabolic disease characterized by pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and peripheral insulin resistance, leading to defects in glucose metabolism and chronic low-grade inflammation. (frontiersin.org)
  • We found upregulation of the key fructose transporter and metabolizing enzyme mRNAs, Slc2a2 , Khka , and Khkc , and higher ketohexokinase activity in the Hif-p4h-2 gt/gt small intestine relative to the WT, suggesting enhanced metabolism of fructose in the former. (springer.com)
  • HIF-P4H-2 inhibition enhances intestinal fructose metabolism protecting the liver. (springer.com)
  • Multiple nutrient, hormonal, and neuronal signals have been recognized to regulate glucose, lipid, and amino acid rate of metabolism in the liver. (irjs.info)
  • Dysfunction of liver signaling and rate of metabolism causes or predisposes to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and/or type 2 diabetes. (irjs.info)
  • Variation in the perilipin gene (PLIN) affects glucose and lipid metabolism in non-Hispanic white women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome. (uchicago.edu)
  • Hyperthyroidism is also associated with raised levels of growth hormone, glucagon and catecholamine which further impair glucose metabolism (Niki et al. (springeropen.com)
  • To study the pharmacogenetic mechanism(s), we have investigated glibenclamide-induced insulin secretion, glibenclamide clearance from the blood, and glibenclamide metabolism in wild-type and Hnf-1α-deficient mice. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • We found that the ratio of the concentrations of glibenclamide and its metabolites was moderately increased in livers of Hnf-1α −/− mice, suggesting that hepatic glibenclamide metabolism was not impaired in animals with Hnf-1α deficiency. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Metabolism of glucose within the beta cell generates ATP. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • HNF-1α could promote the transcription of several proteins involved in the management of type II diabetes including dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV/CD26). (wikipedia.org)
  • HNF1A mutations can cause maturity onset diabetes of the young type 3, one of the forms of "monogenic diabetes", as well as hepatocellular adenoma. (wikipedia.org)
  • Common genetic variation within HNF1A is also associated with risk of developing type 2 diabetes and increased penetrance of early-onset diabetes A multi-locus genetic risk score study based on a combination of 27 loci, including the HNF1A gene, identified individuals at increased risk for both incident and recurrent coronary artery disease events, as well as an enhanced clinical benefit from statin therapy. (wikipedia.org)
  • We consider how, over the last 20 years, advances in genetic engineering and cell culture techniques have improved the efficiency and efficacy of the transdifferentiation process and brought us closer to a clinically relevant therapy for type 1 diabetes (T1D). (silverchair.com)
  • A rare, genetic form of obesity characterized by morbid obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia leading to early coronary disease, myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure. (nih.gov)
  • 2 Deficiency of insulin production or activity results in diabetes mellitus (DM), which can be either type 1 (T1DM) when there is a destruction of the β-cell by an autoimmune process, or type 2 (T2DM) in which there is a failure of the β-cell to produce insulin. (researchsquare.com)
  • Transgenic mice in which Hnf6 expression is maintained in postnatal islets ( pdx1 PB Hnf6 ) show overt diabetes and impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) at weaning. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Failure to maintain an optimal circulating blood glucose concentration results in diabetes, a disease with varying etiologies. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Defective crosstalk between the brain and peripheral organs contributes to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. (nature.com)
  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the common metabolic diseases in the world. (frontiersin.org)
  • Metabolic syndrome (MBS) is a widespread disease that has strongly related to unhealthy diet and low physical activity, which initiate more serious conditions such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. (bvsalud.org)
  • It is considered the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, strongly linked to obesity and insulin resistance (IR), which further predisposes for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases [ 2 ]. (springer.com)
  • It is divided into type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which account for 5-10% and 90-95% of DM cases resepectively. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • 2Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Spain. (faksignaling.com)
  • Scope: (-)-Epicatechin (EC) and main colonic phenolic acids derived from flavonoid intake, such as 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DHPAA), 3- hydroxyphenylpropionic acid (HPPA), and vanillic acid (VA), have been suggested to exert beneficial effects in diabetes, although the mechanism for their actions remains unknown. (faksignaling.com)
  • indeed, renal glucose reabsorption has been considered to have a pathophysiological role in diabetes [1]. (faksignaling.com)
  • In this regard, inhibitors of SGLT-2 have been demonstrated to increase glycosuria and reduce hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes [3, 4]. (faksignaling.com)
  • Consequently, treatments aimed at improving glucose homeostasis in renal cells are considered critical for optimal management of diabetes type 2 and to prevent, retard or treat associated renal complications. (faksignaling.com)
  • The high prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Mauritius during the last decade has been an alarming situation that needs scrutiny for a healthier future Mauritian population. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • Poorly controlled diabetes can lead to the damage of multiple organs, including the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and cardiovascular system [1] Among the two most common types of diabetes, Type 1 occurs when the insulin producing cells in the pancreas are destroyed by the immune system and there is usually no cure, while in Type 2 diabetes there is insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency [2]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • Diet, on the other hand, is considered a universal factor linked to type 2 diabetes [3]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • The multi-ethnic island Mauritius which is around 1.2 million according to World Bank, 2017, has an estimated 257,442 people between the ages of 25 and 79 years living with type 2 diabetes. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • Type 2 diabetes is the second leading cause of death on the island, with a death percentage of 24.1% in 2016. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • Furthermore, it is estimated that 30-40% of people with type 2 diabetes will develop chronic renal disease. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • There is also a high occurrence of pre-type 2 diabetes in the country, a condition associated with an increased risk of subsequent diabetes. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • These figures are alarming and constitute a significant threat in terms of the future social and economic burden of type 2 diabetes complications for Mauritius. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • Functional properties of the R154X HNF-4alpha protein generated by a mutation associated with maturity-onset diabetes of the young, type 1. (uchicago.edu)
  • Undesired weight gains and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) are primarily caused by consumption of high fat and carbohydrate, inactive lifestyle, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and genetic susceptibility. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • All six subjects were treated with OptiCel Glucose Balance (OGB) alone or in combination with their prescription product for diabetes, Metformin. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • The product is designed to prevent and treat the early onset of diabetes by interfering with glucose absorption and by mitigating negative effects of chronic oxidative stress and inflammation. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • How Should We Think About the Role of the Brain in Glucose Homeostasis and Diabetes? (silverchair.com)
  • We also discuss the possibility that dysfunction of this brain-centric system contributes to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes by raising the defended level of glycemia. (silverchair.com)
  • Whether the brain participates in the physiological control of circulating glucose levels therefore remains a matter of controversy, and the possibility that a dysfunctional central control system contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetes is only beginning to be explored. (silverchair.com)
  • Researches indicate that there is increased incidence of type 2 globally, highlighting increased incidence of childhood type 2 diabetes mellitus (Jin et al. (springeropen.com)
  • The increasing incidence of type 2 is compounded by reports of the coexistence of thyroid dysfunction with diabetes (Udiong et al. (springeropen.com)
  • 1993 ). Glycaemic index levels are commonly used for diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus without due attention to the influence of thyroid hormone levels on those indices such as fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and C-peptide. (springeropen.com)
  • Mutations in the hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-1α gene cause the most common form of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), type 3 ( 1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Here, we hypothesised that prebiotic modulation of gut microbiota lowers intestinal permeability, by a mechanism involving glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) thereby improving inflammation and metabolic disorders during obesity and diabetes. (bmj.com)
  • We found that a selective gut microbiota change controls and increases endogenous GLP-2 production, and consequently improves gut barrier functions by a GLP-2-dependent mechanism, contributing to the improvement of gut barrier functions during obesity and diabetes. (bmj.com)
  • In the histological sections of liver the Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining (to visualize glycogen) and IHC (to detect GLUT-2, IR, and AR) were performed. (nih.gov)
  • The percentage of PAS-positive glycogen areas were correlated with the immunoexpression of GLUT-2, serum levels of T and DHT were correlated with GLUT-2, IR, and AR transcript levels, and serum glucose concentration was correlated with the age of animals and with the GLUT-2 mRNA by Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. (nih.gov)
  • In each age group of F1:Fin rats, the accumulation of glycogen was elevated but did not correlate with changes in GLUT-2 expression. (nih.gov)
  • In the postprandial state, glucose is definitely condensed into glycogen and/or converted into fatty acids or amino acids in the liver. (irjs.info)
  • Glucose as such cannot be stored, but it can be polymerized to glycogen in the liver and in skeletal muscle. (helmberg.at)
  • However, the amount of energy that can be stored in this way is limited: for their hydroxyl groups, glucose units are very hydrophilic: 1 g of glycogen binds 2.7 g of water. (helmberg.at)
  • The absorbed fructose travels from the intestine to the liver by GLUT2 transporters and tops up the stores of hepatic glycogen lost during intense physical exercise. (226ers.com)
  • The liver also combines 3-carbon molecules derived from breakdown of fat (glycerol), muscle glycogen (lactate) and protein (e.g. alanine) into the 6-carbon glucose molecule by the process of gluconeogenesis. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • We show that despite a profound defect in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, diabetic Hnf-1α −/− mice have a robust glibenclamide-induced insulin secretory response. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Clinical studies in humans indicate that β-cell dysfunction in MODY3 patients leads to a defect in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion that is responsible for chronic hyperglycemia ( 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Insulin secretion from islets of Hnf-1α −/− mice is blunted in response to glucose and other glycolytic stimuli but normal in response to non-nutrient secretagogues such as potassium ( 5 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • A growing body of data indicates that the physiology of the liver is sex-hormone dependent, with some types of liver failure occurring more frequently in males, and some in females. (nih.gov)
  • The liver homogenates were used in qRT-PCR to assess GLUT2, IR, and AR mRNA expression. (nih.gov)
  • HS extract reduced activity of hepatic damage marker enzymes ( i.e. alanine and aspartate aminotransferases), necrosis, and apoptosis in liver tissues of CIS-treated rats. (bvsalud.org)
  • This hepatic protection was associated with reduced oxidative stress in liver tissues. (bvsalud.org)
  • Liver tissues were used for determination of liver index, hepatic expression of glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) as well as both inflammatory and fibrotic markers. (bvsalud.org)
  • The intake of fructose in majority of the Hif-p4h-2 gt/gt tissues, including the liver, was 15-35% less than in the WT. (springer.com)
  • Food is definitely digested in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the liver through the portal vein blood circulation system. (irjs.info)
  • In the fasted state or during exercise, gas substrates (e.g. glucose and TAG) are released from your liver into the blood circulation and metabolized by muscle mass, adipose cells, and additional extrahepatic cells. (irjs.info)
  • Liver-generated glucose and ketone body provide essential metabolic fuels for extrahepatic cells during starvation and exercise. (irjs.info)
  • An increase in the level of hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) is the main reason for an increase in serum triacylglycerol (TAG) content in liver cells of patients with NAFLD. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Identification of two novel amino acid polymorphisms in beta-cell/liver (GLUT2) glucose transporter in Japanese subjects. (uchicago.edu)
  • Furthermore, the expression of GLUT2 and the glycolytic enzymes glucokinase and liver pyruvate kinase are reduced in pancreatic islets of Hnf-1α −/− mice compared with wild-type mice ( 6 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • In the postprandial state insulin concentrations are high and it then suppresses glucose production from the liver and promotes the entry of glucose into peripheral tissues (increased glucose utilization). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • It is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and cell types. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, morin relatively up-regulated GLUT2 expression, however, down-regulated NF-κB, TNF-α, and TGF-ß expressions in the hepatic tissues. (bvsalud.org)
  • 1997 ). Hypothyroidism has been recognized as insulin-resistant state due to impaired insulin-stimulated glucose utilization in peripheral tissues. (springeropen.com)
  • Interestingly, EC and DHBA did not modify the levels of SGLT-2 and GLUT-2, and modulated the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase via AKT leading to a diminished glucose production. (faksignaling.com)
  • Glucose enters the beta cell via the GLUT-2 transporter protein, which is closely associated with the glycolytic enzyme glucokinase. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • HNF-1α is also involved in various metabolic pathways of other organs, such as being a transcriptional regulator of bile acid transporters in the intestine and kidneys. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study aimed to examine the therapeutic effects of morin, as one of the flavonoids constituents, which widely exists in many herbs and fruits, against some metabolic and hepatic manifestations observed in MBS rats and the feasible related mechanisms. (bvsalud.org)
  • The altered levels of metabolic parameters such as blood glucose, serum insulin, serum lipid profile, and oxidative stress markers were also reversed approximately to the normal values. (bvsalud.org)
  • Here, we tested the hypothesis that sucralose differentially affects metabolic responses to labeled oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in participants with normal weight and obesity. (mdpi.com)
  • 1 2 Evidence that the gut microbiota composition can be different between healthy and obese and/or type 2 diabetic patients has led to the investigation of this environmental element as a key factor in the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases. (bmj.com)
  • On both diets, the Hif-p4h-2 gt/gt mice gained less weight and had less white adipose tissue (WAT) and its inflammation, lower serum cholesterol levels, and lighter livers with less steatosis and lower serum ALT levels than the wild type (WT). (springer.com)
  • HIF-P4H-2 inhibition downregulates hepatic lipogenesis. (springer.com)
  • Part of the glucose absorbed in the intestine is transported into the hepatocytes with the help of the insulin-independent transporter GLUT2 (KM 15-20 mM). (helmberg.at)
  • This formulation, based on "multiple transportable carbohydrates", has shown through studies* that during extended exercise, the use of carbohydrates that are absorbed in the intestine by different transporters is the only way to increase the rate of assimilation and oxidation of exogenous carbohydrates above 60 g/hour. (226ers.com)
  • Similarly, it was challenging to dissect a boundary between this section and U1(iii), "explain the control of blood glucose", but the large number of highly specific SAQs that ask to explain the control of blood glucose also suggested that it should be treated separately. (derangedphysiology.com)
  • NEFAs are oxidized in hepatic mitochondria through fatty acid oxidation and generate ketone body (ketogenesis). (irjs.info)
  • Finally, pharmacological GLP-2 treatment decreased gut permeability, systemic and hepatic inflammatory phenotype associated with obesity to a similar extent as that observed following prebiotic-induced changes in gut microbiota. (bmj.com)
  • 1997 ). In hyperthyroidism, increased level of thyroid hormones leads to increase GLUT4 and consequently increase hepatic output of glucose resulting in hyperglycaemia. (springeropen.com)
  • Prebiotic-treated mice exhibited a lower plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cytokines, and a decreased hepatic expression of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. (bmj.com)
  • Is absorbed in the small intestine by the transporter SLG-1 and converted into glucose for delivery to the cells, quickly providing them with energy. (226ers.com)
  • Is absorbed in the small intestine using the GLUT5 transporters, different to those that absorb other carbohydrates. (226ers.com)
  • Long-term activation of protein kinase C by 2 h exposure to PMA caused a dose-dependent increase in Na/H antiporter activity 24 h later. (jci.org)
  • The transporter protein GLUT-4 (bottom left of figure) is stored in intracellular vesicles. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • There is reduced rate of glucose production in hypothyroidism, a consequence of decreased production of GLUT4 (Kemp et al. (springeropen.com)
  • The animals from F1:Fin group have statistically elevated level of glucose. (nih.gov)
  • Additionally, the HGF‑Met signaling pathway is correlated with the biology of cancer types, neurons and immunity. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The Onecut homeodomain transcription factor hepatic nuclear factor 6 (Hnf6) is necessary for proper development of islet β-cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Beyond these concerns, the impact of brain-directed interventions on circulating glucose levels is often seemingly negated by adjustments of islet function. (silverchair.com)
  • The diagnosis of Fanconi syndrome is made based on tests that document the excessive loss of substances in the urine (eg, amino acids, glucose, phosphate, bicarbonate) in the absence of high plasma concentrations. (medscape.com)
  • This suggests that hypersensitivity to sulfonylureas in MODY3 patients may be due to impaired hepatic clearance and elevated plasma concentrations of the drug. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Amino acids are metabolized to provide energy or CC-5013 novel inhibtior CC-5013 novel inhibtior used to synthesize proteins, glucose, and/or additional bioactive molecules. (irjs.info)
  • We assessed changes in the gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, gut peptides, intestinal epithelial tight-junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin (qPCR and immunohistochemistry), hepatic and systemic inflammation. (bmj.com)
  • Two additional cell types, both part of the innate immune system, are found within the sinusoids, in direct contact with the blood: a large number of macrophages, called Kupffer cells, and Pit cells, a type of natural killer (NK) cells. (helmberg.at)
  • The disease is chiefly manifested in the form of elevated levels of blood glucose. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • The other five subjects achieved clinically significant decrease in blood glucose levels within 4 to 6 weeks. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • Although the brain is clearly capable of affecting blood glucose levels, whether such effects are important in day-to-day blood glucose control remains a matter of controversy. (silverchair.com)
  • This is a high glycaemic index, a rapid rise in blood glucose levels, with instant release of energy. (226ers.com)
  • We demonstrate that the half-life ( t 1/2 ) of glibenclamide in the blood is increased in Hnf-1α −/− mice compared with wild-type littermates (3.9 ± 1.3 vs. 1.5 ± 1.8 min, P ≤ 0.05). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Blood glucose levels are closely regulated in health and rarely stray outside the range of 3.5-8.0 mmol/L (63-144 mg/dL), despite the varying demands of food, fasting and exercise. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • To date, T2DM still cannot be cured, and its intervention measures mainly focus on glucose control as well as the prevention and treatment of related complications. (frontiersin.org)
  • The levels of GLUT-2, IR, and AR transcripts and their immunoreactivity statistically significantly decreased in F1:Fin animals. (nih.gov)
  • Human insulin is a peptide hormone produced by the beta-cells (β-cell) of the pancreas, and its release is dependent on glucose levels in the circulation, in addition amino acids, incretins and cholecystokinin also promote its release. (researchsquare.com)
  • Abnormal thyroid hormone levels have been reported in type 2, but the relationship between thyroid hormone levels and glycaemic indices: fasting plasma glucose (FPG), C-peptide (C-pep) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA lc ), used in the management of type 2 is not well defined. (springeropen.com)
  • The presence of abnormal levels of thyroid hormones influenced glycaemic indices in type 2 population. (springeropen.com)
  • Hepatic glucose production rises as insulin levels fall. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • We investigated whether inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl 4-hydroxylase-2 (HIF-P4H-2), a key cellular oxygen sensor whose inhibition stabilizes HIF, would protect from NAFLD by subjecting HIF-P4H-2-deficient ( Hif-p4h-2 gt/gt ) mice to a high-fat, high-fructose (HFHF) or high-fat, methionine-choline-deficient (HF-MCD) diet. (springer.com)
  • The galectin lattice (i) regulates flow of receptors and solute transporters to coated-pit endocytosis and/or caveolin domains, and (ii) promotes turnover of cell-cell contacts such as immune synapses and focal adhesion complexes. (gr.jp)
  • Prebiotic increased the endogenous intestinotrophic proglucagon-derived peptide (GLP-2) production whereas the GLP-2 antagonist abolished most of the prebiotic effects. (bmj.com)
  • The results indicate that OGB alone or together with Metformin works significantly faster in lowering glucose and to a healthy level without side effects when compared to clinical findings with current pharmaceutical treatment options, which take 3 months to 6 months to show clinically meaningful results. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • These data suggest that HIF-P4H-2 inhibition could be studied as a novel, comprehensive treatment strategy for NAFLD. (springer.com)
  • HIF-P4H-2 inhibition offers a novel, comprehensive treatment strategy for NAFLD. (springer.com)
  • However, the role of HIF-P4H-2 in NAFLD has not been studied systemically before. (springer.com)
  • A better understanding of the levers governing transcription factor activity benefits our ability to generate therapeutic cell types at will. (silverchair.com)