• In addition, angiogenesis, epithelization, and the production of new glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans are vital to the wound healing milieu. (medscape.com)
  • Importantly, cell-associated and tumor microenvironment glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)/proteoglycan (PG) content and distribution are markedly altered during tumor pathogenesis and progression. (hindawi.com)
  • Free glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycan- (PG-) containing GAGs, key effectors of cell surface, pericellular and extracellular microenvironments, perform multiple functions in cancer by virtue of their coded structure and their ability to interact with both ligands and receptors that regulate cancer growth [ 1 - 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) comprise a class of linear, negatively charged polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units of acetylated hexosamines (N-acetyl-galactosamine in the case of chondroitin sulphate and dermatan sulfate or N-acetyl-glucosamine in the case of heparin sulphate and heparin) and mainly of uronic acids (d-glucuronic acid or l-iduronic acid) being sulfated at various positions. (hindawi.com)
  • To acquire a comprehensive understanding of the biological functions of the matrisome and its components, including proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), in GBM tumorigenesis, and to identify potential biomarker candidates, we studied the alterations of GAGs, including heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), the core proteins of proteoglycans, and other glycosylated matrisomal proteins in GBM subtypes vs. control human brain tissue samples. (bu.edu)
  • Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are sulfated polysaccharides that regulate numerous pathophysiological processes in all living species. (selectbiosciences.com)
  • My lab is currently interested in developing a number of chemical biology tools to define the biosynthetic pathways of glycosaminoglycans such as heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate and to decipher structure-function relations with a final goal of harnessing biomedical applications of GAG chains to treat a number of human diseases. (selectbiosciences.com)
  • Heparan sulphate are glycosaminoglycans, heavily sulphated linear polysaccharides, that happen to be present in all kind of cells. (mirnainhibitor.com)
  • The ground substance mostly consists of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and adhesive glycoproteins. (biologywise.com)
  • Out of the 5 major glycosaminoglycans only one is not sulfated. (biologywise.com)
  • Subsequent studies replicated these results and led to the concept that this layer was composed of proteoglycans (PGs) and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) with a thickness of several tens of nanometers, as has been previously reviewed [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • C6 glioma cells were derived from rat central nervous system and were previously shown to display glycosaminoglycans, heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfates, on their surface [43, 61, 68]. (phosphatases.com)
  • The glycocalyx is a dynamic hydrated layer largely composed of proteoglycans and glycoproteins of which proteoglycans including glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are enriched in heparan sulphate (HS) which gives anionic charge traits to the ESL. (5htreceptor.com)
  • Perlecan is a major heparan-sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) found within all basement membranes and cell surfaces. (thermofisher.com)
  • Syndecan-2 is a member of the Syndecans family comprised of type I transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) that are involved in the regulation of many cellular processes. (joplink.net)
  • Heparitinase treatment of the iodinated HSPG fraction led to the appearance of a major protein core with a molecular size of 72 kDa, as determined by reducing SDS‐PAGE. (umn.edu)
  • Anti‐HSPG antibodies recognized the 72 kDa core protein by immunoblotting, and stained the surface of spinal cord neurons, oligodendrocytes, and a subset of astrocytes. (umn.edu)
  • After initial binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) on the cell surface, the virus binds to its primary receptor called sodium-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) through the large surface protein (LHBsAg) preS1 domain and enters the cytoplasm with the help of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) [5, 6]. (ghuhlo.top)
  • Moreover, at molecular level, each heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) consists of a core protein linked to one or more linear heparan sulfate (HS) chains composed of alternating D-glucosamine and uronic acids, leading to N - or O -sulfated glycan [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is a glycosaminoglycan that is covalently attached to core proteins to form proteoglycans. (leonieclaire.com)
  • The intact proteoglycan has a molecular size of approximately 150-165 kDa, containing heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan chains of about 10-15 kDa. (umn.edu)
  • HS-GAG is a member of the glycosaminoglycan family and consists of a variably sulfated repeating disaccharide unit, the most common one (50% of the total) being glucuronic acid (GlcA) linked to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). (reactome.org)
  • It is the only non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan, and hence, does not bind to proteins to form proteoglycans. (biologywise.com)
  • Syndecans are transmembranous heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) with covalently attached glycosaminoglycan side-chains located on the cell surface. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • Heparan sulfate (HS) is a type of linear oligosaccharide in the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) family. (reasoniamhere.com)
  • The syndecans mediate cell binding, cell signaling, and cytoskeletal organization and syndecan receptors are required for internalization of the HIV-1 tat protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • Syndecans are thought to function predominantly as coreceptors for other receptors such as integrins, members of the fibroblast growth factor family, vascular endothelial cell growth factor, and transforming growth factor β, which need heparin sulfate for signaling. (leonieclaire.com)
  • Syndecans are transmembrane proteins, whereas glypicans are attached to the cell surface via a GPI anchor. (leonieclaire.com)
  • Syndecans are transmembrane proteins with an N-terminal signal sequence and an ectodomain-containing consensus sequences for heparin-binding extracellular ligands including growth factors, extracellular matrix proteins, cell adhesion molecules, among others. (leonieclaire.com)
  • The syndecans, heparan sulfate proteoglycans, are abundant molecules associated with the cell surface and extracellular matrix and consist of a protein core to which heparan sulfate chains are covalently attached. (embrapa.br)
  • Syndecans interact with the intracellular cytoskeleton through the cytoplasmic domains of their core proteins and membrane proteins, extracellular enzymes, growth factors, and matrix components, through their heparan-sulfate chains, to regulate developmental processes. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • This review will summarize our current state of knowledge of the structure, biochemical properties and functions of syndecans, a family of transmembrane heparan sulphate proteoglycans. (scienceopen.com)
  • Syndecans bind a variety of extracellular ligands via their covalently attached heparan sulphate chains. (scienceopen.com)
  • More specifically, these core proteins carry three to five heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate chains, i.e. they are proteoglycans, which allow for interaction with a large variety of ligands including fibroblast growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor -beta, fibronectin and antithrombin -1. (leonieclaire.com)
  • HA is synthesized in the absence of a protein core at the inner face of the plasma membrane and consequently found in the form of free chains whereas other GAG types are covalently bound into protein cores to form proteoglycans (PGs). (hindawi.com)
  • PGs, molecules which consist of a protein core that is covalently modified with GAG chains, are distributed both to the ECM "proper" associated with the cell membrane as well as located to intracellular compartment. (hindawi.com)
  • Binds, via the heparan sulfate side chains, alpha-4 (V) collagen and participates in Schwann cell myelination (By similarity). (nih.gov)
  • May act as a catalyst in increasing the rate of conversion of prion protein PRPN(C) to PRNP(Sc) via associating (via the heparan sulfate side chains) with both forms of PRPN, targeting them to lipid rafts and facilitating their interaction. (nih.gov)
  • Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans are composed of a membrane-associated protein core substituted with a variable number of heparan sulfate chains. (nih.gov)
  • Two or three HS-GAG chains attach to a core protein on the cell surface or in the extracellular matrix (Sasisekharan & Venkataraman 2000). (reactome.org)
  • They are found in the form of proteoglycans and carry enormous structural information in terms of sulfation, epimerization, domain organization, chain length, number of chains and type of chains along with their core proteins. (selectbiosciences.com)
  • Principal functions of the syndecan core proteins are to target the heparan sulphate chains to the appropriate plasma-membrane compartment and to interact with components of the actin-based cytoskeleton. (scienceopen.com)
  • In contrary, in vitro culture of GEnC monolayers beneath high glucose concentration showed decreased biosynthesis of total (each sulfated and nonsulfated) GAG chains having a substantial reduction of HS biosynthesis. (5htreceptor.com)
  • Taken collectively, these observations suggest that GAG, particularly its HS chains, is considerable for GEnC barrier function and also the loss of these components certainly leads to leakage of proteins which include albumin in each high glucose and ROS levels. (5htreceptor.com)
  • HS chains are attached to proteoglycan core proteins , and bind to a variety of protein ligands, which as a whole, mediate tissue-specific physiological functions , including embryogenesis, angiogenesis, tumor metastasis, neuro-degeneration and host-pathogen recognition. (reasoniamhere.com)
  • HS-GAG, like the majority of GAGs in the body, are linked to core proteins, forming proteoglycans (mucopolysaccharides). (reactome.org)
  • The GCX, which is major constituent of the ESL, forms a luminal mesh that provides endothelial cells with a framework to bind plasma proteins and soluble GAGs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In B. burgdorferi, several adhesins recognize GAGs and proteoglycans. (phosphatases.com)
  • An additional adhesin, BBK32 (fibronectin binding protein) is a surface lipoprotein that can bind both fibronectin and GAGs to promote binding of B. burgdorferi to various mammalian cells [41, 53]. (phosphatases.com)
  • GAGs also exert anti-cancer effects by altering structures of various tumor cells through sulfated modifications, including chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In IDDM patients, an increased permeability of the glomerular capillaries has been associated with a general loss of negatively charged heparan sulfate proteo-glycans (HSPGs) within basement membranes (BMs). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) play critical roles in the development and adult physiology of all metazoan organisms. (hud.ac.uk)
  • Most of the known molecular interactions of HSPGs are attributed to the structurally highly complex heparan sulfate (HS) glycans. (hud.ac.uk)
  • In C. elegans, the core protein specificity of distinct HS modifications may be in part regulated at the level of tissue specific expression of genes encoding for HSPGs and HS modifying enzymes. (hud.ac.uk)
  • abstract = "Cell‐surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are potential mediators of neuronal cell adhesion, spreading, and neurite outgrowth on various extracellular matrix molecules. (umn.edu)
  • Each of the syndecan core proteins has a short cytoplasmic domain that binds cytosolic regulatory factors. (embrapa.br)
  • Immunohistochemical analysis of syndecan core proteins in the lower incisors from postnatal day 1 mice revealed spatially and temporally specific expression patterns, with syndecan-1 expressed in undifferentiated epithelial and mesenchymal cells, and syndecan-2, -3, and -4 in more differentiated cells. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • Production of proteoglycans with such high complexity occurs in template-independent fashion seamlessly, yet our understanding of their biosynthesis, structures and functions is somewhat incomplete and imperfect. (selectbiosciences.com)
  • Members of the glypican-related integral membrane proteoglycan family (GRIPS) contain a core protein anchored to the cytoplasmic membrane via a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol linkage. (nih.gov)
  • A cDNA clone coding for a membrane proteoglycan core protein was isolated from a neonatal rat Schwann cell cDNA library by screening with an oligonucleotide based on a conserved sequence in cDNAs coding for previously described proteoglycan core proteins. (rupress.org)
  • Perlecan helps make the extracellular matrix, the proteins and other molecules that surround cells, stable and flexible so that cells can develop and function in an environment that is supportive without being rigid. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Sulfonation is one of the most abundant cellular reactions modifying a wide range of xenobiotics as well as endogenous molecules which regulate important biological processes including blood clotting, formation of connective tissues, and functionality of secreted proteins, hormones, and signaling molecules. (oncotarget.com)
  • The large proteoglycan molecules made up of protein cores, and GAG branches are secreted by cells and constitute a significant fraction of the extracellular matrix of connective tissue. (medscape.com)
  • With the exception of HA, all GAG types are variably sulfated which contributes to the intricate complexity of their structures. (hindawi.com)
  • Syndecan-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SDC2 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • CD138 is a heparin sulphate proteoglycan that controls tumor cell survival, growth, adhesion and bone cell differentiation in MM (2). (leonieclaire.com)
  • By altering membrane transport in the early secretory pathway, TFG fusion proteins may modulate cargo export, potentially enhancing the secretion of growth factors that help to sustain a rich tumor microenvironment. (wisc.edu)
  • This gene encodes a tumor suppressor protein containing transcriptional activation, DNA binding, and oligomerization domains. (transcriptionfactor.org)
  • These protein domains locate the syndecan on cell surface sites during development and tumor formation where they interact with other receptors to regulate signaling and cytoskeletal organization. (embrapa.br)
  • Hence, altering expression of CS and heparan sulfate (HS) on surface of tumor cells is a potential molecular strategy to prevent malignant transformation and tumor metastasis [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Guiseppetti, JM , McCarthy, JB & Letourneau, PC 1994, ' Isolation and partial characterization of a cell‐surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan from embryonic rat spinal cord ', Journal of Neuroscience Research , vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 584-595. (umn.edu)
  • The Glypicans ( glypi ated proteogly can s) are a small multigene family of GPI-linked heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans that likely play a key role in embryonic morphogenesis (1, 2, 3, 4). (rndsystems.com)
  • This protein also plays a role in early embryonic. (transcriptionfactor.org)
  • There are four consecutive Ser-Gly repeats that serve as a heparin sulfate attachment site. (rndsystems.com)
  • After treatment with CaG, a total of 152 genes were down-regulated, including nuclear RNA export factor (Nxf3) and hyaluronan proteoglycan link protein1 (Hapln1). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Approved treatments for HBV infection include nucleos(t)ide analogs (NUCs) that inhibit the reverse transcription activity of P protein, but in most cases, discontinuing therapy leads to viral replication relapse and the emergence of drug-resistant strains. (ghuhlo.top)
  • Peak AB42 clearance occurred as production of surface cell proteoglycans was at its lowest level, and removal of these proteoglycans increased ingestion, which implies that the proteoglycans inhibit AB42 clearance [ 3 ]. (longevity.technology)
  • Teneurins are transmembrane proteins that assist morphogenetic processes in many organisms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • HS-GAG bound to a core protein can regulate many biological processes such as angiogenesis, blood coagulation and tumour metastasis (Stringer & Gallagher 1997, Tumova et al. (reactome.org)
  • The encoded protein responds to diverse cellular stresses to regulate expression of target genes, thereby inducing cell cycle. (transcriptionfactor.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is an antagonist of angiopoietin 1, and both angiopoietin 1 and angiopoietin 2 are ligands for the endothelial TEK receptor tyrosine kinase. (transcriptionfactor.org)
  • A new study discovered the critical role that Perlecan, a protein, plays in maintaining the structural integrity of neurons, particularly the long branches called axons. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • If that long, thin projection ever seems like it could be vulnerable, a new MIT study shows that its structural integrity may indeed require the support of a surrounding protein called Perlecan. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • A cysteine-rich metal-binding domain from rubella virus non-structural protein is essential for viral protease activity and virus replication. (tamu.edu)
  • Remnant lipoprotein metabolism: key pathways involving cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans and apolipoprotein E." J. Lipid Res. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cell surface proteoglycan that bears heparan sulfate. (joplink.net)
  • The protein has 7 transmembrane regions and is located on the cell surface. (transcriptionfactor.org)
  • The functions of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan have been centered on the role of heparan. (embrapa.br)
  • The researchers noticed oscillations in enzymes that help to make two proteins on the macrophage cell surface - heparan sulfate proteoglycan and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan - both of which are known to play a role in regulating clearance of AB42 [ 2 ]. (longevity.technology)
  • The team set out to discover whether these cell surface proteoglycans provide a link between the circadian system and Alzheimer's. (longevity.technology)
  • showed that exposure of glomerular endothelial cell (GEnC) monolayer to ROS including H2 O2 substantially decreased heparan sulfate (HS) elements of GAG and elevated albumin passage across GEnC monolayers [120]. (5htreceptor.com)
  • Though they are in vitro studies that may have some inherent limitations, earlier we've also discussed in vivo research that have demonstrated comparable roles of glomerular endothelial surface layer in preventing totally free passage of plasma proteins [28, 29]. (5htreceptor.com)
  • Further, two PGs, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 and agrin, were significantly lower, about 6-fold for isocitrate dehydrogenase-mutant, compared to the WT GBM samples. (escholarship.org)
  • Analysis of the cDNA and deduced amino acid sequences revealed a high degree of identity with the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of previously described proteoglycans but a unique extracellular domain sequence. (rupress.org)
  • Although sulfoconjugates were discovered over a century ago when, in 1875, Baumann isolated phenyl sulfate in the urine of a patient given phenol as an antiseptic, the significance of sulfonation and its roles in human diseases have been underappreciated until recent years. (oncotarget.com)
  • Here, as a first step to assess the possible roles of syndecan proteins in amelogenesis, we examined the expression patterns of all syndecan isoforms in continuously growing mouse incisors, in which we can overview major differentiation stages of amelogenesis at a glance. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • ISARANKURA-NA-AYUDHYA, C. Roles of kininogen-1, basement membrane specific heparan sulfate proteoglycan core protein, and roundabout homolog 4 as potential urinary protein biomarkers in diabetic nephropathy. (excli.de)
  • Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are present in almost every cell type, they play crucial roles in a diverse array of cellular processes, from embryo formation to immune cell activation. (reasoniamhere.com)
  • By examining changes in various proteins involved in the wound healing response at the cellular level, Segars hopes to understand why the corneas of diabetic patients fail to heal effectively. (bu.edu)
  • The interesting part of this paragraph is that heparan sulfate is a critical component in many cellular functions. (reasoniamhere.com)
  • Thereby, LMWH induced sensitization by transcriptional reprogramming of A2780cis cells via not yet elucidated mechanisms that depend on cellular proteoglycans. (oncotarget.com)
  • HS consists of repeating disaccharide units , with acetate groups and sulfate groups modified at different regions along the sequence. (reasoniamhere.com)
  • The amino sugars are mostly sulfated and possess carboxyl groups. (biologywise.com)
  • Remarkably, in all of these pathways, receptor ligand binding and gradient formation is dependent on heparan sulphates. (mirnainhibitor.com)
  • 19 normal healthy in- receptor protein (CD117) that is structurally dividuals were recruited as a control group. (who.int)
  • We also report distinct protein, peptide, and glycopeptide features for GBM subtypes comparisons. (bu.edu)
  • During the course of their studies, members of the Audhya laboratory demonstrated that two oncogenic fusion proteins, TFG-NTRK1 and TFG-ALK, created by distinct chromosomal translocation events, localize to subdomains of the endoplasmic reticulum (sites of COPII vesicle formation) and dramatically upregulate ERK activity. (wisc.edu)
  • By way of example, it has been shown that knockout mice, that are heterozygous for Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor, bone morphogenic protein, and hedgehog had been also shown to trigger the switch involving distinct lineages which includes a bone to fat transform. (mirnainhibitor.com)
  • In C. elegans , the ten-1 gene can be transcribed from two distinct promoters to produce the transcripts ten-1a and ten-1b , which respectively encode two isoforms of the protein: TEN-1L, which contains all the teneurin domains described above (see Fig. 1F ), and TEN-1S, which lacks the ICD but contains the rest of the protein including the transmembrane domain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Without that protein in Drosophila fruit flies, researchers at The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory found axonal segments can break apart during development and the connections, or synapses, that they form end up dying away. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • They all share a common-sized protein core of 60‑70 kDa, an N-terminus which likely forms a compact globular domain, 14 conserved cysteines that form multiple intrachain disulfide bonds, and a number of C-terminal N- and O-linked carbohydrate attachment sites. (rndsystems.com)
  • ten-1 is the C. elegans teneurin homolog with two transcripts, ten-1a and ten-1b , that respectively encode a long (TEN-1L) and short (TEN-1S) form of the protein. (biomedcentral.com)