Hemorrhage anemia neonatal. Medical search. Frequent questions

Maternal anemia was associated with antepartum hemorrhage (aOR 1.26, 95%CI 1.17-1.36), postpartum infection (aOR 1.89, 95%CI 1.39-2.57), transfusion (aOR 1.87, 95%CI 1.65-2.13) and stillbirth (aOR 1.42, 95%CI 1.04-1.94), reduced odds of postpartum hemorrhage (aOR 0.92, 95%CI 0.86-0.98) and low birthweight (aOR 0.77, 95%CI 0.69 - 0.86). (elsevierpure.com)
Anemia during pregnancy can lead to increased rates of anxiety and depression, early labor, postpartum hemorrhage, stillbirth and low birth weight. (theconversation.com)
To determine the effectiveness of sustained uterine massage started before delivery of the placenta in reducing postpartum hemorrhage. (researchgate.net)
In countries with good quality health care, deaths from postpartum hemorrhage are extremely rare because effective preventive methods are available [3] . (researchgate.net)
Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of uterine massage performed before placental delivery on the third stage of labor and postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery. (researchgate.net)
Demographic characteristics, delivery times of the baby and placenta, duration of uterine massage, amount of postpartum hemorrhage and postpartum hemoglobin values of both groups were recorded. (researchgate.net)
Havlíčkův Brod Hospital had a higher rate of postpartum hemorrhage, diagnosed anemia and retained placenta as complications of delivery. (actualgyn.com)
New interventions are needed to treat women with postpartum anemia, a major contributor to adverse maternal outcomes worldwide. (fnih.org)
This trial will determine if a single-dose intravenous iron infusion is a safe and effective means of treating iron-deficiency anemia among postpartum women. (fnih.org)
Intravenous iron has been demonstrated to be a safe, effective intervention to reduce anemia during pregnancy but has not been adequately assessed during the postpartum period. (fnih.org)
The PRIORITY trial will determine if postpartum women who receive a single-dose iron infusion are more likely to achieve a state of non-anemia than women who receive the standard-of-care oral iron. (fnih.org)
In addition to comparing the two study populations for the prevalence of anemia, the trial will assess both groups for significant secondary outcomes, such as maternal mortality, postpartum hemorrhaging requiring blood transfusion or surgery, hospitalization of mother or infant, and other complications. (fnih.org)
The intended outcome of the study is publicly disseminated knowledge to inform policy and practice in treating postpartum anemia globally. (fnih.org)
Among these innovations are the rapid diagnosis of postpartum hemorrhage, an intravenous infusion of iron against anemia, a probiotic supplement for babies, antenatal corticosteroids (anti-inflammatories) for women who will give birth prematurely, azithromycin (an antibiotic) to prevent infections, and an AI-enabled ultrasound device to monitor high-risk patients in low-resource places. (elpais.com)
According to Melinda French Gates, three inexpensive innovations can prevent thousands of women in low- and middle-income countries from dying during pregnancy and childbirth: a new treatment for postpartum hemorrhage, the use of the antibiotic azithromycin to prevent infections, and intravenous infusions of iron for cases of anemia. (elpais.com)
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), which occurs when a woman loses more than half a liter of blood within 24 hours of childbirth, is the number one cause of maternal death. (elpais.com)
It's important to note, though, that for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage, the WHO recommends delayed cord clamping equally for both vaginal and cesarean section deliveries. (touchinglife.nl)
According to the 2015 WHO report, the major causes of maternal mortality during pregnancy and childbirth are preventable complications, including severe bleeding (mainly postpartum hemorrhage), infection (usually postpartum infections), hypertensive disorders, delivery complications, and unsafe induced abortion. (biomedcentral.com)

Neonatal sepsis is a blood infection that occurs in an infant younger than 90 days old. (stlukes-stl.com)
The tummy tuck will have a reduced risk for intra-abdominal hemorrhage and late sepsis. (touchinglife.nl)

Placental physiology has a significant impact on fetal and neonatal outcome. (medscape.com)
citation needed] Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDN) is a condition where the passage of maternal antibodies results in the hemolysis of fetal/neonatal red cells. (wikipedia.org)
The most common causes of isoimmunization are blood transfusion, and fetal-maternal hemorrhage. (wikipedia.org)
Titers of 1:4 or higher is considered critical for Kell (compared to 1:16 for most other antibodies) and is considered to confer a high risk of fetal anemia. (wikipedia.org)
Such high titers may be managed by weekly follow-up by obstetric ultrasound, assessing the peak systolic velocity of the fetal middle cerebral arterial (MCA), amniotic fluid volume, as well as fetal signs of anemia or hydrops. (wikipedia.org)
Fetal anemia (in presence of red cell incompatibility) may also occur. (checkorphan.org)
All of these conditions can lead to maternal and/or fetal hemorrhage, necessitating emergency cesarean delivery Cesarean Delivery Cesarean delivery (CD) is the operative delivery of ≥ 1 infants through a surgical incision in the maternal abdomen and uterus. (lecturio.com)
Fetal mummification, stillbirths, neonatal deaths and failure of piglets to thrive have been associated with infection of naïve, pregnant sows. (iastate.edu)

Neonatal jaundice: aetiology, diagnosis and treatment. (nih.gov)
This case encouraged us to investigate G6PD deficiency as a differential diagnosis of severe neonatal jaundice and hemolytic anemia despite the low prevalence in Japan. (springeropen.com)
We describe a neonatal case of G6PD deficiency that developed severe jaundice and acute hemolytic anemia in the absence of ABO incompatibilities. (springeropen.com)

citation needed] High at birth or rapidly rising bilirubin Prolonged hyperbilirubinemia Bilirubin Induced Neuorlogical Dysfunction Cerebral Palsy Kernicterus Neutropenia Thrombocytopenia Hemolytic Anemia - MUST NOT be treated with iron Late onset anemia - Must NOT be treated with iron. (wikipedia.org)
Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAITP, NAIT, NATP or NAT) is a disease that affects babies in which the platelet count is decreased. (checkorphan.org)
During the first pregnancy, NAIT is often not detected until birth when the newborn presents with classic symptoms of thrombocytopenia including petechiae, bruising or intracranial hemorrhage. (checkorphan.org)
In utero intracranial hemorrhage occurs in about 10% to 30% of affected cases (and NAIT is thought to be the underlying cause in the majority of cases of intracranial hemorrhage due to thrommbocytopenia- greater than all other causes of thrombocytopenia combined). (checkorphan.org)
see this term) is a rare hematological disorder, seen almost exclusively in males, characterized by moderate to severe thrombocytopenia with hemorrhages with or without the presence of mild to severe anemia. (orpha.net)
Blood count reveals thrombocytopenia, in some cases anemia, and very rarely neutropenia. (orpha.net)

We describe a Japanese male neonatal case of G6PD deficiency presenting as severe, persistent indirect hyperbilirubinemia on day 2 and hemolytic anemia. (springeropen.com)
Regarding the newborn was delivered with a c- section no significant differences in hemoglobin after birth, Apgar score at first and five minutes after birth and the occurrence of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia or application of phototherapy. (touchinglife.nl)

Anemia, pre-eclampsia, pre term rupture of membrane, pre term labor, low lying placenta, IUGR, post partem hemorrhage, abnormal presentation, birth asphyxia and neonatal deaths were more in teenage pregnancy as compared with ideal age pregnancy. (org.pk)
Fetomaternal transfusions (or fetomaternal hemorrhage) results in the recognition of these antigens by the mother's immune system as non-self, with the subsequent generation of allo-reactive antibodies which cross the placenta. (checkorphan.org)
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Neonatal Autopsy Tissues and Placenta. (cdc.gov)

Pregnancies complicated by multiple births are associated with a higher rate of neonatal morbidity and mortality, paralleling the increased risk of preterm delivery, low birth weight, and other associated high-risk morbidities. (medscape.com)
Monochorionic twins have increased neonatal morbidities such as prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation, congenital anomalies, twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, and increased perinatal mortality. (medscape.com)
A Neonatal Resuscitation Curriculum in Malawi, Africa: Did It Change In-Hospital Mortality? (hindawi.com)
The study's objective was to evaluate the training's impact on hospital staff and neonatal mortality rates. (hindawi.com)
An observational, longitudinal study of secondary data assessed neonatal mortality. (hindawi.com)
Neonatal mortality did not change. (hindawi.com)
There are 3.82 million neonatal deaths each year with a global neonatal mortality rate of 30 per 1000 live births [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Neonatal mortality from birth asphyxia ranges from 40 to 610 neonatal deaths per 1000 live births [ 3 - 5 ], and nearly 1 out of every 4 neonatal deaths in Malawi is a result of birth asphyxia [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
A lack of protocol and systemized training in neonatal resuscitation to reduce neonatal mortality secondary to birth asphyxia is common across sub-Saharan Africa [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
As such, the United Nations' Millennium Development Goal 4-to reduce the 1990 mortality rate among under-five children by two-thirds by 2015-cannot be realized without educational efforts in neonatal resuscitation. (hindawi.com)
As neonatal deaths make up 41% of under-5 mortality [ 8 ], neonatal resuscitation training is key. (hindawi.com)
Curriculums with components of NRP have significantly improved healthcare providers' knowledge, skills, and attitudes in developing countries [ 15 , 16 ] and decreased neonatal mortality in the developing world up to 65.7 percent [ 10 , 17 , 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
One study revealed declines in national trends of neonatal mortality over an 8-year period following NRP integration across Malaysia [ 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
Furthermore, a 44.6% decline in neonatal mortality was seen with WHO's Essential Newborn Care (ENC) curriculum in Zambia, a resuscitation curriculum separate from the NRP [ 20 ]. (hindawi.com)
Because the literature reports conflicting results following NRP training, a meta-analysis was performed which was inconclusive on all-cause neonatal mortality [ 22 ]. (hindawi.com)
However, given that anemia is a readily correctable risk factor for major causes of morbidity and mortality in the UK, further work is required to investigate appropriate preventive measures. (elsevierpure.com)
2015 was adopted;1 neonatal mortality will have to be lowered if that goal is to be attained. (who.int)
Anemia remains a major contributor to maternal illness and mortality, and, despite numerous efforts, rates of anemia have not decreased in low- and middle-income countries. (fnih.org)
The year 2023 marks the halfway point to achieving those goals and, in the case of maternal, child and neonatal mortality, the data indicate that there is still a long way to go. (elpais.com)
Objective: To compare the birth weight specific mortality rates and overall mortality rates of preterm babies with RDS between two periods in the neonatal ward of the Ife Hospital Unit of OAUTHC. (bvsalud.org)
The summary confirms that these measures are associated with an 18% reduction in the risk of neonatal mortality. (wwarn.org)

Caesarean section rate, maternal deaths and early neonatal deaths in both hospitals were comparable. (actualgyn.com)
Conclusion: While each center had its own shortcomings, the most important markers of maternal deaths and early neonatal deaths were similar and acceptable. (actualgyn.com)
In preterm infants, the inherent friability of the germinal matrix is often complicated by cardiopulmonary compromise during birth and physiologic stresses of adjusting to the extrauterine environment in the early neonatal period. (pediagenosis.com)
There has been interest in a possible relationship of PCMV to reproductive failure in dams and early neonatal losses. (iastate.edu)

INTRODUCTION: Antenatal anemia is a major public health problem in the UK, yet there is limited high quality evidence for associated poor clinical outcomes. (elsevierpure.com)
The objectives of this study were to estimate the incidence and clinical outcomes of antenatal anemia in a Scottish population. (elsevierpure.com)
As mentioned it improves maternal and neonatal health and nutrition outcomes, helps baby's hemoglobin levels at birth and improves iron stores for up to 6 months post-birth, preventing iron deficiency anemia and also decreases the need for blood transfusion for preterm babies. (touchinglife.nl)
The primary aim of the mothers and their children's health (MATCH) cohort study is to evaluate the effect of nutrition, sleep quality, and lifestyle on maternal and neonatal outcomes. (biomedcentral.com)
The results of the MATCH cohort study will support the development of contextual interventions that can enhance antenatal, peripartum, and postnatal status, neonatal outcomes, and longevity mother and child. (biomedcentral.com)

Birth asphyxia, preeclampsia, and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome can all increase the risk of developing ADHD. (lawbowling.com)
At Manipal Hospitals, each NICU is run by expert neonatologists who are assisted by a team of respiratory therapists, neonatal nursing experts and resident physicians. (manipalhospitals.com)
Neonatal nurses, respiratory therapists and lactation experts ensure that the neonate is given the right care and nutrition until it is possible to discharge the patient. (manipalhospitals.com)
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a problem often seen in premature babies. (stlukes-stl.com)

Intrahepatic and adrenal hemorrhage as a rare cause of neonatal anemia. (nih.gov)
Head ultrasonography (US) showed no intracranial hemorrhage and abdominal US did not reveal any adrenal hemorrhage. (springeropen.com)

Through our analysis, we have produced annual estimates of anemia prevalence by underlying cause for 204 countries and territories, by age and sex, from 1990 to the present. (theconversation.com)
Conclusion: The standard recommendation of DCC at 30-60 s may be considered a safe and effective intervention in the busy settings of low-middle-income countries with a high prevalence of maternal anemia. (nih.gov)

Antepartum hemorrhage is defined as vaginal bleeding that occurs after 20 weeks of gestation and is unrelated to labor. (lecturio.com)

The disease has a high remission rate both in high- and low-income countries and intracranial haemorrhage is rare. (who.int)
Late VKDB (day 8 onwards) is the most insidious form, typically presenting between 3 weeks and 8 weeks in exclusively breastfed infants as an intracranial haemorrhage (ICH). (bmj.com)

In preterm infants, rates of intraventricular hemorrhage and necrotizing enterocolitis are lower, and fewer newborns require transfusion when delayed umbilical cord clamping is employed. (touchinglife.nl)

NRP is the developed world's standard of care to prevent death and complications of cerebral palsy due to asphyxia [ 13 ], and, when systematically implemented by trained personnel, has the potential to annually prevent 192 000 intrapartum-related neonatal deaths worldwide and 5-10% of deaths related to preterm complications [ 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
Such complications include maternal hemorrhage, neonatal anemia, and birth trauma. (lawbowling.com)
According to a 2015 WHO report, 303,000 women died in 2015 due to pregnancy-related complications, and an additional 2.7 million cases of neonatal death and 2.6 million cases of stillbirth are reported annually. (biomedcentral.com)

All neonates should be followed closely for symptomatic anemia. (pediagenosis.com)
Bone marrow damage is suspected of causing anemia in neonates. (iastate.edu)

Neonatal resuscitation training was implemented in Namitete, Malawi. (hindawi.com)
Effective neonatal resuscitation is possible with basic equipment and skills in low-resource settings [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
Such techniques coupled with ensuring a patent airway, suctioning, ventilation, administering oxygen, and chest compressions are part of the Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) [ 12 ], an educational intervention based on the consensus of science and resuscitation guidelines of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation and published by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Heart Association. (hindawi.com)
Primary barriers and facilitators with implementation of SBT centered around having a receptive context at the unit level (eg, availability of resources and time) and multidisciplinary leadership support.IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE AND RESEARCH: NICUs have varying environmental (context) factors and consideration of unit-level context factors and support from leadership are integral aspects of enhancing the successful implementation of a simulation and debriefing program for neonatal resuscitation. (stanfordchildrens.org)

Screening should include hemoglobin electrophoresis, particularly in individuals with anemia, red blood cell abnormalities, and/or morbidity suggestive of disease. (cdc.gov)

Antenatal anemia was defined as haemoglobin ≤10g/dl during pregnancy. (elsevierpure.com)
Anaemia in adolescent and adult women often occurs due to loss of blood from menstruation and increased needs for blood for the developing baby during pregnancy. (indiatimes.com)
Prolonged use of oxycodone hydrochloride oral solution during pregnancy can result in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, which may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated. (nih.gov)

Neonatal platelet counts on laboratory testing are typically under 20,000 μL −1 . (checkorphan.org)

As one of India's biggest and most comprehensive healthcare practitioners, Manipal Hospitals' Department of Neonatology runs state-of-the-art Newborn Intensive Care Units (NICU) for the care of neonatal babies that have fallen sick or have been born prematurely. (manipalhospitals.com)
Thanks to advancements in neonatal care and the facilities available in the modern NICU, even premature babies that are born with as little as 24 weeks of gestation have significantly increased chances of survival. (manipalhospitals.com)
They may not be admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), but they are still at risk for more problems than full-term babies. (stlukes-stl.com)

The WHO estimates that 99% of the 3.8 million neonatal deaths occur in developing countries. (hindawi.com)
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that each year 99% of those neonatal deaths occur in developing countries [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
In addition, it is estimated that of the 7.1 million infant deaths each year more than half occur in the neonatal period, largely as a result of maternal ill-health, poor hygiene and inadequate care, inefficient management of delivery and lack of essential care of the newborn. (who.int)
Hemorrhaging is a hallmark feature of scurvy and can occur in any organ. (medscape.com)
Anemia can also occur due to decreased production of new red blood cells or changes in the normal structure or lifespan of red blood cells that make them less effective. (theconversation.com)
Excessive hemorrhage and/or bruising can occur in some patients after trauma or spontaneously in others. (orpha.net)

This decreased oxygen delivery causes many of the most common symptoms of anemia , including fatigue, shortness of breath, lightheadedness, difficulty concentrating and challenges with work and daily life tasks. (theconversation.com)
Anemia is often measured by the amount of hemoglobin - an oxygen-carrying protein within red blood cells - that a person has in their blood. (theconversation.com)
Some authorities also consider a relative anemia to exist when a hemoglobin or hematocrit above that cutoff point is insufficient to meet tissue oxygen demand. (msdmanuals.com)

Those with severe hydrops fetalis (see this term) related anemia will need an in utero transfusion and transfusions can be required after birth for those with severe anemia. (orpha.net)

So for those cases where drugs were considered a contributing cause of death, "newborn affected by other forms of placental separation and hemorrhage" was the most common cause of death. (cdc.gov)

low levels are associated with hyperthyroidism, hepatitis, and sometimes severe anemia or infection. (cdc.gov)

These antibodies can cause severe anemia by interfering with the early proliferation of red blood cells as well as causing alloimmune hemolysis. (wikipedia.org)
It is well-known that G6PD deficiency may cause hemolysis even in the neonatal period. (springeropen.com)

Glucose measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic islet cell carcinoma and of carbohydrate metabolism disorders, including diabetes mellitus, neonatal hypoglycemia, and idiopathic hypoglycemia. (cdc.gov)

Results: Maternal outcome: Higher blood loss (cases: mean 383.12 ± 232.89, range 100 - 2500 vs. controls: 336.06 ± 129.19, range 100 - 1000, p = 0.008), hemorrhage (34 vs. 11, p (scirp.org)

indeed a chapter is devoted to common obstetric and neonatal morbidities and mortalities and the often simple proven interventions that save lives. (plos.org)

Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine: Diseases of the Fetus and Infant. (medscape.com)

Neonatal outcome: One, five, and ten minutes Apgar levels and umbilical cord pH values are lower for cases (p (scirp.org)

Without access to a health centre, means of transport and a skilled birth attendant, not to mention prevention and treatment of malnutrition, anaemia and HIV, any single intervention to prevent or treat post partum haemorrhage (the leading cause of maternal death) will not make any significant impact for a pregnant women living in poverty in the developing world. (plos.org)
Young children have increased requirements for iron as their bodies grow, and malnutrition is a common cause of anaemia in this group globally. (indiatimes.com)

Anti-Kell can cause severe anemia regardless of titer. (wikipedia.org)
On the positive side, there has been a shift toward milder forms of anemia, which result in much less disability compared to severe anemia. (theconversation.com)
However, most cases are asymptomatic, and the frequency of severe anemia is low. (springeropen.com)

This condition is also referred to as anemia of prematurity. (msdmanuals.com)

CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the incidence of antenatal anemia is decreasing steadily within this Scottish population. (elsevierpure.com)

Iron (non-heme) measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases such as iron deficiency anemia, chronic renal disease, and hemochromatosis (a disease associated with widespread deposit in the tissues of two iron-containing pigments, hemosiderin and hemofuscin, and characterized by pigmentation of the skin). (cdc.gov)

But other important drivers of anemia include blood disorders such as sickle cell disease or thalassemias , infectious diseases like malaria and hookworm , gynecologic and obstetric conditions, inflammation and chronic diseases. (theconversation.com)

Evaluation of Anemia Anemia is a decrease in the number of red blood cells (RBCs) as measured by the red cell count, the hematocrit, or the red cell hemoglobin content. (msdmanuals.com)

Whole blood contains all the blood components including red blood cells, platelets, stable clotting factors and plasma, providing volume and all the necessary components to control bleeding in rapidly hemorrhaging patients. (medicinenet.com)
Severe bleeding (hemorrhage) is the main complication. (medlineplus.gov)

Iron supplementation has historically been the primary form of treatment and prevention of anaemia. (indiatimes.com)

Objective: To provide the first review and meta-analysis of the association between perinatal and neonatal factors and autism risk. (harvard.edu)
ConclUSIONS: There is insufficient evidence to implicate any 1 perinatal or neonatal factor in autism etiology, although there is some evidence to suggest that exposure to a broad class of conditions reflecting general compromises to perinatal and neonatal health may increase the risk. (harvard.edu)
In addition to its direct health effects, anemia can inhibit brain development and fine motor skills in children and heighten the risk of stroke , cardiovascular disease , dementia and other chronic illnesses in older adults. (theconversation.com)
The risk of hemorrhage is inversely related to the platelet count with the greatest risk when the platelet count is below 100,000 μL −1 . (checkorphan.org)
Gestational Age Gestational age and growth parameters help identify the risk of neonatal pathology. (msdmanuals.com)
Enhanced risk of hemorrhage. (medscape.com)
If prolonged opioid use is required in a pregnant woman, advise the patient of the risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and ensure that appropriate treatment will be available. (nih.gov)

BACKGROUND: The etiology of autism is unknown, although perinatal and neonatal exposures have been the focus of epidemiologic research for over 40 years. (harvard.edu)
Methods: PubMed, Embase, and PsycInfo databases were searched for studies that examined the association between perinatal and neonatal factors and autism through March 2007. (harvard.edu)
Results: Over 60 perinatal and neonatal factors were examined. (harvard.edu)

Normal physiologic processes often cause normocytic-normochromic anemia at an expected time after birth in term and preterm infants. (msdmanuals.com)
A mechanism similar to the one that causes anemia in term infants causes anemia in preterm infants during the first 4 to 12 weeks. (msdmanuals.com)

MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of 80 422 singleton pregnancies was conducted using data from the Aberdeen Maternal and Neonatal Databank between 1995 and 2012. (elsevierpure.com)

Anatomy19

Organisms6

Diseases114

Chemicals and Drugs34

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment66

Phenomena and Processes23

Information Science7

Named Groups2

Health Care25

Postpartum18

Sepsis2

Fetal8

Jaundice3

Thrombocytopenia6

Hyperbilirubinemia2

Placenta3

Mortality21

Early neonatal4

Outcomes5

Respiratory4

Adrenal hemorrhage2

Prevalence2

Antepartum hemorrhage1

Intracranial haemorrhage2

Intraventricular hemorrhage1

Complications3

Neonates2

Resuscitation4

Abnormalities1

Pregnancy3

Platelet counts1

NICU3

Occur6

Oxygen3

Transfusions1

Newborn1

Infection1

Hemolysis2

Diabetes mellitus1

10001

Morbidities1

Infant1

Outcome1

Malnutrition2

Severe anemia3

Prematurity1

Antenatal1

Diagnosis1

Obstetric1

Hematocrit1

Bleeding2

Prevention1

Risk7

Perinatal3

Infants2

Methods1