Heme detoxification protein. Medical search. Frequent questions

We reported here that Cd induces cytoprotective genes NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase I (Nq01) and heme oxygenase I (Ho-1) via the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway. (cdc.gov)
The major characteristics of Nrf2 are to some extent mimicked by Nrf2-dependent genes and their proteins including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which besides removing toxic heme, produces biliverdin, iron ions and carbon monoxide. (springer.com)
The discovery of the antioxidant response element (ARE) have led to the conclusion that the battery of genes, including glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), thioredoxin reductase 1 (Txnrd1), NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) is regulated through Nrf2 binding to this consensus binding sequence [ 3 ]. (springer.com)
5 Additionally, it also increases heme oxygenase 1 6 (a protein produced in response to oxidative stress) and upregulates antioxidant enzymes - all of which are important for brain health. (oorainbowoo.net)
In its individual web host heme detoxification is among the homeostasis procedures performed by a combined mix of proteins like hemopexin and heme oxygenase [5] whose CZC24832 homologs never have been within the parasite genome. (mdm-inhibitors.com)
In the nucleus, Nrf2 identifies and binds to a conserved antioxidant response component (ARE) and induces transcription of the battery pack of chemoprotective antoxidant genes9,10, including those encoding antioxidant proteins like heme oxygenase (HO-1)11. (mingsheng88.org)

For your metabolic systems, iron combines with enzymes like cytochromes (proteins containing a heme) to support functioning of neurotransmitters, hormones, and bile acids, as well as detoxification of the liver. (webmd.com)
The enzymes convert reactive species in non-toxic molecules and also participate in the process of detoxification (which facilitates the biotransformation and excretion of "strange" molecules to the cells). (databasefootball.com)
Predicted regulatory interaction sites for SH2- and SH3-domain proteins are in non-structured regions that could be available to cytoplasmic enzymes. (oncotarget.com)
Transcription factor Nrf2 is a key regulator of genes encoding phase II detoxification enzymes and antioxidant proteins in response to environmental chemical insults. (cdc.gov)
Contains proteins, peptides, and enzymes to support kidney and urinary health. (thewellnessway.com)
However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins in posttranslational modifications. (aldmed.com)

Two tightly regulated biochemical processes, metallation of porphyrin at the last stage of heme biosynthesis and the generation of iron-sulphur clusters (ISC), take place inside the mitochondrial matrix and utilise around 80% of the iron acquired by organisms. (lu.se)
Ferrochelatase catalyses iron insertion into protoporphyrin IX at the terminal step of heme biosynthesis, while IscU assists in the formation of iron-sulphur clusters. (lu.se)
During iron starvation, HapX represses iron-consuming pathways, including heme biosynthesis and respiration, to spare iron and activates synthesis of ribotoxin AspF1 and siderophores, the latter partly by ensuring supply of the precursor, ornithine. (frontiersin.org)
Recently, the sterol regulatory element binding protein SrbA was found to be essential for adaptation to iron starvation, thereby linking regulation of iron metabolism, ergosterol biosynthesis, azole drug resistance, and hypoxia adaptation. (frontiersin.org)
As mono or diiron center as well as incorporated into heme or iron-sulfur clusters, this metal is an indispensable cofactor for a variety of cellular processes including electron transport, amino acid metabolism, and biosynthesis of DNA and sterols. (frontiersin.org)
They are, however, metabolically diverse organelles that play a role in the biosynthesis of amino acids, fatty acids, isoprenoids and heme, as well as in other processes related to photosynthesis such as pigment biosynthesis, and radical detoxification. (biomedcentral.com)

The differentially expressed genes included those functioning in some important immune reaction and iron metabolism pathways, such as pattern recognition receptors, regulators of the JNK pathway, components of the phagosome pathway, regulators of the melanization response, activators of complement reactions, insulin signaling cascade members, oxidative stress and detoxification proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Oxidative stress generated during such stressful conditions may damage DNA and proteins, and as a consequence the cellular processes are disturbed. (springer.com)
The complex intertwining of iron metabolism and oxidative stress is emphasized by the iron-dependence of detoxification of oxidative stress as, e.g., catalases and peroxidases require heme as cofactor. (frontiersin.org)
In comparison, HCV or HCV protein were discovered by another research13,14 to induce ROS creation and activate Nrf2/ARE pathway, which protected hepatic cells from oxidative stress subsequently. (mingsheng88.org)
Redox post-translational modifications of proteins** In addition to performing structure-function analyses of thioredoxin (TRX) and glutaredoxin (GRX) family members which control most of the reversible oxidative modifications of protein cysteinyl residues, we are characterizing proteins of unknown function possessing one or several conserved CXXC motifs known to be particularly suited for disulfide bond formation but also other redox modifications. (hal.science)
Heme proteins like hemoglobin (Hb) and myoglobin (Mb) contain redox-active transition metal iron that makes them susceptible to causing oxidative damage. (scialert.net)
It is well documented that oxidative damage of protein and DNA presents unique neoepitopes, which is one of the factors in antigen-driven autoimmune response in various diseases (Scofield et al . (scialert.net)

Iron is an essential mineral that your body uses to make hemoglobin and myoglobin which are proteins that deliver oxygen to your muscles and body. (webmd.com)
One of the most important functions for iron is to bind with hemoglobin (proteins in the red blood cells) to help carry oxygen throughout the body. (webmd.com)
Dynamics and allostery of human hemoglobin as elucidated by time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy,' Yasuhisa Mizutani, in Vibrational Spectroscopy in Protein Research , Y. Ozaki, I. Lednev, M. Baranska, B. Wood, Editors. (osaka-u.ac.jp)
When malaria parasites infect host red bloodstream cells (RBC) and Slc2a3 proteolyze hemoglobin a distinctive albeit badly understood parasite-specific mechanism detoxifies released heme into hemozoin (Hz). (mdm-inhibitors.com)
While hydrolysis of hemoglobin makes amino acids available for parasite development this process CZC24832 also releases its lipophilic prosthetic group-heme which is incredibly toxic towards the parasite. (mdm-inhibitors.com)
As a result plus a constant degradation of hemoglobin a concomitant cleansing of heme is essential for an continuous development and proliferation from the parasite. (mdm-inhibitors.com)
Inside these cells, Hemoglobin is split into the heme and globin groups. (quizlet.com)

The liver converts heme, a substance in red blood cells, to a greenish compound called biliverdin and then a yellowish-red compound called bilirubin. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The liver also affects several other bodily functions, including the breakdown of red blood cells, protein synthesis in the blood plasma, and the removal of iodine from the thyroid hormones. (medicalnewstoday.com)
And finally, I'll finish by looking at improving the three liver detoxification Phases that are responsible for removing toxins of all sorts including Biotoxins. (biotoxinjourney.com)
Given that toxins can upset good gastrointestinal (GI) flora, looking at the three Phases of liver detoxification also ties into the general theme of gut health. (biotoxinjourney.com)
[ 1 ] This rare autosomal recessive condition is characterized by conjugated hyperbilirubinemia with normal liver transaminases, a unique pattern of urinary excretion of heme metabolites (coproporphyrins), and the deposition of a pigment that gives the liver a characteristic black color (see the image below). (medscape.com)
70 to 80% derives from the breakdown of degenerating red blood cells, and 20 to 30% (early-labeled bilirubin) derives primarily from other heme proteins in the bone marrow and liver. (msdmanuals.com)

A two-electron transfer step between a redox partner and a heme cofactor (HEME) is often the rate-limiting step of the CYP catalytic cycle ( preprint Figure 1 ) [5]. (biologists.com)
The reasons established so far for the Tat dependence are cytoplasmic cofactor assembly and/or heterodimerization of the respective proteins. (uni-hannover.de)
YcdB is a dimeric protein and contains a heme cofactor that was identified to be a high-spin Fe III -protoporphyrin IX complex. (uni-hannover.de)

We hope to unravel new redox-regulated cellular processes or signaling pathways in poplar and more generally in plants which are controlled by redox reactions such as thiol-disulfide exchanges and understand how the functions of these proteins are controlled at the cellular level by TRX and GRX. (hal.science)
Eating kidney can support kidney health, which in turn helps strengthen your body's detoxification pathways. (xtend-life.com)
Akt pathways have effects on apoptosis, protein synthesis, metabolism and cell cycle. (springer.com)
AMPK pathways inhibit biosynthetic pathways with energy consumption, such as protein, fatty acid and glycogen synthesis. (springer.com)

The simulation results suggest that trHbN has evolved a dual-path mechanism for migration of O2 and NO to the heme, to achieve the most efficient NO detoxification. (ub.edu)
The present study, thus, unequivocally demonstrates vital function of Pre-A region in NO scavenging and unravels its unique role by which HbN might attain its efficient NO-detoxification ability. (irbbarcelona.org)

Otherwise, carnosic acid is a potent activator of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein, a transcription factor found in an inactive form in the cytosol bound to Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). (databasefootball.com)
Keap1 may be viewed as the regulator of Nrf2, and reactive species/free radicals and electrophiles react with the Nrf2-Keap1 complex causing the release of Nrf2, which migrates to the cell nucleus and triggers the expression of selected genes whose products, i.e. proteins with or without enzymatic activity, participate in the antioxidant defense and in the metabolism of xenobiotics in mammals. (databasefootball.com)
At low concentrations, carnosic acid is detected by the cells as a xenobiotic and the Nrf2 transcription factor is activated, leading to an increase in the expression of proteins involved in cytoprotection, as mentioned above. (databasefootball.com)
In MEF cells with wild type Nrf2 and mouse hepa 1c1c7 cells, Cd increased the Nrf2 protein level but not the Nrf2 mRNA level dose-dependently. (cdc.gov)
Cd stabilized the Nrf2 protein by inhibiting the Keap1/CuI3dependent ubiquitination and 26S proteasomal turnover of Nrf2. (cdc.gov)
Cd did not affect the protein levels of Keap1, which is a repressor of the cytoplasmic Nrf2, or Cul-3, an E3 ligase involved in the proteasomal degradation of Nrf2. (cdc.gov)
The multifunctional regulator nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) is considered not only as a cytoprotective factor regulating the expression of genes coding for anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and detoxifying proteins, but it is also a powerful modulator of species longevity. (springer.com)
Nrf2 consists of six functional Neh domains (Neh1-Neh6), from which, the amino-terminal Neh2 domain controls binding Keap1-the inhibitor protein Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, that is responsible for the cytosolic sequestration of Nrf2 under physiological conditions (Fig. 2 a). (springer.com)
I never previously realized this but DHA also stimulates one of the most important transcription factors that regulates cellular oxidation and reduction, and aids in detoxification, the Nrf2 pathway. (oorainbowoo.net)
In its inactive condition, Nrf2 is normally sequestered in the cytoplasm and from the actin anchored Kelch-like ECH-associated proteins 1 (Keap1)7,8. (mingsheng88.org)

This functional analysis will combine plant genetics and physiology, molecular and structural biology and biochemistry approaches to determine whether these proteins assemble different types of Fe-S clusters and have specific interaction partners and what are the physiological and metabolic consequences of deleting these genes for plant development and physiology. (hal.science)
The Helicosporidium plastid genome is among the smallest known (37.5 kb), and like other plastids from non-photosynthetic organisms it lacks all genes for proteins that function in photosynthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
At the genomic level, this integration involved the loss of many genes and the transfer of many more to the host nuclear genome, the protein products of which are targeted back to the organelle [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This process is not complete, however, as all known plastids have retained a residual genome that encodes a handful of RNA and protein-coding genes, which typically include many of the key components of photosystems I and II [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

encoded by Nfe2l2 gene) is a transcription factor responsible for the regulation of cellular redox balance and protective antioxidant and phase II detoxification responses in mammals [ 1 , 2 ]. (springer.com)

The protein carries a tunnel system composed of a short and a long tunnel branch that has been proposed to facilitate diatomic ligand migration to the heme and an unusual Pre-A motif at the N terminus, which does not contribute significantly to the structural integrity of the protein, as it protrudes out of the compact globin fold. (irbbarcelona.org)

Human nitrobindin: the first example of an all-β-barrel ferric heme-protein that catalyzes peroxynitrite detoxification. (nih.gov)
low concentrations of ferric heme are normally present in vivo (methemoglobin, metmyoglobin). (scialert.net)

Ammonia the highly toxic product of protein catabolism, is rapidly inactivated by a variety of reactions. (medmuv.com)
Fe 2+ may also be toxic to organisms, since it can promote the generation of highly reactive oxygen species that are capable of causing severe damage to proteins and nucleic acids. (lu.se)
This degradation releases heme which is incredibly toxic towards the parasite also. (mdm-inhibitors.com)
To safeguard itself (through the toxic ramifications of heme) the parasite changes free of charge heme into hemozoin. (mdm-inhibitors.com)
aegypti PM can bind toxic heme molecules generated during blood digestion. (johnshopkins.edu)

When administrated to some mammalian cells at the concentration of 1 µM, carnosic acid protects the cellular components ( i.e. lipids, proteins, DNA, RNA) against chemical stressors such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), paraquat (an agrochemical), 6-hydroxydopamine (which is used to induce Parkinson's like disease experimentally), among other toxicants. (databasefootball.com)
The small increase in hydrogen peroxide disappears quickly and is replaced with copious amounts of antioxidants, cell-protecting proteins, feel-good neurotransmitters and immuno-modulating messengers. (upperroomclinic.com)

A subclass of heme a containing cytochromes have a reduced alpha-band absorption of 587-592 nm. (lookformedical.com)

Moreover, modulation of the proteins involved in cellular metal homeostasis may help in the regulation of metabolism, adaptability to a diverse range of environmental conditions, and biofortification. (frontiersin.org)

This catalytic activity is often described as required for xenobiotic detoxification. (hal.science)
a globular catalytic HEME-containing domain, an N-terminal transmembrane (TM) α-helical domain, and a flexible linker region connecting both the HEME-containing and the N-terminal TM domain. (biologists.com)

Keap1 is a cysteine-rich protein, known to be anchored to actin cytoskeleton [ 5 ], serving as an adaptor protein for the Cul3-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. (springer.com)

Blood is rich in nutrients, among these iron and heme. (biomedcentral.com)
Sheep kidney is rich in nutrients, proteins and omega 3s. (xtend-life.com)

The primary defect in Dubin-Johnson syndrome is a mutation in an apical canalicular membrane protein responsible for the excretion of bilirubin and other nonbile salt organic anions. (medscape.com)

Supports histamine metabolism, detoxification, and gout. (thewellnessway.com)

Using of heme-agarose beads and spectrophotometric and microcalorimetric titrations, we show that recombinant AeIMUC1 can bind large amounts of heme in vitro, suggesting for the first time a role for a PM protein in heme detoxification during blood digestion. (johnshopkins.edu)

The activation of peroxynitrite (PN) by hemoproteins, which leads to its detoxification or on the contrary to the enhancement of its cytotoxic activity, is a reaction of physiological importance that is still poorly understood. (bbk.ac.uk)

Molecular dynamics simulations show that the excision of Pre-A motif results in distinct changes in the protein dynamics, which cause the gate of the tunnel long branch to be trapped into a closed conformation, thus impeding migration of diatomic ligands toward the heme active site. (irbbarcelona.org)
The two axial ligands for the heme group iron have been shown [ 3 ] to be methionine residues. (expasy.org)

Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy experiments established that AeIMUC1 is a bona fide PM protein, and binding of the recombinant protein to chitin was demonstrated in vitro. (johnshopkins.edu)

Heme ligase (EC 4.99.1.8, heme detoxification protein, HDP, hemozoin synthase) is an enzyme with systematic name Fe3+:ferriprotoporphyrin IX ligase (β-hematin-forming). (wikipedia.org)
This parasite-specific system is certainly widely recognized as the weakest hyperlink in its lifecycle and it is targeted by many of the available antimalarial medications which prevent hemozoin development by binding to heme. (mdm-inhibitors.com)
Right here we recognize and characterize Heme Cleansing Protein a distinctive proteins which we present as the powerful manufacturer of hemozoin. (mdm-inhibitors.com)
We demonstrate that protein is certainly extremely conserved over the genus is incredibly efficient in creating hemozoin and it is delivered to the meals vacuole the website of hemozoin development via a exclusive trafficking path. (mdm-inhibitors.com)

One of the other major products of glycolysis is 1,3- DPG, which is a precursor for 2,3 - DPG, a protein that is crucial for the release of oxygen into hypoxic (oxygen deprived) tissue. (upperroomclinic.com)

Frataxin may either make iron available to ferrochelatase and IscU, thereby acting as an iron chaperone, or convert surplus iron in the mitochondrion to a mineral, providing a mechanism for iron storage and detoxification, similar to the mechanism of ferritin. (lu.se)

Both proteins were ubiquitinated in the cytoplasm. (cdc.gov)
In contrast to all other periplasmic hemoproteins analyzed so far, heme was assembled into YcdB in the cytoplasm, suggesting that heme assembly could take place prior to translocation. (uni-hannover.de)

X-ray crystal structures have shown that trHbN hosts a two-branched protein matrix tunnel system, proposed to control diatomic ligand migration to the heme, as the rate-limiting step in NO conversion to nitrate. (ub.edu)
Extended molecular dynamics simulations (0.1 micros), employed here to characterize the factors controlling diatomic ligand diffusion through the apolar tunnel system, suggest that O2 migration in deoxy-trHbN is restricted to a short branch of the tunnel, and that O2 binding to the heme drives conformational and dynamical fluctuations promoting NO migration through the long tunnel branch. (ub.edu)

Iron is an important nutrient that you can only get from food, and it comes in two forms: heme iron and nonheme iron. (webmd.com)
Heme iron comes from animal sources like red meat, fish, and poultry, and your body can absorb about 30 % of it at any time. (webmd.com)
Non-heme iron comes from plant-based sources like vegetables, fruits, and nuts. (webmd.com)
When you combine food sources rich in heme and nonheme iron, you can better absorb each type. (webmd.com)
For your skin and hair, iron found in proteins helps to support collagen and follicle cells in the dermis layer. (webmd.com)
Spinach is an example of non-heme iron, containing about 2.71 mg for each 100 grams of leafy greens. (webmd.com)
Iron is an essential part of prosthetic groups such as heme and iron-sulphur clusters, which are involved in various redox reactions of central importance for life. (lu.se)
BFR is an oligomer composed of 24 identical subunits that contains protoheme IX in addition to the non-heme iron core. (expasy.org)
An IRON-containing protein that uses siroheme and 4Fe-4S iron-sulfur centers as prosthetic groups. (lookformedical.com)
It is a cytochrome protein that contains IRON and MOLYBDENUM. (lookformedical.com)
For our research projects, we employ biochemical, biophysical, spectroscopic and structural biology approaches with *Populus trichocarpa* and *Arabidopsis thaliana* as model organisms to explore (i) the roles of the antioxidant/detoxification systems in the physiology of plants subject to environmental constraints and (ii) the maturation and roles of iron-sulfur proteins in plant organelles. (hal.science)
Iron bound to the heme group. (scialert.net)
It provides a meaningful source of vitamin A, heme iron (more easily absorbed than iron from plant sources), B12, choline and folate). (xtend-life.com)

I am a biochemist interested in basic plant science processes with a particular research focus on structure-function analysis of oxidoreductases and on redox post-translational modifications of proteins. (hal.science)
such charge pairings have been identified as important contributors towards redox protein binding. (biologists.com)

Importantly, the amino acid diversity of EMAs is distributed throughout the length of the proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Reduced nitrogen enters the human body as dietary free amino acids, protein, and the ammonia produced by intestinal tract bacteria. (medmuv.com)

Pregnant women (n = 418) were screened for malaria during routine antenatal care by using two RDTs that detect histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) or Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with antibodies that detect dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase or heme-detoxification protein, and compared with real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and microscopy for evaluation of their diagnostic accuracy. (ined.fr)
The RT-PCR and the HRP2 RDT detected most cases of malaria during pregnancy, whereas microscopy, the Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase RDT, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase and heme-detoxification protein antibodies did not detect several low-density infections. (ined.fr)

Titration of the oxygenated adduct of HbN and its mutants with NO indicated that the stoichiometric oxidation of protein is severalfold slower when the Pre-A region is deleted in HbN. (irbbarcelona.org)

Together, our study indicates that the model used so far to depict PN interactions with hemo-thiolate proteins, i.e. leading to the formation and accumulation of Compound II, needs to be reconsidered. (bbk.ac.uk)

Healing crisis is commonly experienced during water detoxification because the toxins in the body are suddenly dumped into the bloodstream and overwhelms the primary organs of elimination. (fitnesstipsforlife.com)

Binding of heme to AeIMUC1 was accompanied by an altered circular dichroism spectrum indicating a change in protein conformation, consistent with an increase in secondary structure. (johnshopkins.edu)

Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) is a multifunctional protein implicated in multiple pathologies, including cancer and Alzheimer's disease. (oncotarget.com)

A bacterial protein from Pseudomonas, Bordetella, or Alcaligenes which operates as an electron transfer unit associated with the cytochrome chain. (lookformedical.com)

Importantly, these proteins will defend the cells against reactive species/free radicals that are produced by several sources, including those originated as part of the mechanism of action of toxicants (pollutants, agrochemicals, other). (databasefootball.com)

This enzyme catalyses the following reaction: 2 ferriprotoporphyrin IX ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } beta-hematin This heme detoxifying enzyme is found in Plasmodium parasites. (wikipedia.org)

After focusing for some time on the capacity of several plant GRXs to assemble \[2Fe-2S\] centers into homodimers or into heterodimers with BOLA proteins, we extended our research interest to the functional characterization of the associated protein families (NFUs, SUFA/ISCAs, IBA57s, HCF101/INDH) assumed to participate in the transfer of these Fe-S clusters together with GRX and BOLA. (hal.science)

The protein has a molecular weight of approximately 16,000, contains a single copper atom, is intensively blue, and has a fluorescence emission band centered at 308nm. (lookformedical.com)

first generated a list of encounter complexes using a method known as Brownian docking (BD), an established method to predict protein-protein complexes [6]. (biologists.com)

Parasite effectively detoxifies heme by its conversion into an insoluble crystalline materials called Hz primarily. (mdm-inhibitors.com)
For instance chloroquine primarily serves by binding to free of charge heme with 1:2 stoichiometry which prevents its cleansing into Hz [7] [8]. (mdm-inhibitors.com)

Likewise among the antimalarial actions of artemisinin consists of its relationship with heme resulting in the forming of heme adducts that can't be detoxified [9]. (mdm-inhibitors.com)

Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) is 195 residue membrane-bound protein which contains a short luminal peptide, a single N -terminal transmembrane domain, and a C -terminal cytochrome b 5 -related heme-binding domain ( Figure 1A ). (oncotarget.com)
The 30-kDa membrane-bound c-type cytochrome protein of mitochondria that functions as an electron donor to CYTOCHROME C GROUP in the mitochondrial and bacterial RESPIRATORY CHAIN. (lookformedical.com)

These proteins would act not only in the biotransformation and posterior excretion of carnosic acid. (databasefootball.com)

Anatomy1

Organisms1

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs34

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes9

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science2

Oxygenase6

Enzymes6

Biosynthesis6

Oxidative7

Hemoglobin7

Liver6

Cofactor3

Pathways4

Efficient NO detoxification2

Nrf210

Genes4

Phase II detoxification1

Globin1

Ferric2

Toxic5

Hydrogen peroxide2

Cytochromes1

Cellular1

Catalytic2

Keap11

Nutrients2

Bilirubin1

Metabolism1

Digestion1

Peroxynitrite1

Ligands2

Vitro1

Hemozoin4

Oxygen1

Ferritin1

Cytoplasm2

Diatomic2

Iron13

Redox2

Amino2

Malaria2

Oxidation1

Interactions1

Toxins1

Conformation1

Pathologies1

Electron transfer1

Mechanism1

Plasmodium1

Clusters1

Molecular1

Complexes1

Primarily2

Artemisinin1

Membrane-bound2

Excretion1