• Neuraminidase (NA) has 11 known subtypes, hence influenza virus is named as H1N1, H5N2 etc., depending on the combinations of HA and NA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Influenza A (H1N1) virus is the subtype of influenza A virus that was the most common cause of human influenza (flu) in 2009, and is associated with the 1918 outbreak known as the Spanish Flu. (indiatimes.com)
  • Some strains of H1N1 are endemic in humans and cause a small fraction of all influenza-like illness and a small fraction of all seasonal influenza. (indiatimes.com)
  • Other strains of H1N1 are endemic in pigs (swine influenza) and in birds (avian influenza). (indiatimes.com)
  • Is there a difference between being diagnosed with Influenza A and H1N1? (virology.ws)
  • H1N1 and H3N2 are the major subtypes that cause human seasonal flu and global pandemics of influenza. (justia.com)
  • The influenza pandemic in 2009 was caused by influenza A virus H1N1 of swine origin. (justia.com)
  • While much knowledge regarding the virus has been discovered, we are still no closer to having the ability to predict the next pandemic, such as in the case of 2009 H1N1 pandemic. (springer.com)
  • However, after challenge with a swine influenza virus (H1N1), no protection was observed in the vaccinated groups compared with the non-vaccinated control group. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • 1. Humoral and cellular immune responses in critically ill influenza A/H1N1-infected patients. (eenzyme.com)
  • The major influenza virus that was prevalent during that season was influenza anew caledonia h1n1, a strain that was included in the available vaccine. (web.app)
  • In virology, influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (A/H1N1) is a subtype of Influenza A virus. (xopt.io)
  • The Masters of the ScienTWIVic Universe discuss a novel poxvirus isolate from an immunosuppressed patient, H1N1 and the gain-of-function debate, and attenuation of dengue virus by recoding the genome. (microbe.tv)
  • Computer simulation of H1N1 influenza virus at 160 million atom resolution. (scitechdaily.com)
  • For the first time, researchers at the University of California San Diego (UCSD) have created an atomic-level computer model of the H1N1 virus that reveals new vulnerabilities through glycoprotein "breathing" and "tilting" movements. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Computer model of H1N1 influenza virus - 160 million atoms of detail. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Similarly, during the 2009-2010 novel influenza A H1N1 pandemic, preliminary data from a limited number of states indicated a high prevalence of virus strains resistant to oseltamivir. (medscape.com)
  • ABSTRACT Understanding the genetic evolution of A(H1N1)pdm09 and H3N2 viruses can help better select strains to be included in the annual influenza vaccine. (who.int)
  • There is little information on their evolution in Jordan so this study investigated the genetic and antigenic variability of A(H1N1)pdm09 and H3N2 viruses in Jordan by performing phylogenetic and genetic analyses of the HA and NA genes of A(H1N1)pdm09 and H3N2 viruses between 2011 and 2013. (who.int)
  • The full HA and NA genes of 16 H1N1-positive samples obtained in our study and 21 published HA sequences and 20 published NA sequences from Jordanian viruses that were available on online gene databases were analysed. (who.int)
  • Jordanian H1N1 viruses had mutations that are characteristic of antigenic group 6 while H3N2 virus mutations belonged to group 3. (who.int)
  • RÉSUMÉ La compréhension de l'évolution génétique des virus A(H1N1)pdm09 et H3N2 permet de mieux sélectionner les souches devant être ajoutées au vaccin antigrippal annuel. (who.int)
  • Peu de renseignements sont disponibles sur les mutations des virus saisonniers de la grippe A(H1N1)pdm09 et H3N2 en Jordanie. (who.int)
  • Afin de remédier à ce problème et d'étudier les variations génétiques et antigéniques des virus A(H1N1)pdm09 et H3N2, nous avons procédé à des analyses génétiques et phylogénétiques des gènes de l'hémagglutinine (HA) et de la neuraminidase (NA) de ces virus, sur la période 2011-2013 en Jordanie. (who.int)
  • L'analyse a porté sur les séquences complètes des gènes de l'HA et de la NA de 16 échantillons positifs au virus H1N1 prélevés dans le cadre de cette étude, ainsi que sur 21 séquences publiées de l'HA et 20 séquences publiées de la NA, issues de virus jordaniens disponibles sur les bases de données de gènes en ligne. (who.int)
  • Les virus H1N1 jordaniens présentaient des mutations caractéristiques du groupe antigénique 6, tandis que les virus H3N2 appartenaient au groupe 3. (who.int)
  • Influenza viruses are considered one of and NA genes of A(H1N1)pdm09 erated with SeqMan DNA Lasergene the most common causes of respira- and H3N2 viruses in Jordan between 7 software (DNASTAR, Madison, tory infection among humans and they March 2010 and March 2013. (who.int)
  • The high genetic variability of influenza A viruses poses a continual challenge to seasonal and pandemic vaccine development, leaving antiviral drugs as the first line of defense against antigenically different strains or new subtypes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Even though the production of influenza vaccines is well established, and the regulatory process allows for rapid strain update or exchange, it takes 4-6 months until a vaccine against a newly emerging subtype is available in sufficient quantities ( 2 , 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • 82 rheumatoid patients and 30 healthy controls were vaccinated with a split-virion inactivated vaccine containing 15 μg haemagglutinin (HA) per dose of each of B/Hong Kong/330/2001 (HK), A/Panama/2007/99 (PAN), and A/New Caledonian/20/99 (NC). (bmj.com)
  • Influenza virus vaccine generated a good humoral response in rheumatoid patients, although lower than in healthy controls. (bmj.com)
  • In addition to these concerns over the safety of the influenza vaccine in rheumatoid arthritis, there is uncertainty about the immunogenicity of vaccines in immunocompromised patients such as rheumatoid patients. (bmj.com)
  • The HA is also the primary target of neutralizing antibodies elicited by infection or vaccination, and the HA of virus from this specimen is very closely related (99% identity) to the A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like pre-pandemic candidate vaccine viruses (e.g. (cdc.gov)
  • L104M, L115Q, V210A) between the HA of the virus from the Chilean case and A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like candidate vaccine, and they are not in major antigenic epitopes strongly suggesting that antibodies elicited by the A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like vaccine would be expected to have good cross-reactivity - and therefore protection - against this virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Consequently the seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine contains an influenza B virus component. (virology.ws)
  • There is no vaccine against influenza C virus. (virology.ws)
  • A DNA vaccine expressing consensus hemagglutinin-esterase fusion protein protected guinea pigs from infection by two lineages of influenza D virus. (cdc.gov)
  • In this study, we designed a DNA vaccine expressing consensus hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF) protein (FluD-Vax) and tested its protective efficacy against two lineages of IDV (D/OK and D/660) in guinea pigs. (cdc.gov)
  • These data indicate that the pseudotype baculovirus-mediated vaccine could be utilized as an alternative strategy against the pandemic spread of H5N1 influenza virus. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Moreover, veterinary services revealed more than two log differences in cross hemagglutination inhibition tests between field isolates and the vaccine seed virus (Lucio E., unpublished). (biomedcentral.com)
  • We compared HA gene sequences from AIVs isolated between 1994 and 2000 [ 3 ], more recent isolates (2002 to 2006) from vaccinated birds showing clinical manifestations of avian influenza, and the A/Chicken/Hidalgo/232/94 vaccine strain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Unfortunately, influenza vaccine composition needs to be updated annually due to antigenic shift and drift in the viral immunogen hemagglutinin (HA). (mdpi.com)
  • Thus the development of an effective and safe vaccine against divergent influenza A virus strains is urgently needed for the prevention of future outbreaks of influenza. (justia.com)
  • Influenza vaccine effectiveness could be improved by combination with an adjuvant with the potential to enhance the host-vaccine response both quantitatively and qualitatively. (researchsquare.com)
  • The goal of this study was to explore a RIG-I agonist (SDI-nanogel) and a TLR7/8 agonist (Imidazoquinoline (IMDQ)‐PEG‐Chol) as adjuvants, when co-administered with a licensed quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (QIV), and to determine the role of these adjuvants in directing helper T (Th) cell responses for their role in the immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching. (researchsquare.com)
  • Vaccine-induced antibody and T cell responses correlated with protection against lethal influenza virus infection. (researchsquare.com)
  • Despite several vaccine candidates available on the market, influenza virus is responsible for severe illness in humans, with a substantial global death toll every year (https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/fluview/flu_by_age_virus.html). (researchsquare.com)
  • Additionally, vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody titers diminish over time, thereby affecting the extent of protection against infection during an entire influenza season and the subsequent seasons. (researchsquare.com)
  • Therefore, there is an urgent need for a better cost-effective influenza vaccine which can induce antigenically broader and long-lasting immune response. (researchsquare.com)
  • All vaccines induced an antibody response against M2e, and the M2eNP DNA vaccine additionally induced an influenza virus-specific lymphoproliferation response. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • December 7, 2020 -- A new universal influenza vaccine has been developed that targets the stalk portion of the influenza virus surface protein rather than the head portion. (scienceboard.net)
  • This vaccine, which is capable of neutralizing diverse strains of influenza, was evaluated in a phase I clinical study whose results were published in Nature Medicine on December 7. (scienceboard.net)
  • Therefore, the development of a universal influenza virus vaccine is desirable. (scienceboard.net)
  • Our chimeric HA vaccine, by contrast, is directed at the proximal part of the HA protein -- the stalk domain -- which has been shown to broadly neutralize diverse influenza virus strains in both animal models and humans. (scienceboard.net)
  • The vaccine consists of group 1 or group 2 stalk domains in combination with head domains from avian influenza virus subtypes. (scienceboard.net)
  • An influenza virus vaccine that results in broad immunity would likely protect against any emerging influenza virus subtype or strain and would significantly enhance our pandemic preparedness, avoiding future problems with influenza pandemics as we see them now with COVID-19," said author Florian Krammer, PhD, professor of microbiology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, in a statement. (scienceboard.net)
  • Our chimeric hemagglutinin vaccine is a major advance over conventional vaccines which are often mismatched to the circulating strains of virus, impacting their effectiveness. (scienceboard.net)
  • The researchers conducted a randomized, multicenter, observer-blind, placebo-controlled phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the group 1 cHA-based vaccine (a live attenuated or inactive influenza virus vaccine expressing a cH8/1 HA and an N1 NA with a backbone from a master donor stain) in 65 participants in the U.S. (scienceboard.net)
  • In 201920, seasonal influenza vaccine uptake data will continue to be collected on frontline healthcare workers hcws involved with direct patient care from all nhs trusts, including acute, mental health, ambulance, care and foundation. (web.app)
  • The current recommendations for seasonal influenza vaccine in the influenza chapter of the green book. (web.app)
  • This treatment summary topic describes influenza vaccine. (web.app)
  • Annual vaccine is prepared in advance of the influenza season. (web.app)
  • Seasonal influenza frontline healthcare workers vaccine uptake survey 201920 guidance. (web.app)
  • Influenza vaccine treatment summary bnf content published by. (web.app)
  • Promote and administer seasonal influenza vaccine annual vaccination is the most important measure to prevent seasonal influenza infection. (web.app)
  • Influenza vaccine will continue to be offered to children in at risk groups but the upper. (web.app)
  • Use the flu finder feature on the cdc influenza website to find the flu vaccine near you. (web.app)
  • Individuals with metabolic dysregulation of cellular glycosylation often experience severe influenza disease, with a poor immune response to the virus and low vaccine efficacy. (cdc.gov)
  • IMPORTANCE People with disorders such as cancer, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or obesity often have metabolic dysregulation of cellular glycosylation and also have more severe influenza disease, a reduced immune response to the virus, and reduced vaccine efficacy. (cdc.gov)
  • Our findings link metabolic dysregulation of host glycosylation to increased risk of severe influenza and reduced influenza virus vaccine efficacy. (cdc.gov)
  • However, if the vaccine and virus strains are not a match, the vaccine may provide limited defense. (scitechdaily.com)
  • The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins are the primary targets of the flu vaccine. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Influenza viruses containing chimeric hemagglutinin (HA) glycoproteins with large foreign polypeptide insertions are being examined as a novel vaccine vectors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is possible to generate efficiently replicating influenza viruses with chimeric hemagglutinin proteins that contain insertions of up to 250 residues of HIV Env proteins to evaluate as vaccine candidates. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The RSVPreF3-AS01 vaccine, containing the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prefusion F protein and the AS01 adjuvant, was previously shown to boost neutralization responses against historical RSV strains and to be efficacious in preventing RSV-associated lower respiratory tract diseases in older adults. (bvsalud.org)
  • We assessed the breadth of the heterologous neutralizing antibody responses against the 3rd and 5th wave A(H7N9) viruses using the 1st wave vaccine sera from 4 vaccine groups: 1. (bvsalud.org)
  • Vaccine group 1 had the highest antibody responses to the vaccine virus and the 3rd/5th wave drifted viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Notably, the relative levels of cross-reactivity to the drifted viruses as measured by the antibody GMT ratios to the 5th wave viruses were similar across all 4 vaccine groups. (bvsalud.org)
  • BACKGROUND: One strategy to develop a universal influenza virus vaccine is to redirect the immune system to the highly conserved haemagglutinin stalk domain by sequentially administering vaccines expressing chimeric (c) haemagglutinins with a conserved stalk domain and divergent head domain, to which humans are naive. (bvsalud.org)
  • [ 74 ] The vaccine viruses recommended by the World Health Organization and the CDC for the 2014-2015 northern hemisphere influenza season are the same as those for the northern hemisphere 2013-2014 influenza season and 2014 southern hemisphere season. (medscape.com)
  • The influenza vaccine should be given annually to everyone aged ≥ 6 months who does not have a contraindication. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The serotype of influenza A virus is determined by the Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) proteins present on its surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the American Chemical Society (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a "breath-like" motion. (earth.com)
  • Avain Influenza (AI) is a highly contagious disease caused by type A influenza viruses which have negative-sense, single-stranded genomes that encode at least ten proteins including two surface glycoproteins [haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)], nucleoprotein (NP), three polymerase proteins [polymerase basic (PB1), (PB2) and polymerase acidic (PA)], two matrix (M1 and M2) proteins and two non-structural (NS1 and NS2) proteins. (scialert.net)
  • The enveloped influenza A virions have three membrane proteins (HA, NA, M2), a matrix protein (M1) just below the lipid bilayer, a ribonucleoprotein core (consisting of 8 viral RNA segments and three proteins: PA, PB1, PB2), and the NEP/NS2 protein. (virology.ws)
  • Influenza B virions have four proteins in the envelope: HA, NA, NB, and BM2. (virology.ws)
  • Like the influenza A and B viruses, the core of influenza C viruses consists of a ribonucleoprotein made up of viral RNA and four proteins. (virology.ws)
  • RNA viruses may escape acquired humoral and cellular immune responses by mutations in protective antigenic epitopes (e.g., avian influenza viruses), while accessory nonstructural proteins or multifunctional structural proteins interfere with the interferon system (e.g. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • In this thesis we have produced proteins that are densely decorated with carbohydrate determinants in order to study the glycosylation capacity of cell lines (paper I) and generate efficient binders of antibodies (paper II), bacterial toxins (paper III) and virus receptors such as the influenza hemagglutinin (paper IV). (avhandlingar.se)
  • Several influenza proteins have been shown to be major determinants in host tropism. (springer.com)
  • In this study, computational models for 11 influenza proteins have been constructed using the machine learning algorithm random forest for prediction of host tropism. (springer.com)
  • 0.916) capable of determining host tropism of individual influenza proteins. (springer.com)
  • In addition, features from all 11 proteins were used to construct a combined model to predict host tropism of influenza virus strains. (springer.com)
  • Understanding and predicting host tropism of influenza proteins lay an important foundation for future work in constructing computation models capable of directly predicting interspecies transmission of influenza viruses. (springer.com)
  • Vaccination with DNA encoding internal proteins of influenza virus does not require CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes: either CD4 + or CD8 + T cells can promote survival and recovery after challenge. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Modified M2 proteins produce heterotypic immunity against influenza A virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • These two proteins determine the subtypes of Influenza A virus. (eenzyme.com)
  • The serotype of influenza A virus is determined by the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins present on its surface, and there are at least 18 subtypes of HA in influenza A. (scienceboard.net)
  • Cells treated with NGI-1 produced morphologically unaltered viable influenza virus with sequence-neutral glycosylation changes (primarily reduced site occupancy) in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. (cdc.gov)
  • However, since host cells are responsible for glycosylation of influenza virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, and glycosylation is important for interactions of these proteins with the immune system, the viruses may have functional differences that are not reflected by their genomic sequence. (cdc.gov)
  • Specific residues of influenza A virus (IAV) PB1-F2 proteins may enhance inflammation or cytotoxicity. (cdc.gov)
  • Using similar strategies, chimeric HIV Env/influenza HA proteins have been generated, functionally characterized, incorporated into influenza viruses by reverse genetics, analyzed for replication properties, and used as immunogens. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ELISA data suggest that some of these expressed chimeric Env/HA glycoproteins can be recognized by the anti-Env neutralizing antibodies 2G12 and 447-52D, and the chimeric proteins have been incorporated into influenza viruses that replicate to titers within one log of WT influenza. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Influenza viruses are classified as type A, B, or C by their nucleoproteins and matrix proteins. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Influenza virus Influenza history Historical records indicate flu-like epidemics throughout recorded history. (powershow.com)
  • Thus, antiviral drugs are an essential component of pandemic response scenarios and play an important role in reducing disease severity during seasonal influenza epidemics. (frontiersin.org)
  • These findings support recent concerns about the challenge of AIV antigenic drift and influenza epidemics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although vaccination is an important strategy to prevent influenza infection, most of the current vaccines cannot provide immediate protection in the event of influenza pandemics and epidemics due to the length of time required for producing effective vaccines. (justia.com)
  • There are four classes of influenza viruses (A-D), with influenza A and B causing most seasonal epidemics. (scienceboard.net)
  • Influenza viruses cause seasonal epidemics and sporadic pandemics in humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza causes widespread sporadic illness yearly during fall and winter in temperate climates (seasonal epidemics). (msdmanuals.com)
  • since 1968, most seasonal influenza epidemics have been caused by H3N2 (an influenza A virus). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Influenza B viruses may cause milder disease but often cause epidemics with moderate or severe disease, either as the predominant circulating virus or along with influenza A. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Most influenza epidemics are caused by a predominant serotype, but different influenza viruses may appear sequentially in one location or may appear simultaneously, with one virus predominating in one location and another virus predominating elsewhere. (msdmanuals.com)
  • citation needed] A highly pathogenic avian flu virus of H5N1 type has been found to infect humans at a low rate. (wikipedia.org)
  • This finding seems to explain how an H5N1 virus that normally does not infect humans can mutate and become able to efficiently infect human cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The hemagglutinin of the H5N1 virus has been associated with the high pathogenicity of this flu virus strain, apparently due to its ease of conversion to an active form by proteolysis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acquisition of α2-6 sialoside receptor specificity by α2-3 specific highly-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N1) is thought to be a prerequisite for efficient transmission in humans. (nih.gov)
  • Unlike the wild type H5N1, this mutant virus was transmitted by direct contact in the ferret model although not by airborne respiratory droplets. (nih.gov)
  • However, a reassortant virus with the mutant hemagglutinin, a human N2 neuraminidase and internal genes from an H5N1 virus was partially transmitted via respiratory droplets. (nih.gov)
  • H5N1 1 , H5N1 virus clade 1. (cdc.gov)
  • Disease relevance of na Although differing in their surface hemagglutinin and neuraminidase components, a notable feature of these H9N2 viruses is that the six genes encoding the internal components of the virus are similar to those of the 1997 H5N1 human and avian isolates. (wikigenes.org)
  • On March 29, 2023, Chile reported its first human infection with HPAI A(H5N1) virus. (cdc.gov)
  • The virus was identified as having a clade 2.3.4.4b HA and was determined to be the same genotype that has been detected in the majority of wild birds in South America, indicating no evidence for genetic reassortment compared to A(H5N1) viruses predominating in birds in South America. (cdc.gov)
  • The virus was 99% identical to many viruses identified in A(H5N1) virus-infected wild birds in Chile. (cdc.gov)
  • Phylogenetic analysis HA and NA genes showed that they share a common ancestor Qa/HK/G1/97 isolate which had contributed internal genes of H5N1 virus. (scialert.net)
  • In this study, baculovirus pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein was used as a vector to express the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus, A/Chicken/Hubei/327/2004 (HB/327). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Disclosed herein are neutralizing antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity and cross-protective effects against divergent stains of influenza virus, which are specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • This has led to a growing concern regarding the pandemic potential of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses. (justia.com)
  • Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), particularly those having cross-clade neutralizing activity, play a critical role in immunoprotection against various influenza A virus (IAV) infections, particularly those caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus and any future unpredictable virus strains. (justia.com)
  • Disclosed herein are neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the surface hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the influenza H5N1 strain. (justia.com)
  • The MAbs recognize the highly conserved HA1 region of H5N1 hemagglutinin and inhibit multiple strains of the H5N1 virus, as well as treated mice infected with a lethal dose of H5N1 viruses of two divergent strains, demonstrating their potential as therapeutic agents for multivalent prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (justia.com)
  • In one embodiment disclosed herein, a neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin is provided. (justia.com)
  • In another embodiment, the epitope has at least 95% or at least 98% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • Also disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical formulation for neutralizing influenza virus comprising an antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • Also disclosed herein is a method of treating influenza virus infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin and thereby treating said influenza virus infection in said subject. (justia.com)
  • This is highlighted by confirmed cases of human infections by highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses, and more recently, the H7N9 outbreak in China [ 5 ]. (springer.com)
  • Similar to H5N1 strains, this further affirms the potential of avian influenza strains capable of directly infecting human, causing severe illnesses. (springer.com)
  • Similar to influenza C virus (ICV), IDV also has seven segments in its genome and has only one major surface glycoprotein, called the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HEF) protein, for receptor-binding, receptor-destroying, and membrane fusion. (flu.org.cn)
  • Hemagglutinin is a Class I Fusion Protein, having multifunctional activity as both an attachment factor and membrane fusion protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • Their envelope contains the ion channel forming M2 protein and the hemagglutinin (HA), and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins. (frontiersin.org)
  • The neuraminidase (NA) gene encodes the other surface protein of the virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Like the M2 protein of influenza A virus, the BM2 protein is a proton channel that is essential for the uncoating process . (virology.ws)
  • The M1 protein lies just below the membrane, as in influenza A and B virions. (virology.ws)
  • P - selectin glycoprotein ligand - 1 (PSGL - 1) is a mucin - type protein that is heavily substituted with O - glycans. (avhandlingar.se)
  • Recall that an adhesin is a protein or glycoprotein found on the surface of a pathogen that attaches to receptors on the host cell. (pressbooks.pub)
  • The prediction models were trained on influenza protein sequences isolated from both avian and human samples, which were transformed into amino acid physicochemical properties feature vectors. (springer.com)
  • In mice, vaccines inducing antibodies to the extracellular domain of the M2 protein (M2e) can confer protection to influenza A virus infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • A protein resulting from the fusion between M2e and the hepatitis B virus core protein (M2eHBc), with or without adjuvant, was evaluated. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • In addition, a DNA construct expressing a fusion protein between M2e and influenza virus nucleoprotein (M2eNP) was evaluated to see if the broad-spectrum protection conferred by antibodies could be further enhanced by T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Both brefeldin A and monensin disrupt glycoprotein processing by inhibiting protein translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. (healthdrugpdf.com)
  • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16537593 ), carried out such experiments and did not observe any differences in protein synthesis between wild-type and the different mutant viruses. (microbe.tv)
  • Hemagglutinin with reduced glycan occupancy required a higher concentration of surfactant protein D (an important innate immunity respiratory tract collectin) for inhibition compared to that with normal glycan occupancy. (cdc.gov)
  • The HA protein facilitates the virus's attachment to host cells, while the NA protein acts as a scissor to detach the HA from the cell membrane, enabling the virus to multiply. (scitechdaily.com)
  • The HN protein possesses both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Analysis of this HA gene shows that it is closely related to avian A(H5) viruses in HA clade 2.3.4.4b and lacked amino acid changes that improve recognition of mammalian receptors or fusion of the viral membrane with the host endosomal membranes. (cdc.gov)
  • The major role of the NA is to release new progeny virions from an infected cell by enzymatically cleaving sialic acid receptors, which aids virus spread to uninfected cells within an infected host. (cdc.gov)
  • From their genome sequencing data, investigators speculated that the increased virulence and transmissibility of the human H7N9 isolates may stem from subtle genetic changes that alter one or two amino acids encoded by H7N9's basic polymerase 2 gene, for instance, and/or shift hemagglutinin interactions with host cell receptors. (genomeweb.com)
  • Glycoprotein from Sendai, para-influenza, Newcastle Disease, and other viruses that participates in binding the virus to cell-surface receptors. (bvsalud.org)
  • The NA genes of H3N2 viruses used for primary infection or vaccination. (wikigenes.org)
  • In order to better understand differences in the outcome of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection, we inoculated a very virulent (vv) strain into White Leghorn chickens of inbred line W that was previously reported to experience over 24% flock mortality, and three inbred lines (15I, C.B4 and 0) that were previously reported to display no mortality. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Vaccination is the primary intervention used to curb influenza virus infection, and the WHO recommends immunization for at-risk individuals to mitigate disease. (mdpi.com)
  • We discuss the different vectored vaccines that have been or are currently in clinical trials, with a forward-looking focus on immunogens that may be protective against seasonal and pandemic influenza infection, in the context of viral-vectored vaccines. (mdpi.com)
  • The present application is drawn to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for preventing and treating influenza virus infection and methods of treating influenza virus infection. (justia.com)
  • Neutralizing antibodies can provide a first line of defense against influenza pathogens and passive immunization with neutralizing MAbs can provide immediate effects to prevent the spread of influenza infection and mortality. (justia.com)
  • These two MAbs were proven to inhibit virus infection in the post-attachment process rather than inhibition of receptor binding. (justia.com)
  • Moreover, antibody responses induced by influenza virus vaccines are usually short-lived and less cross-reactive against antigenically drifted virus variants than those induced by a natural influenza virus infection 1 . (researchsquare.com)
  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children and the second most common viral cause of pneumonia in adults. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza pneumonia: Amantadine hydrochloride and rimantadine hydrochloride are approved for the prevention and treatment of influenza A virus infection. (medscape.com)
  • Respiratory and systemic humoral and cellular immune response of pigs to a heterosubtypic influenza A virus infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • HA is the major surface antigen of the influenza viruses, against which neutralizing antibodies are elicited during virus infection and vaccination. (eenzyme.com)
  • A seasonal decline in the amount of ultraviolet radiation may reduce the likelihood of the virus being damaged or killed by direct radiation damage or indirect effects (i. e. ozone concentration) increasing the probability of infection. (covid19liveupdates.org)
  • Together with results from infection studies on chicken, duck, mouse, and ferret models, the genetic profiles generated for the H7N9 viruses hint that fairly small genetic changes could potentially lead to a version of the virus capable of human-to-human transmission. (genomeweb.com)
  • Influenza is a highly infectious, viral infection of the respiratory tract. (web.app)
  • The pages listed below offer public health and health care professionals key information about vaccination, infection control, prevention, treatment, and diagnosis of seasonal influenza. (web.app)
  • Host innate immune responses are the first line of defense against infection, and glycosylation of these major antigens plays an important role in the generation of host innate responses toward the virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Oseltamivir and zanamivir are antiviral neuraminidase inhibitors that are used for chemoprophylaxis and treatment of influenza A and B infection. (medscape.com)
  • Because of this, zanamivir was recommended as the initial choice for antiviral prophylaxis or treatment when influenza A infection or exposure was suspected. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza C virus infection does not cause typical influenza illness and is not discussed here. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Hemagglutinin (HA) in influenza A has at least 18 different subtypes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Based on the antigenic properties of these viral glycoproteins, influenza A viruses are classified into different subtypes. (frontiersin.org)
  • To date, 18 hemagglutinin (H1-H18) and 11 neuraminidase (N1-N11) subtypes have been identified ( 3 , 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • With the exception of bat-associated subtypes ( 4 ), all influenza A virus subtypes can be found in wild aquatic birds, which are their natural reservoir. (frontiersin.org)
  • Genetically and antigenically, AIV exist as multiple subtypes based on the two glycoproteins (HA and NA) on the virion surface. (scialert.net)
  • The virus can be classified into different subtypes based on their surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (justia.com)
  • With a TMPRSS2 dependancy of HA-activation of certain subtypes, the characterization of this protease is an important prerequisite for being available as a target for influenza drug design. (uni-marburg.de)
  • For instance, within hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes coding for surface glycoproteins used to classify influenza A subtypes, they saw between 99 and 100 percent sequence homology in the set of isolates tested. (genomeweb.com)
  • The enzymatic activity of NA is inhibited by one class of antiviral drugs that are FDA-approved for treatment of influenza (i.e. (cdc.gov)
  • Use of influenza-specific antiviral drugs for chemoprophylaxis or treatment of influenza is an important adjunct to vaccination, particularly for controlling outbreaks in closed populations. (medscape.com)
  • Zanamivir and oseltamivir are members of a class of drugs termed neuraminidase inhibitors and are active against both influenza virus type A and type B. They are approved for both prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (medscape.com)
  • It is approved for treatment of influenza A or B in children aged 2 weeks or older who have been symptomatic for no more than 2 days. (medscape.com)
  • Since March 2013, human infections with a previously undescribed H7N9 virus were observed, which also circulates in domestic birds without causing severe disease ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • With the huge influenza A virus reservoir in wild birds, it is a cause for concern when a new influenza strain emerges with the ability to cross host species barrier, as shown in light of the recent H7N9 outbreak in China. (springer.com)
  • 4. Nanobodies mapped to cross-reactive and divergent epitopes on A(H7N9) influenza hemagglutinin using yeast display. (eenzyme.com)
  • NEW YORK (GenomeWeb News) - A team from the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Gansu Agricultural University used genome sequencing as part of its effort to understand the traits and transmissibility of influenza A H7N9 viruses that are behind a spate of human infections in China. (genomeweb.com)
  • By comparing those sequences with the genomes of five H7N9 viruses involved in human infections, they found hints about the small genetic changes needed to make the H7N9 more virulent and transmissible in mammals. (genomeweb.com)
  • Currently, implementation of compulsory control measures in H7N9 virus-positive live poultry markets is preventing further human infections," senior author Hualan Chen, a veterinary researcher affiliated with the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Gansu Agricultural University, and her colleagues wrote. (genomeweb.com)
  • H]owever, the elimination of the H7N9 virus from nature is a huge and long-term challenge. (genomeweb.com)
  • Its non-pathogenic nature in poultry enables the avian H7N9 virus to replicate silently in avian species and to transmit to humans," they continued. (genomeweb.com)
  • More than 130 individuals in China have come down with flu cases involving the avian influenza A virus H7N9 over the past few months, Chen and her co-authors noted, and the virus has been linked to 37 deaths in that country since mid-February. (genomeweb.com)
  • That rash of flu infections has prompted closure of poultry-markets where the H7N9 virus was detected and spurred interest from several research groups keen to understand the strain's origins, pathogenicity, and transmissibility. (genomeweb.com)
  • To get at the genetics behind the newly emerged flu virus subtype, the team sequenced all eight genes that make up the influenza A genome in 37 of the new H7N9 isolates. (genomeweb.com)
  • Exposure to H7N9 viruses initially isolated from birds did not lead to discernible signs of disease in mice - nor did they produce symptoms in their typical avian hosts such as chickens and ducks. (genomeweb.com)
  • On the other hand, viruses involved in human H7N9 flu cases in China did appear capable of causing disease in mice: animals infected with those viruses dropped as much as 30 percent of their body weight. (genomeweb.com)
  • But, they added, results from their analysis indicated that "only a few amino acid changes would be needed to make the avian H7N9 viruses highly transmissible in mammals. (genomeweb.com)
  • Influenza A(H7N9) viruses remain as a high pandemic threat. (bvsalud.org)
  • The continued evolution of the A(H7N9) viruses poses major challenges in pandemic preparedness strategies through vaccination. (bvsalud.org)
  • The 1st wave vaccines induced robust responses to the 3rd and Pearl River Delta lineage 5th wave viruses but lower cross-reactivity to the highly pathogenic 5th wave A(H7N9) virus. (bvsalud.org)
  • Viruses are also transmitted between pigs and humans, and from poultry to humans. (powershow.com)
  • From these animals the virus can spread to domestic poultry or directly to humans and other mammalian hosts ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Highly pathogenic influenza A virus H5 subtype remains a risk for transmission in humans. (mdpi.com)
  • So far, little is known about how this virus evolves and adapts to infect humans. (mdpi.com)
  • With the emergence of non-human H9N2 isolates with avian characteristics, it is important to study the H9N2 isolates from avian hosts in addition to those obtained from humans for pandemic influenza understanding and preparedness. (scialert.net)
  • This property may be a consequence of the limited host range of the virus - humans and seals - which limits the generation of new strains by reassortment. (virology.ws)
  • The OIE is developing influenza surveillance guidelines that encompass birds, domestic mammals, wildlife, and humans. (nationalacademies.org)
  • surveillance focused on the subset of avian influenza viruses that pose significant risk of infecting humans, including certain viruses of low pathogenicity in poultry. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The Influenza A virus, which belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, can cause influenza in humans, birds or domesticated food animals. (justia.com)
  • Majority of influenza A viruses reside and circulate among animal populations, seldom infecting humans due to host range restriction. (springer.com)
  • Further understanding and determining host tropism would be important in identifying zoonotic influenza virus strains capable of crossing species barrier and infecting humans. (springer.com)
  • Its replication in humans will provide further opportunities for the virus to acquire more mutations and become more virulent and transmissible in the human population. (genomeweb.com)
  • To assess the efficacy and safety of vaccination against influenza virus in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, with special emphasis on the effect of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), including tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) blockers. (bmj.com)
  • This reluctance is based on sporadic case reports on the onset or exacerbation of the disease following vaccination with influenza, tetanus, hepatitis, and other vaccines. (bmj.com)
  • 4, 5 However, the eventual capacity of influenza vaccination to induce a significant clinical flare of rheumatoid arthritis is still debated. (bmj.com)
  • Antigenic drift of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) has been observed in chickens after extended vaccination program, similar to those observed with human influenza viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To evaluate the evolutionary properties of endemic AIV under high vaccination pressure (around 2 billion doses used in the last 12 years), we performed a pilot phylogenic analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of AIVs isolated from 1994 to 2006. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Vaccination programs produce faster antigenic drifts of human and avian influenza viruses [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Mexican aviculture system offers an excellent model to study AIV genetic evolution under high vaccination pressure for two important grounds: i) avian influenza vaccination is a regular veterinary practice, and ii) poultry systems are characterized by high avian population density per production unit. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Vaccination is the most effective form of influenza prevention. (web.app)
  • Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza 1. (web.app)
  • Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza 1 more dangerous than you might think. (web.app)
  • The flu chapter of the green book has been updated to reflect the latest guidance from the joint committee on vaccination and immunisation in readiness for the 2015 to 2016 influenza season. (web.app)
  • Therefore, HA is responsible for binding Influenza virus to sialic acid on the surface of target cells, such as cells in the upper respiratory tract or erythrocytes, causing as a result the internalization of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Influenza A viruses are one of the most important respiratory pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
  • The most commonly isolated virus is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). (medscape.com)
  • Avian influenza virus was isolated from poultry farms with history of respiratory illness and increased mortality. (scialert.net)
  • Some avian H9 viruses have acquired receptor binding characteristics typical of human strains, increasing the potential for reassortment in both human and pig respiratory tracts ( Suzuki, 2005 ). (scialert.net)
  • Nearly all adults have been infected with influenza C virus, which causes mild upper respiratory tract illness. (virology.ws)
  • That's correct - influenza C causes mild upper respiratory tract infections with cold-like symptoms. (virology.ws)
  • Two lineages of influenza D virus (IDV) have been found to infect cattle and promote bovine respiratory disease complex, one of the most commonly diagnosed causes of morbidity and mortality within the cattle industry. (cdc.gov)
  • Parainfluenza virus (PIV) is second in importance only to RSV as a cause of lower respiratory tract disease in children and pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants younger than 6 months. (medscape.com)
  • Cold temperatures lead to drier air, which may dehydrate mucous membranes, preventing the body from effectively defending against respiratory virus infections. (covid19liveupdates.org)
  • The michigan department of health and human services mdhhs seasonal influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. (web.app)
  • Seasonal influenza refers to the limited periodic outbreaks of respiratory illness that typically occur in the fall and winter in the united states. (web.app)
  • Seasonal influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. (web.app)
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that there are approximately 1 billion cases of influenza annually, with 3-5 million severe cases and as many as 650,000 influenza-related respiratory fatalities worldwide. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Although respiratory infections can be classified by the causative virus (eg, influenza), they are generally classified. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Influenza refers to illness caused by the influenza viruses, but the term is commonly and incorrectly used to refer to similar illnesses caused by other viral respiratory pathogens. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Protective anti-influenza immunity often correlates with antibody responses to influenza surface glycoproteins, particularly hemagglutinin (HA), the main antigenic determinant on the surface of both influenza virus and infected cells. (researchsquare.com)
  • Immunization of mice with NGI-1-treated virus significantly reduced antihemagglutinin and antineuraminidase titers of total serum antibody and reduced hemagglutinin protective antibody responses. (cdc.gov)
  • This suggested that the glycoproteins were more dynamic than previously thought, allowing the antibody an opportunity to attach. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Using a mouse model, we examined the induction of antibody responses using heterologous prime/boost strategies with a variety of PA vectors (influenza, vaccinia, rabies, cDNA), and we found that strategies involving initial priming with the influenza vector resulted in anti-PA serum antibody titers that were 10-fold higher than alternative regimes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Crossing the species barrier to mammals highlights the pandemic potential of H9N2 virus. (scialert.net)
  • H9N2 viruses circulate widely in the Middle East and are associated with serious disease in poultry. (scialert.net)
  • In addition, selected monobasic as well as dibasic compounds demonstrated strong suppression of the replication of certain H9N2 influenza viruses in a matriptase-expressing MDCK II cell model. (uni-marburg.de)
  • Other genes housed a bit more genetic diversity, the study's authors noted, and half a dozen genes showed signs of mixing with sequences from influenza A viruses in the H9N2 subtype. (genomeweb.com)
  • Pour le virus H3N2, nous avons généré 20 séquences de l'HA et 19 de la NA, et avons également inclus dans l'analyse 19 séquences publiées de l'HA et 19 de la NA. (who.int)
  • Antibodies to HA neutralize virus. (powershow.com)
  • Furthermore, these vaccines are limited to one or just a few strains and don't produce highly potent neutralizing antibodies or cross-reactive immunity against divergent influenza viruses. (justia.com)
  • In this study, the protection conferred by vaccines inducing antibodies to M2e was evaluated in a challenge model for swine influenza in pigs. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Most current influenza vaccines target the immunodominant head domain of the viral HA and therefore antibodies produced by these vaccines are strain specific. (scienceboard.net)
  • Influenza B and C are human viruses do not infect birds. (powershow.com)
  • Wild aquatic birds are the main reservoir of influenza A viruses. (powershow.com)
  • Furthermore, the NA has a full-length stalk which is consistent with viruses that naturally circulate in wild birds. (cdc.gov)
  • This chapter focuses on the global phenomenon of avian influenza, its impact on the poultry industry, and potential means to control influenza transmission among birds and mammals. (nationalacademies.org)
  • All AIVs were obtained from vaccinated birds showing clinical signs of avian influenza. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Within each experimental group, some individuals experienced more severe disease than others but line 15I birds experienced milder disease based on average clinical scores, percentage of birds with gross pathology, average bursal lesion scores and average peak bursal virus titre. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • The major influenza C virus envelope glycoprotein is called HEF (hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion) because it has the functions of both the HA and the NA. (virology.ws)
  • However, it has been difficult to obtain MAbs which neutralize divergent strains of influenza viruses with sufficient cross-protective immunity. (justia.com)
  • For the trivalent formulation influenza vaccines, two strains of influenza A and one of influenza B are included. (medscape.com)
  • Since the 2005-2006 influenza season, amantadine and rimantadine are no longer recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) because circulating strains of influenza virus have proved resistant. (medscape.com)
  • Trypsin-like serine proteases are crucial for influenza activation by mediating the cleavage of the viral surface glycoprotein HA and hence promoting the fusion potential of the virus. (uni-marburg.de)
  • Hemagglutinin (H) is a glycoprotein on the influenza viral surface that allows the virus to bind to cellular sialic acid and fuse with the host cell membrane. (msdmanuals.com)
  • High impact information on NA This was indicated by the ability of viruses bearing the H2- hemagglutinin glycoprotein, regardless of its associated neuraminidase, to induce lymphocyte proliferation in normal spleen cell suspensions and by the ability of antisera with specificity for the H2- hemagglutinin. (wikigenes.org)
  • The hemagglutinin (HA) gene codes for one of the two surface glycoproteins and is central to species specificity because it is responsible for virus attachment and fusion with host cells. (cdc.gov)
  • One crucial determinant of host tropism is hemagglutinin (HA) receptor specificity, in particular, preference of specific species of sialic acid on host cells. (springer.com)
  • While avian influenza is an uncommon disease of poultry in the United States, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) recognizes the international importance of the disease and has developed considerable animal health policies to detect, prevent, and control avian influenza. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The chapter concludes with an example of a low-pathogen avian influenza outbreak in a group of commercial poultry farms and the steps the industry took to contain further spread of the virus, minimize the risk of exposure, and monitor and prevent further infections. (nationalacademies.org)
  • No cleavage site mutation as seen in virulent poultry influenza strains (e.g. (cdc.gov)
  • Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) was used for the amplification of the HA cleavage site sequence, a marker for the virulence potential of avian influenza viruses [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Previously it has been found in studies with the C/Johannesburg/1/66 strain of influenza C virus (HEF-JHB) that transport of HEF to the cell surface is severely inhibited, and it is thought that the short cytoplasmic tail, Arg-Thr-Lys, is involved in blocking HEF cell surface expression (F. Oeffner, H.-D. Klenk, and G. Herrler, J. Gen. Virol. (northwestern.edu)
  • The associated subtype changes each year, due to development of immunological resistance to a previous year's strain (through exposure and vaccinations), and mutational changes in previously dormant viruses strains. (covid19liveupdates.org)
  • The quadrivalent vaccines contain an additional influenza B strain. (medscape.com)
  • Neuraminidase (NA), another surface glycoprotein, enzymatically removes sialic acid, promoting viral release from the infected host cell. (msdmanuals.com)
  • viruses, an arrest of significant evolution of the NA discordant with the continuing antigenic drift of HA was found in the 1980- 1983 period. (wikigenes.org)
  • However, due to antigenic drift in influenza viruses, vaccines need to be updated every year to protect against the circulating strains of the virus. (researchsquare.com)
  • Unfortunately, the virus is able to escape neutralization by mutating this part of hemagglutinin through a process known as antigenic drift," explained co-author Peter Palese, PhD, professor and chair of the department of microbiology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. (scienceboard.net)
  • Most influenza A viruses are restricted to their host species, having limited capability to cross species barrier and infect a new host. (springer.com)
  • Since influenza viruses that infect such people do not show consistent genomic variations, it is generally assumed that the altered biology is mainly related to host factors. (cdc.gov)
  • Bottom line Influenza virus somehow manages to make frequent minor changes and sudden major changes which permit temporary evasion of a population's immunity. (powershow.com)
  • This genetic change, or shift, in the virus results in immunity to only specific strains of the influenza virus, requiring frequent re-formulation and re-administration of seasonal vaccines. (scienceboard.net)
  • As the efficiency of innate immune responses is a critical determinant of disease severity and adaptive immunity, the study of influenza glycobiology is of clinical as well as research interest. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza viruses undergo constant genetic changes and every 10 - 50 years new influenza virus strains emerge that potentially cause a severe pandemic. (uni-marburg.de)
  • Genetic reassortment between avian and human influenza A viruses in Italian pigs. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • When developing influenza vaccines, researchers are forced to predict the genetic makeup of the virus some months in advance, and mismatches occur relatively frequently as strains become antigenically diverse. (scienceboard.net)
  • The neuraminidase stalks regions in these viruses had no deletion as compared to that A/Dk/HK/ Y280/97 lineage (Ck/Bei-like viruses) and the 2 human isolates A/HK/1073/99, A/HK/1074/99. (scialert.net)
  • the partners plan to exchange scientific information on avian influenza, share viral isolates, and may eventually manufacture human vaccines against avian viral strains. (nationalacademies.org)
  • After inoculation in chicken eggs, they were left with a couple hundred flu virus isolates. (genomeweb.com)
  • When they compared the genomes to one another and to sequences from five human viruses - including an isolate called A/Anhui/1/2013 from the current outbreak in China - the researchers determined that much of the genome was similar across the isolates. (genomeweb.com)
  • Influenza B viruses cause the same spectrum of disease as influenza A. However, influenza B viruses do not cause pandemics. (virology.ws)
  • In addition to identifying dextromethorphan as a potential influenza treatment option, our study illustrates the feasibility of a bioinformatics-driven rational approach for repurposing approved drugs against infectious diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • Immunosuppression can be caused by pathogens such as chicken infectious anemia virus, infectious bursal disease virus, reovirus, and some retroviruses (e.g., reticuloendotheliosis virus). (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Influenza is one of the commonest infectious diseases affecting millions of people every year including 290,000 - 650,000 heavy casualties. (uni-marburg.de)
  • Influenza is one of the most well-known infectious diseases attracting attention worldwide. (springer.com)
  • Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus. (web.app)
  • Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious infectious disease of small ruminants caused by peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). (bvsalud.org)
  • These were engineered into infectious influenza viruses by reverse genetics, and the resulting viruses displayed replication properties similar to WT influenza virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • I showed that the influenza C virus genome consists of 7 RNA segments, and demonstrated reassortment among different influenza C virus strains. (virology.ws)
  • Firstly, we would like to thank you for the segment on the current debate as to the mechanism of how viruses can become attenuated through wholescale genome modification. (microbe.tv)
  • These strategies are presented, along with background information on the biology, ecology, and epidemiology of avian influenza, by David Swayne and David Suarez of the USDA. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Their efficacy in patients with influenza viral pneumonia or severe influenza is unknown. (medscape.com)
  • Our data suggest that aberrant cellular glycosylation may increase the risk of severe influenza as a result of the increased ability of glycome-modified influenza viruses to evade the immune response. (cdc.gov)
  • The name "hemagglutinin" comes from the protein's ability to cause red blood cells (erythrocytes) to clump together ("agglutinate") in vitro. (wikipedia.org)
  • By in vitro selection for binding α2-6 sialosides, we identified four variant viruses with amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin (S227N, D187G, E190G, and Q196R) that revealed modestly increased α2-6 and minimally decreased α2-3 binding by glycan array analysis. (nih.gov)
  • Immunoevasion is a common ploy by which viruses neutralize or evade immune responses. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Antiviral medications with activity against influenza viruses are useful adjuncts in the prevention of influenza, and effective when used early in the course of illness for treatment. (web.app)
  • Oseltamivir is approved for use in children older than 1 year, for prevention of influenza following exposure. (medscape.com)
  • A particle according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the heterologous polypeptide sterically hinders binding of d e viral glycoprotein to its cognate receptor on the eukaryotic cell. (sumobrain.com)
  • A particle according to claim 11 or 12, wherein the protease cleavage site becomes accessible after the viral glycoprotein has bound to its cognate receptor on the eukaryotic cell. (sumobrain.com)
  • The hemagglutinin, esterase, and fusion (HEF) glycoprotein of influenza C virus possesses receptor binding, receptor destroying, and membrane fusion activities. (northwestern.edu)
  • Oseltamivir is an inhibitor of neuraminidase, which is a glycoprotein on the surface of the influenza virus that destroys the infected cell's receptor for viral hemagglutinin. (medscape.com)
  • The virus causes significant morbidity: in the US in 2008, approximately one-third of all laboratory confirmed cases of influenza were caused by influenza B (as shown on the first graph on this CDC page) . (virology.ws)