Heavy chain antibody gene rearrangement b lymphocyte heavy chain. Medical search. Frequent questions

The human immune system is capable of producing up to 10 9 different antibody species to interact with a wide range of antigens. (medscape.com)
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes. (lookformedical.com)
To allow the immune system to recognize millions of different antigens, the antigen-binding sites at both tips of the antibody come in an equally wide variety. (wikipedia.org)
VDJ rearrangement is a process by which the genes responsible for encoding the variable region of the B-cell receptor and T-cell receptor are rearranged to create a diverse repertoire of receptors capable of recognizing a wide variety of antigens. (osmosis.org)
These antibodies have a unique structure that enables them to recognize and bind with specific foreign substances, called antigens, that invade our body. (e-adventure.net)
Such binding of antibodies to antigens initiates a chain of events that helps our immune system to destroy or remove the foreign pathogens from our body. (e-adventure.net)
These B-cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce and secrete specific antibodies against foreign antigens that have invaded our body. (e-adventure.net)
The field of Lymphocyte Surface Antigens and Activation Mechanisms is examined in two chapters. (scielo.br)
When antibodies bind antigens, they can neutralize pathogens, mark them for phagocytosis, or activate the complement cascade. (openstax.org)
Non-B, non-T cell lymphoproliferative diseases are characterized by the absence of B-cell or T-cell-specific antigens and instead express common lymphocyte antigens. (e-jvc.org)
[3] This huge diversity of antibodies allows the immune system to recognize an equally wide diversity of antigens. (wikidoc.org)
cells are activated by interaction with antigens and obtain T indicated that the cell lines representing a defined cell help, they mature into terminally differentiated plasma stage generally presented a high similarity in over- cells secreting large amounts of antibodies [10 -12]. (lu.se)

The production of antibodies by B-cells is a complex multistep process that involves extensive genetic rearrangement and recombination before the final product is produced. (e-adventure.net)
Herein, we report a case of DLBCL with cyclin D1 expression and unusual genetic rearrangement involving CCND1 and BCL-6. (biomedcentral.com)
The diversity of T-cell receptors is also achieved by means of genetic rearrangement of V, D, and J segments. (healthtipsdesk.com)
In order to be prepared to react to a wide range of microbial epitopes, B cells, like T cells, use genetic rearrangement of hundreds of gene segments to provide the necessary diversity of receptor specificities. (oregonstate.education)

B lymphocytes, named after their site of origin in the bursa of Fabricius in birds or in the bone marrow in humans, form the basis for humoral immunity by their production of immunoglobulins. (medscape.com)
Antibodies, also referred to as immunoglobulins, are proteins made by B-cells that play a crucial role in the immune response of our body. (e-adventure.net)
Antibodies , also known as immunoglobulins, are proteins produced and secreted by plasma cells (differentiated B lymphocytes) that mediate the humoral immune response. (openstax.org)
Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins [1] ) are proteins that are found in blood or other bodily fluids of vertebrates , and are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects, such as bacteria and viruses . (wikidoc.org)

X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), also known as Bruton agammaglobulinemia, results from a mutation of the BTK gene, which encodes the pre-B-cell receptor (Pre-BCR) and BCR. (medscape.com)
His Nurse shark research incorporates themes from Somatic hypermutation, J chain, Exon, Sequence analysis and T-cell receptor. (research.com)
The Armenian hamster monoclonal antibody HM79 recognizes an extracellular epitope of mouse CD79b (CD79 beta, Ig beta), a component of B cell receptor (BCR) complex. (exbio.cz)
VDJ stands for variability, diversity, and joining, respectively, and VDJ rearrangement has 4 key characteristics that help ensure that each antigen receptor is unique. (osmosis.org)
and fourth, there's random reassortment of two chains - meaning that this process involves two different chains that come together to make the receptor. (osmosis.org)
The B cell receptor , or BCR, is essentially an antibody, except that it has a transmembrane part that goes through the membrane and attaches the receptor to the surface of a B cell . (osmosis.org)
Just like antibodies, the B cell receptor has a heavy chain and a light chain. (osmosis.org)
Then there's the constant region or fragment called the fragment - constant or Fc region , which is the part that determines what class of B cell receptor it will be - for example, IgM or IgD, and whether or not it will remain a membrane bound B cell receptor or if it will get secreted as a free floating antibody. (osmosis.org)
During VDJ rearrangement, DNA segments called V (variable), D (diversity), and J (joining) are rearranged to form the coding sequence for the receptor variable region. (osmosis.org)
Evidence has recently been obtained that two very different recombinatorial systems for lymphocyte antigen receptor diversification appeared at the beginning of vertebrate evolution approximately 500 million years ago. (scielo.br)
Jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) generate a diverse repertoire of B and T cell antigen receptors through the rearrangement of immunoglobulin V, D, and J gene fragments, whereas jawless fish (agnathans) assemble diverse lymphocyte antigen receptor genes through the genomic rearrangement of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) - encoding molecules. (scielo.br)
Analysis of an individual's immunoglobulin or T cell receptor gene repertoire can provide important insights into immune function. (bvsalud.org)
Established processes for the review and systematic naming of receptor germline genes and alleles require specific evidence and data types, but the discovery landscape is rapidly changing. (bvsalud.org)
Accordingly, once rearrangement of the Ig genes has taken place, the corresponding protein will be expressed as a surface receptor. (healthtipsdesk.com)
When lymphoid leukemia is suspected in cats, the diagnostic process often involves peripheral blood assessment, including complete blood count (CBC) with differential count, flow cytometry (FC) analysis, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR). (e-jvc.org)
B cell receptor light chain repertoires show signs of selection with differences between groups of healthy individuals and SLE patients. (uchicago.edu)
Antibodies occur in two forms: a soluble form secreted into the blood and tissue fluids, and a membrane-bound form attached to the surface of a B cell that is called the B cell receptor (BCR). (wikidoc.org)
During the maturation of B cells, the cells first express a rearranged μ heavy chain gene, which associates with the surrogate light chain to produce the pre-B cell receptor (see Chapter 4 ). (basicmedicalkey.com)
Monoclonal anti-IL 2 receptor antibodies as specific inhibitors of T cell function in vitro. (southernbiotech.com)

L&H cells from lymphocyte predominant HL cases and centroblasts from lymphadenites were micromanipulated and analysed for AID expression by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. (bmj.com)
If the lymph node cells were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to assess Ig heavy-chain rearrangements, what abnormal finding would you expect? (basicmedicalkey.com)
In 1990, Burke et al ( 3 ), first reported the association between EBV and gastric carcinoma with characteristic lymphoepithelioma-like histology based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. (spandidos-publications.com)

Primary B-cell immunodeficiencies refer to diseases resulting from impaired antibody production due to either molecular defects intrinsic to B-cells or a failure of interaction between B-cells and T-cells. (medscape.com)
Centroblasts progress to centrocytes with high-affinity antibody production, then differentiate further to long-term memory cells and plasmablasts. (medscape.com)
They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation. (lookformedical.com)
Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. (lookformedical.com)
A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. (lookformedical.com)
A classification of B-lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells. (lookformedical.com)
In the absence of mature B cells, patients lack lymphoid tissue and fail to develop plasma cells, the cells that manufacture antibodies. (medscape.com)
Activation of Btk results in a cascade of signaling events resulting in calcium mobilization and fluxes, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and transcriptional regulation involving nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). (medscape.com)
The lymphocytic and histiocytic (L&H) cells of lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) originate from germinal centre B cells and carry mutated V gene rearrangements, usually with intraclonal diversity. (bmj.com)
The lymphocytic and histiocytic (L&H) cells of lymphocyte predominant HL express B cell markers and also the germinal centre (GC) marker BCL6, indicating that they are derived from GC B cells. (bmj.com)
1 Analysis of V gene rearrangements in single L&H cells revealed the presence of somatic mutations with intraclonal diversity in functional monoclonal V gene rearrangements, in line with a GC B cell origin. (bmj.com)
Intraclonal diversity in V gene rearrangements as a result of active somatic hypermutation is a typical feature of GC B cells. (bmj.com)
11 To clarify this issue for lymphocyte predominant HL we quantitatively examined the expression of AID in the L&H cells of six patients with lymphocyte predominant HL at the transcription level, because suitable antibodies for immunohistochemistry are not yet available. (bmj.com)
Together with B and T cells , antibodies comprise the most important part of the adaptive immune system . (wikipedia.org)
After an antigen binds to a BCR, the B cell activates to proliferate and differentiate into either plasma cells , which secrete soluble antibodies with the same paratope, or memory B cells , which survive in the body to enable long-lasting immunity to the antigen. (wikipedia.org)
SL is an antigen-dependent process and requires the collaboration of antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells and macrophages), CD4 + T lymphocytes, and different cytokines. (medscape.com)
Lymphocytes, B and T cells, can respond selectively to thousands of non-self materials. (lu.se)
1) Antibody deficiency disorders are defects in immunoglobulin-producing B cells . (lu.se)
3) T cell deficiencies result usually in combined immunodeficiencies (CIDs), where both T cells and antibody production are defective. (lu.se)
In addition, the generation of two GFP mutants with distinct excitation optima allows for detection of two distinct GFP genes within single cells. (umassmed.edu)
Correction: Nasopharyngeal Exposure to Streptococcus pneumoniae Induces Extended Age-Dependent Protection against Pulmonary Infection Mediated by Antibodies and CD138+ Cells. (umassmed.edu)
The key cells of the adaptive immune response are the lymphocytes- the B and T cells . (osmosis.org)
And the antigen receptors for T cells and B cells have a lot of things in common, one of which is that they share the same mechanism - called VDJ rearrangement - to generate a massively diverse set of receptors. (osmosis.org)
Differentiating between low-grade lymphoma and reactive lymphocytes is often difficult by morphology alone as reactive lymphoid cells may acquire activation morphology from being exposed to different cytokines within the body fluid. (cytojournal.com)
These lymphocytes comprise two major types: T-cells and B-cells. (e-adventure.net)
Out of the two types of lymphocytes, B-cells are the ones responsible for producing antibodies. (e-adventure.net)
When B-cells are exposed to an antigen, they develop into plasma cells that produce and secrete antibodies specific to that antigen. (e-adventure.net)
The other end of the antibody, which comprises the constant region, interacts with various immune system cells to initiate a response against the bound antigen. (e-adventure.net)
The main function of antibodies is to neutralize or tag pathogens, making them more accessible to immune system cells, such as phagocytes that can phagocytize and remove them from the body. (e-adventure.net)
The newly formed plasma cells start to produce and secrete massive amounts of specific antibodies that can block or neutralize the target antigen. (e-adventure.net)
During the final stage of antibody production, the plasma cells undergo a process known as affinity maturation. (e-adventure.net)
During this process, the plasma cells undergo extensive genetic mutations that result in the formation of high-affinity antibodies. (e-adventure.net)
After the pathogen is cleared from the body, a small proportion of plasma cells differentiate into memory B-cells that can rapidly produce secondary antibodies if a reinfection with the same pathogen occurs. (e-adventure.net)
In summary, B-cells are the key player leukocytes responsible for antibody production in our immune system. (e-adventure.net)
The antibodies produced by B-cells play a critical role in neutralizing or tagging the invading pathogens, making them more accessible to immune system cells to remove them from our body. (e-adventure.net)
When HEL was expressed in a soluble form, HEL-specific B cells were not deleted, but became unable to proliferate or secrete HEL-specific antibodies ( 2 ). (silverchair.com)
In germ-line B cells, the variable region of the light chain gene has 40 variable (V) and five joining (J) segments. (openstax.org)
accessible in PMC 2022 June 03.Cossarizza et al.PageB cells and their subsets B cells represent the antibody-producing cells creating from na e B cells to antibodysecreting plasma cells. (gsk-3inhibitor.com)
Immediately after PBMC planning or lysing entire blood, lymphocytes ought to be gated in accordance to their scatter properties and by exclusion of doublets and dead cells through the evaluation (Fig. 97A, B). In an effort to detect plasma cells concurrently, the initial FSC/SSC gating need to be greater and never restricted to a standard lymphocyte gate 721. (gsk-3inhibitor.com)
CD19 is often a B-cell surface molecule expressed in the time of immunoglobulin heavy chain rearrangement 722, CD20 is expressed by all mature B cells past the pro B-cell stage inside the bone marrow and disappears around the surface of mature plasma cells 723, 724. (gsk-3inhibitor.com)
Immediately after antigen experience and T-cell assist, memory B cells and antibody-secreting plasma cells are created in the germinal center response. (gsk-3inhibitor.com)
Human memory B cells may be recognized through the expression of CD27 and mutated immunoglobulin VDJ gene rearrangements 726, 728. (gsk-3inhibitor.com)
The immune system is comprised of various continuously circulating cells (T and B lymphocytes, and antigen-presenting cells present in various tissues). (healthtipsdesk.com)
The effector functions of the immune system comprise antibodies and complement-dependent mechanisms within body fluids and the mucosa, as well as tissue-bound effector mechanisms executed by T cells and monocytes/macrophages. (healthtipsdesk.com)
Following antigen stimulation, specific B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies into the surroundings. (healthtipsdesk.com)
The leukogram also showed remarkable lymphocytic leukocytosis, with a lymphocyte count of 41,600 cells/μL (reference interval: 920-6,880 cells/μL), a total white blood cell counts of 45,570 cells/μL (reference interval: 2,870-17,020 cells/μL) and a neutrophil count of 140 cells/μL (reference interval: 2,300-10,290 cells/μL). (e-jvc.org)
The heavy and light immunoglobulin genes are present as gene segments in the germline cells. (uchicago.edu)
[7] Activated B cells differentiate into either antibody generating factories called plasma cells that secrete soluble antibody, or into memory cells that survive in the body for years afterwards to allow the immune system to remember an antigen and respond faster upon future exposures. (wikidoc.org)
Examination of smears prepared from aspirated cells revealed mainly small, irregular lymphocytes. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Flow cytometric evaluation of these cells showed a 10-fold excess of B cells expressing λ immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain compared with B cells expressing κ Ig light chain. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Because of the suspicion of B cell lymphoma, a malignant tumor of cells of the B lymphocyte lineage, the surgeon elected to remove the entire lymph node. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Flow cytometric analysis of these cells showed a predominant population of B cells expressing IgM, λ light chain, CD10, and CD20, and immunohistochemical stains performed on slides showed strong cytoplasmic staining for BCL-2. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Why does the presence of a B cell population in which a large majority of the cells express λ light chain indicate a neoplasm rather than a response to an infection? (basicmedicalkey.com)
Its expression is initiated by functional rearrangement and expression of IgM heavy chain genes and is down-regulated when immature B cells mature and express IgD. (southernbiotech.com)
I. Monoclonal antibodies that define distinct functional epitopes on activated T cells and react with activated B cells. (southernbiotech.com)
immature cell is then subjected to negative selection to delete grouped based on their previously defined pheno- self-reactive cells before it leaves the BM to enter peripheral typic features, and a gene expression pattern for lymphoid organs, where it becomes a mature B cell [9]. (lu.se)
B lymphocyte development is a highly ordered process pro- expression analysis without the use of intermediate amplifica- ceeding from the progenitor cells in the bone marrow (BM) to tion steps. (lu.se)
Humoral immunity refers to mechanisms of the adaptive immune defenses that are mediated by antibodies secreted by B lymphocytes, or B cells. (oregonstate.education)
Solitary or multiple benign cutaneous nodules comprised of immature and mature vascular structures intermingled with endothelial cells and a varied infiltrate of eosinophils, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and mast cells. (lookformedical.com)
We are studying the role that normal chromatin structure plays in gene regulation in hematopoietic cells and how its disruption leads to altered development and cancer. (stanford.edu)
This mechanism also applies to hematopoietic cells transformed by other HOX genes, including CDX2, which is highly expressed in a majority of acute myeloid leukemias, thus providing a molecular approach based on GSK-3 inhibitory strategies to target HOX-associated transcription in a broad spectrum of leukemias. (stanford.edu)
The immunoglobulin (Ig) variable region (V) genes expressed by IgM chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells display little or no somatic mutations. (omicsdi.org)
These isotype-switched CLL B cells expressed surface HLA-DR, CD19, CD23, and CD5, and displayed no alterations of the bcl-1 and bcl-2 oncogenes and the p53 tumor-suppressor gene. (omicsdi.org)
The cDNA VH-D-JH gene sequence was joined with that of the C alpha gene in the B cells of the three IgA CLLs, and with that of the C gamma gene in the IgG CLL B cells. (omicsdi.org)
In the IgA/IgG-coexpressing CLL B cells, identical VH-D-JH cDNA sequences were spliced to either C alpha or C gamma genes. (omicsdi.org)
In all five CLLs, the pattern of C mu DNA probe hybridization to the digested genomic DNAs was consistent with deletion of the C mu exon from the rearranged Ig gene locus, suggesting that these CLL B cells had undergone DNA switch recombination. (omicsdi.org)
These findings suggest that IgA- and/or IgG-expressing CLLs represent, in their VH gene structure, transformants of B cells at different stages of ontogeny. (omicsdi.org)
They also suggest that Ag may play a role in the clonal selection of some of these isotype-switched leukemic cells, but bcl-1 and bcl-2 oncogene rearrangements and p53 tumor suppressor gene mutation are not associated with the pathogenesis of isotype-switched CLLs. (omicsdi.org)
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) usually involves the expansion of a clone of CD5+ B cells synthesizing IgM antibodies. (omicsdi.org)
To test the hypothesis that in vivo isotype class switching occurs in IgM+ B-type CLL cells, we analyzed the PBMC of 19 CLL patients for the presence of transcripts encoding the rearranged CLL V(H)DJ(H) associated with either gamma or alpha H chains. (omicsdi.org)
Lack of intraclonal diversification in Ig heavy and light chain V region genes expressed by CD5+IgM+ chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells: a multiple time point analysis. (omicsdi.org)
Patients who have common variable immunodeficiency and autoimmune conditions appear to have very low numbers of isotype-switched memory B cells in peripheral blood and are more likely to have a mutation in the gene that encodes TACI ( TNFRST13B ). (medscape.com)
The tumour cells are malignant plasma cells of the same clonal origin, and secrete high amounts of monoclonal antibody, known as the M-component. (touchoncology.com)
Accordingly, here we analyse antibodies and T cells of a recently vaccinated, UK cohort, alongside those recovering from natural infection in early 2020. (nature.com)

The 3C7 monoclonal antibody reacts with an epitope of CD25 which is distinct from that recognized by clone 7D4. (southernbiotech.com)

Btk is required for the proliferation and differentiation of B lymphocytes. (medscape.com)

A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. (lookformedical.com)
Atypical lymphoid hyperplasia due to clonal expansion of B or T lymphocytes has been reported in as many as one third of patients with common variable immunodeficiency. (medscape.com)

Ordered rearrangement of B-lymphocyte variable gene regions thereby contributing to antibody diversity. (ichacha.net)
The genes of these complex loci form functional genes through the process of recombination, giving rise to a repertoire of heterodimeric receptors of incredible diversity. (bvsalud.org)
The three gene segments (variable, diversity, joining) which encode the variable domain (the VDJ region for the H chain, and the VJ region for the L chain) are capable of undergoing a process called recombination. (healthtipsdesk.com)
Clathrin light chain diversity regulates membrane deformation in vitro and synaptic vesicle formation in vivo. (academictree.org)
The heavy chain germline genes have an additional segment D (diversity). (uchicago.edu)
The large and diverse population of antibodies is generated by random combinations of a set of gene segments that encode different antigen binding sites (or paratopes ), followed by random mutations in this area of the antibody gene, which create further diversity. (wikidoc.org)

However, murine models, including knockout and transgenic mice, have been useful in understanding the mechanisms of B lymphopoiesis, B-cell differentiation, and antibody formation. (medscape.com)
Molecular pathways and mechanisms regulating the recombination of immunoglobulin genes during B-lymphocyte development. (uchicago.edu)
By what mechanisms would the anti-CD20 antibody help this patient? (basicmedicalkey.com)

[2] [5] Antibody genes also re-organize in a process called class switching that changes the base of the heavy chain to another, creating a different isotype of the antibody that retains the antigen specific variable region. (wikidoc.org)
One of the important strategies to generate immune protection and maintain intestinal homeostasis is the production of IgA, the most abundant antibody isotype in the host, which provides a first line of immune protection at the mucosal surface. (nature.com)
However, preliminary findings have shown that Ig V genes of IgA and IgG CLLs may be somatically mutated, suggesting that isotype-switched CLLs may represent a "subtype" of the disease. (omicsdi.org)

This antibody has a high affinity for CEA and shows no detectable reactivity to nonspecific cross-reacting antigen (NCA), biliary glycoprotein (BGP) and human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. (samatashkhis.com)

An antibody ( Ab ), also known as an immunoglobulin ( Ig ), [1] is a large, Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses . (wikipedia.org)
Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize it directly (for example, by blocking a part of a virus that is essential for its invasion). (wikipedia.org)
This process ensures that the best-suited antibodies are produced to neutralize the invading pathogen. (e-adventure.net)
Antibodies can also neutralize targets directly by, for example, binding to a part of a pathogen that it needs to cause an infection. (wikidoc.org)

Mutations can occur in any area of the gene. (medscape.com)
Murine gene mutations in human counterparts may be associated with a clinical illness different from the illness seen in mice. (medscape.com)
The genetic landscape of CLL has been recently enriched with mutations within a number of genes proposed as novel prognostic markers. (ndltd.org)
The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the prognostic relevance of recurrent gene mutations and to assess the clinicobiological associations and clinical impact of BcR IG stereotypy in CLL. (ndltd.org)
In a cohort of 3490 patients, NOTCH1, SF3B1 and TP53 mutations were enriched within clinically aggressive cases carrying unmutated IGHV genes (U-CLL), frequently co-occurring with trisomy 12, del(11q) and del(17p), respectively. (ndltd.org)
In all other class-switched CLLs, the Ig VH segment gene was mutated, but the point mutations were not associated with intraclonal diversification. (omicsdi.org)
These switched transcripts do not reveal evidence for the accumulation of significant numbers of new V(H) gene mutations. (omicsdi.org)
The occurrence of switching without the accumulation of V gene mutations indicates that the processes of differentiation and diversification are not linked. (omicsdi.org)

Five different antibody isotypes are known in mammals, which perform different roles, and help direct the appropriate immune response for each different type of foreign object they encounter. (wikidoc.org)

It is unclear whether intraclonal V gene diversification by somatic hypermutation, which is strictly dependent on the enzyme activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID), is restricted to the early phase of lymphoma clone expansion and later silenced, or whether it remains active throughout malignant proliferation. (bmj.com)
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is subdivided into classic forms and lymphocyte predominant HL. (bmj.com)
Abstract B38: FOXP1 truncated isoforms differentially regulate target genes in diffuse large B cell lymphoma. (growkudos.com)

The process is mediated by recombination-activating genes (RAG1 and RAG2) and involves the introduction of double-strand breaks at specific recombination signal sequences (RSS) flanking the V, D, and J segments, followed by joining of the broken ends. (osmosis.org)

Flow cytometry surface staining pattern of murine splenocytes stained using anti-mouse CD79b (HM79) purified antibody (concentration in sample 1.67 μg/ml, GaArH APC). (exbio.cz)
Separation of murine CD79b positive lymphocytes (red-filled) from CD79b negative lymphocytes (black-dashed) in flow cytometry analysis (surface staining) of murine splenocyte suspension stained using anti-mouse CD79b (HM79) purified antibody (concentration in sample 1.67 μg/ml, GaArH APC). (exbio.cz)
APC Anti-Mouse CD25 antibody for use in flow cytometry assays. (southernbiotech.com)

An enzyme called DNA recombinase randomly excises most of these segments out of the gene, and splices one V segment to one J segment. (openstax.org)
Figure 33.22 (a) As a germ-line B cell matures, an enzyme called DNA recombinase randomly excises V and J segments from the light chain gene. (openstax.org)
The completed genes are created when the segments are shuffled and assembled (B-LYMPHOCYTE GENE REARRANGEMENT) during B-LYMPHOCYTE maturation. (uchicago.edu)
The gene segments of the human light and heavy chain germline genes are symbolized V (variable), J (joining) and C (constant). (uchicago.edu)

Secondary B lymphopoiesis is an antigen-dependent process and occurs in the germinal center of peripheral lymphoid organs with specific antibody production. (medscape.com)
The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES. (lookformedical.com)

[2] [3] Each tip of the "Y" of an antibody contains a paratope (analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. (wikipedia.org)
His Nurse shark research is multidisciplinary, relying on both Nursing, Complementarity determining region, Epitope, Phage display and Single-domain antibody. (research.com)
The unique part of the antigen recognized by an antibody is called an epitope . (wikidoc.org)

Therapies for these disorders (eg, intravenous immunoglobulin [IVIG], bone marrow transplantation, gene therapy) are very costly and require highly advanced facilities. (medscape.com)
Feline lymphocytic leukemia is a common neoplastic disorder characterized by the proliferation of neoplastic lymphocytes in bone marrow. (e-jvc.org)

Immunoglobulin gene rearrangement begins with heavy-chain gene rearrangement followed by light-chain gene rearrangement. (medscape.com)
B-cell transcription factor expression and immunoglobulin gene rearrangement frequency in acute myeloid leukemia with t(8;21)(q22;q22). (uchicago.edu)

Initially, all antibodies are of the first form, attached to the surface of a B cell - these are then referred to as B-cell receptors (BCR). (wikipedia.org)
The terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably, [1] though the term 'antibody' is sometimes reserved for the secreted, soluble form, i.e. excluding B-cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)
These incompatibilities occur when gene divergence affects loci encoding interacting products such as receptors and their ligands. (bvsalud.org)

Because these fluids were traditionally known as humors , antibody-mediated immunity is sometimes known as, or considered a part of, humoral immunity . (wikipedia.org)

Antibodies are heavy (~150 k Da ) proteins of about 10 nm in size, [7] arranged in three globular regions that roughly form a Y shape. (wikipedia.org)
Cytosine modifications directly affect the positioning of nucleosomes (the first level of chromatin organization into chromosome involving the DNA chain wound around a core of 8 histone proteins), and recruit chromatin-modifying complexes that modify histones. (i-sis.org.uk)
Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins that have a unique structure with two heavy chains and two light chains joined together by disulfide bonds. (e-adventure.net)
The antibody response to HIV-1 in vivo is direct against several viral proteins. (scielo.br)
In a very interesting chapter, Z. PANCER and M. D. COOPER first consider the emergence of lymphocytes as a novel circulatory cell type in vertebrates and then discuss phylogenetic aspects of the superfamily of LRR - containing proteins and their role in immunity. (scielo.br)
Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins consisting of four polypeptides with at least two binding sites for a specific antigen. (openstax.org)
To reduce the risk of analyzing cell line- pathway can be divided into distinct stages based on the specific features, we used several representative cell lines for recombination status of the Ig genes and on the expression each of four major stages in B cell development: pro-B, pre-B, pattern of surface markers and the presence of intracellular proteins [1- 6]. (lu.se)
Our studies have demonstrated that several of the proteins encoded by cellular oncogenes function in fundamental aspects of gene regulation. (stanford.edu)

[8] Antibodies are, therefore, an essential component of the adaptive immune system that learns, adapts and remembers responses to invading pathogens. (wikidoc.org)
In its four forms, provides the majority of antibody-based immunity against invading pathogens. (wikidoc.org)

Subsequent differentiation allows for rear- analysis of a set of mouse B lineage cell lines rep- rangements of the Ig light-chain (IgL) genes that replace the resenting defined stages of B cell development us- surrogate light-chain genes on the surface of the B cell [8]. (lu.se)

Martin F. Flajnik focuses on Genetics, Molecular biology, Acquired immune system, Antibody and Nurse shark. (research.com)
His primary areas of investigation include Genetics, Gene, Major histocompatibility complex, Molecular biology and Nurse shark. (research.com)
For AP ® , you do not need to know the different classes of antibodies or the molecular structure of a specific antibody. (openstax.org)
We examined DNA methylation of well-validated H. pylori infection associated genes in GC and its adjacent mucosa and investigated its association with CIMP, various molecular subtypes and clinical features. (hokudai.ac.jp)

Furthermore, we discuss recent findings on EBV associated gastric carcinogenesis by focusing on the roles of latent genes, epigenetic abnormalities, genomic alterations, and post-transcriptional regulation by cellular and viral microRNAs (miRNAs). (spandidos-publications.com)

The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the pathogen, called an antigen . (wikipedia.org)
An antibody molecule is comprised of four polypeptides: two identical heavy chains (large peptide units) that are partially bound to each other in a "Y" formation, which are flanked by two identical light chains (small peptide units), as illustrated in Figure 33.22 . (openstax.org)
Bonds between the cysteine amino acids in the antibody molecule attach the polypeptides to each other. (openstax.org)
Ig gene-like molecule CD31 plays a nonredundant role in the regulation of T-cell immunity and tolerance. (uchicago.edu)
The trunk of the Y-shaped molecule, the constant region of the two heavy chains, spans the B cell membrane. (oregonstate.education)

Antibodies occur in the blood, in gastric and mucus secretions, and in breast milk, thus providing passive immunity to the infant. (openstax.org)

A group of malignant lymphomas thought to derive from peripheral T-lymphocytes in lymph nodes and other nonlymphoid sites. (lookformedical.com)

In a series of 8593 CLL patients, stereotyped subsets showed marked differences in demographics, clinical presentation, cytogenetic aberrations and gene mutational spectrum. (ndltd.org)

We suggest that this avoidance of autoimmunity is only achieved through a coordination of evolution between heavy- and light-chain genes, and between these genes and the rest of the genome. (bvsalud.org)

These abnormalities result in significant alterations in gene expression related to cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and immune signaling pathways. (spandidos-publications.com)
3C7, used in combination with 7D4 in culture, results in higher levels of inhibition of proliferation driven by IL-2 and generation of alloreactive CTL than either of these monoclonal antibodies alone. (southernbiotech.com)

This antibody recognizes the C4d fraction of complement. (samatashkhis.com)

Structurally an antibody is also partitioned into two antigen-binding fragments (Fab), containing one V L , V H , C L , and C H 1 domain each, as well as the crystallisable fragment (Fc), forming the trunk of the Y shape. (wikipedia.org)

The specificity of an antibody is determined by the amino acid sequence of the variable domains of the H and L chains, and this sequence is unique for each corresponding cell clone. (healthtipsdesk.com)

Mammals start generating B lymphocytes during fetal development and continue to do so throughout life. (umassmed.edu)

[ 4 . 5 ] Adding to the challenge, classic lymphoglandular bodies, representing remnants of lymphocyte cytoplasm, are typically inconspicuous or absent in effusion fluids, in contrast to FNA material from solid specimens. (cytojournal.com)
The lymphocytes showed moderate amount of cytoplasm and round nuclei with prominent nucleoli. (biomedcentral.com)

A maturing T cell undergoes VDJ rearrangement . (osmosis.org)

Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, based entirely on modern biotechnological techniques, as to date encompass a wider range of altogether newer medicinal compounds, e.g., antibiotics, vaccines, and monclonal antibodies (MABs) that may now be produced commercially using well-defined, optimized, and improved fermentative methodologies. (123dok.com)

His works in Acquired immune system, Vertebrate, Gene rearrangement, Locus and Immunoglobulin heavy chain are all subjects of inquiry into Genetics. (research.com)

However, in most cases there are specific features that may aid in differentiating small reactive from non-reactive lymphocytes including the round shape of the nucleus, the absence of visible nucleoli and the presence of fine clumped chromatin. (cytojournal.com)
2) We have discovered a group of oncoproteins that are implicated in long-term maintenance of gene expression through their effects on the state of chromatin. (stanford.edu)

The BTK gene is present on Xq21.3-q22, and its defect results in deficiency of Bruton tyrosine kinase. (medscape.com)
Non-XLA is the result of mu heavy-chain gene deficiency that leads to abortive production of IgM and failure of B-cell development. (medscape.com)

Lymph node biopsies of six patients with lymphocyte predominant HL and three with non-specific lymphadenitis were analysed. (bmj.com)
What is important to understand is that antibodies are antigen-specific. (openstax.org)
These epitopes bind with their antibody in a highly specific interaction, called induced fit , that allows antibodies to identify and bind only their unique antigen in the midst of the millions of different molecules that make up an organism . (wikidoc.org)
E.B. was treated with injections of a mouse/human chimeric monoclonal IgG antibody called rituximab, which is specific for human CD20. (basicmedicalkey.com)
BOB.1 from "B cell binding Octamer protein 1 "is a specific coactivator of transcription factors Oct-1 and Oct-2 of B lymphocytes. (samatashkhis.com)

His Gene rearrangement, Immunoglobulin superfamily, Genome, Transposable element and Xenopus study are his primary interests in Genetics. (research.com)

His Gene and Vertebrate investigations are all subjects of Genetics research. (research.com)
We suggest here that the nature of vertebrate immunoglobulin (IG) genes must make them prone to DMIs. (bvsalud.org)

Patients with antibody deficiencies are especially susceptible to encapsulated bacteria, which cause pyogenic infections. (lu.se)

In non-neoplastic mucosa, methylation of H. pylori infection associated genes was higher in patients with GC than those without. (hokudai.ac.jp)

A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes. (lookformedical.com)
Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation. (lookformedical.com)

In this article, we will explore the key player leukocyte that produces antibodies and the mechanism involved in this process. (e-adventure.net)
The underlying mechanism for cyclin D1 expression was due to an abnormal gene rearrangement involving BCL-6 and CCND1, which was different from most reported cases. (biomedcentral.com)
The antibody is useful for studying the phenomenon of cell death by apoptosis as a pathogenic mechanism of numerous pathologies: nerve damage, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, AIDS and malignancies. (samatashkhis.com)

Global CpG island hypermethylation, which induces epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes, is also a unique feature of EBVaGC and is considered to be crucial for its carcinogenesis. (spandidos-publications.com)

Antibodies from different classes also differ in where they are released in the body and at what stage of an immune response. (wikipedia.org)
Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that can remember and recognize an antigen it has encountered before and initiate an immune response against it. (e-adventure.net)
Because secreted antibodies can remain in the circulation for many years, secondary exposure to a pathogen results in a faster immune response. (openstax.org)

The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1). (lookformedical.com)
7 Several studies analysing AID expression and mutation patterns in V gene rearrangements in various B cell non-HLs showed that, although somatic hypermutation activity is strictly dependent on AID, the expression of this protein does not necessarily indicate ongoing somatic hypermutation. (bmj.com)
Koyama M, Ishihara K, Karasuyama H, Cordell JL, Iwamoto A, Nakamura T: CD79 alpha/CD79 beta heterodimers are expressed on pro-B cell surfaces without associated mu heavy chain. (exbio.cz)
My lab is interested in what controls the initiation of antibody gene rearrangement during B cell development. (umassmed.edu)
1 V(D)J recombination and the activity of genes of interest (using GFP as a reporter of gene expression) can be detected as intracellular fluorescence and are measured simultaneously in the same cell population, at the single cell level. (umassmed.edu)
Upon BCR activation, the cell integrates various signaling pathways that lead to the expression of essential genes, including genes involved in antibody production. (e-adventure.net)
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) (also known as CD152) is a major negative regulator of T cell responses which interacts with the B7-1 (CD80) / B7-2 (CD86) ligands on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell. (scielo.br)
As a result, each differentiated B cell in the human body typically has a unique variable chain. (openstax.org)
each antibody has two large heavy chains H and two small light chains L . Antibodies are produced by a kind of white blood cell called a B cell . (wikidoc.org)
C57BL/6 mouse cytotoxic T lymphocyte cell line CTLL-2 was stained with Rat Anti-Mouse CD25-APC (SB Cat. (southernbiotech.com)
Inoculation with a high dose strains of LMP1 transgenic mice vide a powerful tool in mechanistic of EBV caused a B-cell lymphopro- were established that express LMP1 studies on the role of individual viral liferative disorder in these mice, under the control of the immunoglob- genes in cancer. (who.int)

Consecutively, C4d is a stable split product remnant of classical complement activation and an established marker of antibody-mediated acute renal allograft rejection. (samatashkhis.com)

Anatomy34

Organisms12

Diseases21

Chemicals and Drugs95

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment33

Phenomena and Processes73

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care2

Antigens12

Genetic rearrangement4

Immunoglobulins4

Receptor19

Polymerase chain re3

Cells74

Monoclonal antibody1

Differentiation of B lymphocytes1

Clonal expansion2

Diversity6

Mechanisms3

Isotype3

High-affinity1

Neutralize4

Mutations8

Isotypes are known1

Lymphoma3

Recombination-activ1

Flow cytometry3

Segments4

Germinal2

Epitope3

Bone marrow2

Immunoglobulin gene2

Receptors3

Humoral immunity1

Proteins8

Pathogens2

Surrogate light chain1

Molecular4

Genomic1

Molecule5

Occur1

Peripheral1

Subsets1

Light-chain genes1

Proliferation2

Recognizes1

Structurally1

Specificity1

Mammals1

Cytoplasm2

Undergoes1

MABs1

Locus1

Chromatin2

Deficiency2

Specific5

Genome1

Vertebrate2

Encapsulated bacteria1

Neoplastic1

Malignant2

Mechanism3

Tumor1

Immune response3

Cell11

Acute1