• The multifunctional activity of the humoral immune response remained for at least 6 months after vaccination and was comparable to that of naturally acquired anti-MSP1 antibodies from semi-immune adults from Kenya. (nature.com)
  • Exotoxins are susceptible to antibodies produced by the immune system, but some exotoxins are so toxic that they may be fatal to the host before the immune system has a chance to mount defenses against them. (wikipedia.org)
  • In such cases, antitoxin, anti-serum containing antibodies, can sometimes be injected to provide passive immunity. (wikipedia.org)
  • We designed a protein biosensor that uses thermodynamic coupling for sensitive and rapid detection of neutralizing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants in serum. (nature.com)
  • The current study investigated the equivalence sensitivity of three substrains of Omicron BA.4.6, BA.2.10.4 and BA.2.75.2, against a combination of clinically and preclinically used monoclonal antibodies and recently donated blood serum. (precaliga.com)
  • Neutralizing efficacy of serum antibodies was performed using heat inactivated sera. (precaliga.com)
  • Serum antibodies also showed low neutralizing efficacy against BA.4.6 and BA.2.10.4. (precaliga.com)
  • Serum complement can have undesirable impacts on immunological endpoints like detection of neutralizing antibodies, or on the proliferation of viruses. (rmbio.com)
  • Finally, the antigenicity of these PUF proteins was evaluated by determining levels of specific antibodies in sera from experimentally infected hamsters. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To maintain the growth promoting characteristics of serum, all proteins that do not partake in the clotting process, as well as antibodies, antigens, hormones, and electrolytes are preserved during the filtration process. (capricorn-scientific.com)
  • Serum obtained from blood group AB-donors is particularly beneficial, as it does not contain any anti-A or anti-B antibodies , which could trigger an unwanted immune response. (capricorn-scientific.com)
  • Once these T helper cells recognize and bind to the APCs, a whole cascade of events takes place which leads - on the one hand - to the production of specific antibodies against the pathogen (more accurately against the antigen) and - on the other hand - on activation of more immune 'soldiers' (such as cytotoxic T cells) in order to 'fight' the pathogen and the infection. (medium.com)
  • The neutralization antibody test (NT) for serum using live SARS-CoV-2 is a method in which inhibition of the serum upon viral infection is observed in the presence of neutralizing antibodies against proteins involved in viral binding and penetration in the serum. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The organisms were serially passaged in Trypticase-yeast extract-maltose medium with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) but no agar. (docksci.com)
  • The Tar II (= ATCC 30267) LV9 and LV39 strains had been expanded in SDM-79 moderate (12) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Wisent St. Bruno Quebec Canada) and 5 μg/ml of hemin. (bioxorio.com)
  • Wondering what even is fetal bovine serum? (ubpone.com)
  • Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is made from blood taken from a cow foetus during the slaughtering using a closed collecting system. (ubpone.com)
  • The Fetal bovine serum contains a significant amount of the globular protein known as bovine serum albumin (BSA). (ubpone.com)
  • Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is most usually employed as the leading growth supplement in insect cell culture. (ubpone.com)
  • What Is Fetal Bovine Serum Used For? (ubpone.com)
  • In cell culture, Human serum is used to provide your cells with a physiology that more closely resembles the natural state, when compared to other sera, such as Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) . (capricorn-scientific.com)
  • What is the difference between Human Serum and Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) ? (capricorn-scientific.com)
  • Maintain trough serum IgG concentrations of 400-500 mg/dL in adults, a value close to the lower limit of the reference range. (medscape.com)
  • Two types of radioiodinated plasma driven antigens, heat-inactivated (125I-h-HBsAg) and formalin-inactivated HBsAg (125I-f-HBsAg) were investigated for the effect of immunoadjuvant, aluminium phosphate (AP) on pharmacokinetics, organ distribution and humoral immunity of differently inactivated hepatitis B surface antigens (HBsAg) in rats. (vakciny.net)
  • We tested the hypothesis that photochemical inactivation with psoralen and UVA light (PUVA), which targets nucleic acid, would improve the immunogenicity of an Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) vaccine relative to a formalin-inactivated counterpart. (bvsalud.org)
  • Approaches such as higher antigen dose, adjuvant formulation, and usage of the live inactivated vaccination are being assessed to overcome these effects and improve vaccine efficacy. (elifesciences.org)
  • Immunotherapy engages the immune system in the battle against cancer by taking advantage of the capacity of the T lymphocyte for antigen-directed cytotoxicity [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Description: HSV gG 2 native Antigen is inactivated by detergent. (tlr-4.com)
  • Description: Cytomegalovirus Antigen II (Strain AD169), inactivated by UV and verified by infectivity testing (cell culture). (tlr-4.com)
  • Description: VZV (Strain Ellen) II Antigen, inactivated by detergent. (tlr-4.com)
  • In a simplified explanation, a specialized type of immune cells, called APCs (Antigen-Presenting Cells), engulf (swallow up) the pathogen once they come across such invaders, chop it up and display portions of it (e.g. part of the viral proteins) on their surface ( see image below ). (medium.com)
  • These surface protein complexes (displaying the antigen) can in turn be 'recognized' and bound by receptors found on some other specialized type of immune cells, called the T helper cells. (medium.com)
  • Mice primed with either ovalbumin or methylated BSA also showed enhanced antigen-specific immune response of both T and B cells, an immunological abnormality that exacerbated antigen-induced arthritis. (jci.org)
  • Febrile or phlogistic reactions are thought to be secondary to immune aggregates that fix IgG-aggregate or IgG-antigen complement complexes. (medscape.com)
  • A substance or combination of substances used in conjunction with a vaccine antigen to enhance (for example, increase, accelerate, prolong and/or possibly target) or modulate a specific immune response to the vaccine antigen in order to enhance the clinical effectiveness of the vaccine. (who.int)
  • exposure to an antigen to elicit primary immune response? (wordmint.com)
  • Some strains of E. coli produce heat-stable enterotoxins (ST), which are small peptides that are able to withstand heat treatment at 100 °C. Different STs recognize distinct receptors on the cell surface and thereby affect different intracellular signaling pathways. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study details the benefit of adjuvants that target multiple innate immune receptors to shape the host vaccine response. (researchsquare.com)
  • IgG2a also engages in high affinity interactions with Fc receptors on immune cells which can result in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) as well as antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) by phagocytosing cells like macrophages 3-8 . (researchsquare.com)
  • Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) have recently been identified as innate immune receptors that play a pivotal role in initiating the inflammatory response ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The use of live attenuated preparations as candidate vaccines is very promising because they most closely mimic the natural course of infection and may therefore elicit similar immune responses. (bioxorio.com)
  • In today's study we utilized a lizard parasitic protozoan that's not pathogenic to human beings could elicit a protecting immune system response against infectious problem. (bioxorio.com)
  • One way to elicit an immunogenic response to immune checkpoint inhibition may be chemotherapy, as many preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated improved anti-tumor responses and survival with combination chemotherapy/immunotherapy regimens ( 1 - 4 ). (amegroups.org)
  • High antibody responses against rLiPUF1 and rLiPUF2 were found in sera from VL patients, but these proteins resulted also recognized by sera from Chagas' disease patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Following HIV-1 infection, serum neutralizing antibody responses against the evolving autologous viral swarm are generated by the vast majority of infected subjects, usually within the first few months of infection [ 1 - 6 ]. (plos.org)
  • Different kinds of bovine and other animal serum are standard enrichment ingredients used around the world for the growth of vero cells. (swarajyamag.com)
  • Animal-derived components (e.g., the proteins and growth factors in animal serum) could provoke an immune response within human cells . (capricorn-scientific.com)
  • Hence, human serum is considered to be superior to animal serum when culturing human cell lines, especially immune cells - such as macrophages or lymphocytes - or in any other application, where immunogenicity could be an issue. (capricorn-scientific.com)
  • Scientists often use human serum as supplement to cell culture media when culturing sensitive human cell lines , as it is considered to be superior to animal serum. (capricorn-scientific.com)
  • Spike-specific cellular immune responses were detectable in only 63% and correlated with humoral response. (elifesciences.org)
  • We undertook an analysis of serological and cellular immune responses to spike protein in 100 independently living people aged between 80 and 96 years who received BNT162b2 vaccine with a 3-week interval between the first and second doses. (elifesciences.org)
  • Bacterial lipoproteins often play important roles in pathogenesis and can stimulate protective immune responses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The goal of this study was to explore a RIG-I agonist (SDI-nanogel) and a TLR7/8 agonist (Imidazoquinoline (IMDQ)‐PEG‐Chol) as adjuvants, when co-administered with a licensed quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (QIV), and to determine the role of these adjuvants in directing helper T (Th) cell responses for their role in the immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching. (researchsquare.com)
  • Administration of QIV with the two adjuvants, individually or combined, resulted in enhanced HA-specific serum ELISA IgG titers, serum hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers and splenic T cell responses as examined by IFN-γ and IL-4 enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assays, 4-weeks post-prime and post-boost vaccination in BALB/c mice. (researchsquare.com)
  • Abnormal innate and adaptive immune responses play a major role in the pathogenesis of AR. (frontiersin.org)
  • DCs link the innate and adaptive immune responses. (frontiersin.org)
  • In the mammalian sponsor multiplies within mononuclear phagocytic cells which leads to medical manifestations of a broad spectrum of illnesses dependant on the parasite varieties and host immune system responses. (bioxorio.com)
  • thus, we developed a hematopoietic humanized mouse model, hu-CB-BRGS, and used it to study anti-tumor human immune responses to triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line and patient-derived colorectal cancer (CRC) xenografts (PDX). (bmj.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Immune responses to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines have not been well characterized in frail older adults. (bvsalud.org)
  • This challenge may be overcome by a vaccine that elicits either a broadly reactive immune response or numerous species-specific responses against the globally dominant Shigella species (i.e. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Extended allergen removal alters immune and pulmonary response 1747 responses (LAR) after challenge with TMA aerosol. (cdc.gov)
  • Standard newborn calf serum packaged in 500mL or 1 L bottles. (rmbio.com)
  • No, Covaxin does not contain newborn calf serum at all. (swarajyamag.com)
  • In an RTI response, the Modi Govt has admitted that Covaxin consists Newborn Calf Serum. (swarajyamag.com)
  • Does Bharat Biotech's Covaxin contain newborn Calf serum? (swarajyamag.com)
  • When a person is administered Covaxin, it does not mean they are being injected with the newborn calf serum. (swarajyamag.com)
  • Hence, the final vaccine (COVAXIN) does not contain newborn calf serum at all and the calf serum is not an ingredient of the final vaccine product," reads the clarification from the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. (swarajyamag.com)
  • The reactivity of hamster sera against recombinant LiPUF1 and LiPUF2 was particularly prominent, and these proteins were subsequently assayed against sera from human patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The immune system is our body's defense and attack system against any form of infection and is comprised of an interconnected network of proteins, cells, and organs. (medium.com)
  • Then the serum is gamma irradiated at an industry standard dose of 25-40kGy. (rmbio.com)
  • RMBIO serum is gamma irradiated via controlled exposure to Cobalt 60 at an industry standard dose of 25-40kGy. (rmbio.com)
  • Hyperimmune mouse serum raised against purified, recombinant OmpP4 did not promote bactericidal killing of 35000HP or phagocytosis by J774A.1 mouse macrophages in serum bactericidal and phagocytosis assays, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Heating serum at 56° is used to inactivate complement in several immunological assays. (umn.edu)
  • These aggregates would produce false-positive tests for immune complexes and could inhibit a variety of cell-mediated reactions in assays which incorporate heat-inactivated serum. (umn.edu)
  • in any assay where immunoglobulin aggregates might interfere, normal serum may be an inadequate control and correlations will need to be made between serum IgG and albumin concentrations and the results obtained in these assays. (umn.edu)
  • These immune assays will be advanced by the development of standardized viral stocks, such as HIV-1 infectious molecular clones (IMC), that i) express a reporter gene, ii) are representative of globally diverse subtypes and iii) are engineered to easily exchange envelope (env) genes for expression of sequences of interest. (plos.org)
  • After filtration and filling, the NBS is heat inactivated at 56°C for 30 minutes to protect against growth inhibiting serum complement that may be present. (rmbio.com)
  • Heat inactivation is an industry standard treatment that helps protect against growth inhibiting immune factors like serum complement that may be present in the serum. (rmbio.com)
  • Product is heated at 56°C for 30 minutes to inactivate serum complement. (rmbio.com)
  • Recent studies identified antibody-complement interactions as a potentially important immune mechanism against sporozoites. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RMBIO's Newborn Bovine Calf Serum (NBS) is a high-quality supplement for use in a variety of cell culture media. (rmbio.com)
  • RMBIO manufactures heat inactivated bovine calf serum by raising the temperature of the serum to 56°C in a water bath and strictly maintaining the condition for 30 minutes. (rmbio.com)
  • Recently, the Opposition parties have raked up the issue of 'calf serum' in Covaxin, a vaccine against Covid-19 indigenously developed by Bharat Biotech in collaboration with the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute of Virology (NIV). (swarajyamag.com)
  • This killed virus is then used to make the final vaccine, and in the final vaccine formulation no calf serum is used. (swarajyamag.com)
  • Gamma irradiation is a physical inactivation approach used to achieve pathogen reduction in the serum. (rmbio.com)
  • Description: Mumps virus nucleoprotein, inactivated pathogen. (tlr-4.com)
  • If this first line is not successful in clearing off the pathogen, then the body has at least 'bought some time' to prepare its second line of defense and attack, the adaptive immune response system, which can develop a 'specialized attack' against the particular pathogen. (medium.com)
  • Post-vaccine sera mediated strong neutralization of live Victoria infection and although neutralization titers were reduced 14-fold against the P.1 variant first discovered in Brazil they remained largely effective. (elifesciences.org)
  • Two weeks after an intramuscular prime/boost, serum anti-ETEC IgG titers were similar for the two vaccines and were increased by dmLT. (bvsalud.org)
  • The neutralization values of the serum samples collected from hospitalized patients with COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 PCR-negative donors against the pseudotyped virus infection evaluated by the CRNT were compared with antibody titers determined from an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or an immunofluorescence assay (IFA). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Most typical viral contaminants of bovine serum are readily inactivated at this irradiation range. (rmbio.com)
  • Capricorn's Human Serum is tested for all viral markers using FDA-approved methods. (capricorn-scientific.com)
  • At end of study, immune organs and tumors were collected for immunological assessment. (bmj.com)
  • Here, we show that the vaccine, termed SumayaVac-1 , elicited both a humoral and cellular immune response as well as a recall T cell memory. (nature.com)
  • The h-HBsAg was highly localized in regional lymph node (RLN), but resulted in low humoral immune response. (vakciny.net)
  • The RLN uptake of both antigens were dramatically increased (25 and 3.1 times increase in AUC, respectively) with higher humoral immune response. (vakciny.net)
  • Therefore, there is an urgent need for a better cost-effective influenza vaccine which can induce antigenically broader and long-lasting immune response. (researchsquare.com)
  • Heat-stable ACA develops in deaggregated IgG and in normal, but not in hypogammaglobulinemic, human and porcine serum heated at 56°, suggesting that this ACA is due to formation of immunoglobulin aggregates. (umn.edu)
  • Heat-treated and cold alcohol-fractionated immunoglobulin is derived from pooled human plasma from individuals immunized with human diploid cell rabies vaccine. (medscape.com)
  • CVID is characterized by marked reduction in serum levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA), as well as reduced immunoglobulin M (IgM) in about half of cases. (medscape.com)
  • As a result, the inhibition of pseudotyped virus infection was specifically observed in both serum and whole blood and was also correlated with the results of the IFA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • mechanistically, rotenone-induced destruction of dopaminergic neurons has been attributed to its inhibition of the activity of neuronal mitochondrial complex I. However, the role of microglia, the resident brain immune cells in rotenone-induced neurodegeneration, has not been reported. (jneurosci.org)
  • As an emerging cancer immunotherapy, oncolytic virotherapies (OVTs) can not only selectively lyse cancer cells, but also induce a systemic antitumor immune response. (frontiersin.org)
  • At the current time, there is insufficient evidence to assess the potential impact of immune senescence on response to the mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines. (elifesciences.org)
  • The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of cryptotanshinone (CPT), naringenin, and their combination in modulating the immune response towards Th1 cells and the involvement of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in these effects. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The genetic material of the virus in the vaccine is destroyed by heat, chemicals or radiation so they cannot infect cells and replicate, but can still trigger an immune response. (swarajyamag.com)
  • The RTI response shared by Pandhi also clearly states that the serum is used in the "revival process of Vero Cells which is used for the production of Coronavirus during the manufacturing of COVAXIN bulk vaccine. (swarajyamag.com)
  • These agents promote immunity by inducing an active immune response. (medscape.com)
  • the cytoplasmic tail (CT) of gp41 (endodomain) is considered to be entirely contained inside the virion [ 9 , 10 ] and consequently is thought not to be targeted by the host immune response. (plos.org)
  • a generic response ( innate immune response ) and a more elaborate, complexed and targeted response ( adaptive immune response ). (medium.com)
  • The generic (innate immune) response is the first line of defense and attack. (medium.com)
  • The immune response simplified. (medium.com)
  • The vaccine induced an immune response, Fauci says. (genengnews.com)
  • A further option would be to alter delivery methods, such as using intradermal, rather than subdermal, injections, to activate the dendritic cells and thus trigger a strong immune response. (genengnews.com)
  • Primary immune system response releases histamine? (wordmint.com)
  • After the growth in the serum, the vero cells are washed many times with water as well as chemicals to remove the serum completely. (swarajyamag.com)
  • Our findings suggest that NVD not only directly inhibits the growth of gastric cancer cells but also exerts indirect antitumor effects by enhancing immune function. (hindawi.com)
  • In addition to the balance between tumors and the immune system, there is also a balance between tumors and the nonimmune cells that surround them [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Thus, both the ability of antitumor drugs to kill tumor cells and their effects on immune function and normal tissue cells should be studied. (hindawi.com)
  • Because many cell lines still require serum to thrive and many serum-free media formulations can only support the growth of specific types of cells, the efficacy of serum-free media is constrained. (ubpone.com)
  • The residual blood cells and fibrin clot are subsequently separated from the clear, straw-coloured serum using centrifugation. (ubpone.com)
  • Due to the great sensitivity of cells cultured in vitro, the foetal bovine serum is commercially accessible from numerous suppliers. (ubpone.com)
  • It is customary to adopt the cells to the new batch of material when switching from one batch to another, for instance by combining 50% of the old serum with 50% of the new serum and giving the cells time to adjust to the new material. (ubpone.com)
  • Traditionally, blood was drawn from healthy human donors and the blood cells were separated from the plasma by centrifugation, which was further processed into serum. (capricorn-scientific.com)
  • Its roles include regulation of proliferation, promotion of immune system and activation of apoptosis in B cells. (intechopen.com)
  • Nk cells are apart of which immune system? (wordmint.com)
  • cytotoxic cells are apart of what immune system? (wordmint.com)
  • Moreover, the degree of heat-induced aggregation of IgG in vitro at either temperature was directly proportional to IgG concentrations and inversely related to albumin concentrations. (umn.edu)
  • Six parasites ont montré une résistance in vitro au stibogluconate de sodium en utilisant le test de détection des amastigotes dans les macrophages J774 murins. (who.int)
  • The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro antitumor effects of Nidus Vespae on gastric cancer and its ability to promote immune function. (hindawi.com)
  • The most popular serum supplement for eukaryotic cell in vitro culture is foetal bovine serum . (ubpone.com)
  • Contemporary pharmacological research reported that P. urinaria exhibited antioxidant activity and significantly reduced nitric oxide radicals associated with cell-mediated immune diseases [ 3 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
  • The efficacy of the serum in neutralizing these substrains was also tested. (precaliga.com)
  • Goat Serum Laboratories manufactures the inactivate goat serum reagents distributed by Genprice. (tlr-4.com)
  • Nephrotoxic serum nephritis was induced as explained previously.18 In brief, mice were pre-immunized subcutaneously with 2 mg/ml rabbit IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories Inc., Western Grove, PA) dissolved in incomplete Freund adjuvant (Sigma, St. Louis, MI), and nonviable desiccated H37a (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI). (engineering-gdfsuez.com)
  • CFA/I-mediated mannose-resistant hemagglutination (MRHA) was equivalent for PUVA-inactivated and live ETEC, but was severely reduced for formalin-ETEC, indicating that PUVA preserved fimbrial protein functional integrity. (bvsalud.org)
  • No. The vaccine is developed using 'Whole-Virion Inactivated Vero Cell derived platform' technology, which means it consists of the deactivated form of the Covid-19 virus to trigger protective immunity in the body. (swarajyamag.com)
  • As the first defense line, macrophage is one of the most important parts of innate immune system and is a cross-link between innate immunity and adaptive immunity. (medsci.org)
  • Regular IVIG infusions replace the IgG and often result in a reduction or normalization of the serum IgM level. (medscape.com)
  • Measure the serum IgG level before each infusion and adjust the dose of IVIG accordingly. (medscape.com)
  • The emerging SARS SARS-CoV-2 omicron subunit harbors mutations in genes coding for several Spike Protein residues, leading to increased immune evasion. (precaliga.com)
  • Thus, pathological sera with these protein alterations might form more aggregates during heating than normal sera. (umn.edu)
  • LACTOBACILLUSProbiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus), inactivated by heat. (savagebeauties.ro)
  • Conclusion Hu-CB-BRGS mice represent an in vivo model to study immune checkpoint blockade to human tumors. (bmj.com)
  • Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) responds poorly to immune checkpoint blockade. (amegroups.org)
  • Efforts to develop a blood stage vaccine have been sobering, in spite of encouraging immune-epidemiological studies showing that residents from malaria endemic areas are able to attain, with time and after repeated exposure to P. falciparum infections, a strain-transcending antigenic memory that protects against clinical disease 11 . (nature.com)
  • Any cooling or other heat transfer that is powered or driven by anything besides the spontaneous, passive transfer of heat due to temperature differential and related passive effects such as natural convection. (who.int)
  • Serum and plasma are very similar, the only difference being that serum does not contain any clotting factors , the main one being fibrinogen. (capricorn-scientific.com)
  • Cancer immunotherapy, the immune system's artificial stimulation, is an efficient method for the treatment of different cancers [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The methods for collecting foetal bovine serum have been the subject of dispute. (ubpone.com)
  • One laboratory worker (7) was included among the health-care workers who have had HTLV-III/LAV antibody detected in their serum after sustaining a needlestick injury (2,3,6-10), but the source of the infection could not be established. (cdc.gov)
  • The immunogenicity of PUVA-ETEC and formalin-ETEC was compared in mice ± double mutant heat-labile enterotoxin (dmLT) adjuvant. (bvsalud.org)
  • Scientists 'kill' the virus (either be heating it or by adding chemicals, such as formaldehyde). (medium.com)
  • HRIG has been licensed since 1975, and unlike its predecessor, ERIG, it is not associated with significant adverse reactions, anaphylaxis, or serum sickness. (medscape.com)
  • Although the act of killing the dam and the time that passes during the slaughter process before harvesting will cause the foetus to become unconscious or die before serum harvesting, it has been hypothesised that exposing live unborn calves to oxygen could cause them to become conscious before being killed, sparking an ongoing ethical discussion about the practice. (ubpone.com)
  • Thus, the composition containing Ramalin can be effectively used to fundamentally treat or prevent inflammatory diseases or immune diseases and to relieve or alleviate the symptoms of the diseases. (justia.com)