Heart and vascular smooth. Medical search. Frequent questions

Here, we report that in AD patients and two mouse models of AD, overexpression of serum response factor (SRF) and myocardin (MYOCD) in cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) generates an Aβ non-clearing VSMC phenotype through transactivation of sterol regulatory element binding protein-2, which downregulates low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1, a key Aβ clearance receptor. (nature.com)
This study was designed to determine the effects of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 ( PVT1 ) on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) disruption in a murine abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) model. (molcells.org)
Key features of this process include a loss of the internal elastic lamina, myointimal hyperplasia, and ectopic distribution of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Angiotensin II (Ang II) induces vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) hypertrophy, which results in various cardiovascular diseases. (aspetjournals.org)
Mice deficient in Notch3 have defects in arterial vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) mechanosensitivity, including impaired myogenic responses and autoregulation, and inappropriate VMSC orientation. (cdc.gov)

The mechanism of how the calcification signal from endothelial cells is transmitted to vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) remains unknown. (spandidos-publications.com)
Vascular endothelial cells normally produce NO, which diffuses from endothelial cells to adjacent smooth muscle cells where it activates guanylyl cyclase, leading to increased formation of cGMP and vasodilation. (cvphysiology.com)
In particular, FUNGENES identified genes controlling the development of pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells into heart cells (cardiomyocytes), nerve cells (neurons), smooth muscle cells, vascular endothelial cells, fat cells (adipocytes), liver cells (hepatocytes) and insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. (europa.eu)
Also, CRP is produced by cells in the vascular wall such as endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and also by adipose tissue. (medscape.com)

Effects of increasing extracellular Mg ++ concentration ([Mg ++ ] e ) on vasopressin (AVP)-induced [Ca ++ ] i responses were determined in primary cultured unpassaged vascular smooth muscle cells from mesenteric and aortic vessels (representing resistance and conduit arteries, respectively) of Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and SHR. (aspetjournals.org)

The present study investigated the effects of PQS on the calcification of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMCs). (biomedcentral.com)
Dysregulated extracellular matrix (ECM) protein like elastin and collagen and depletion of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of the aortic wall are believed as the main histopathological findings [ 3 - 5 ]. (hindawi.com)

A third mechanism that is very important in regulating vascular smooth muscle tone is the nitric oxide (NO)-cGMP system . (cvphysiology.com)

Vascular diseases , which include peripheral artery disease and aneurysm, are common in the U.S. and can lead to heart attacks, strokes, and death. (qualityhealth.com)
No patients had a history of prior myocardial infarction, heart failure, or other serious diseases. (bmj.com)
describe the intracellular mechanisms by which it may be possible to alter the contractile state of the heart and the changes in ion channel function that occur in various heart diseases. (manchester.ac.uk)
The NAPDH oxidase (Nox) family is emerging as a key disease-related factor in vascular diseases, but currently its role in hypoxia-induced pulmonary remodelling in COPD remains unclear. (ersjournals.com)
Understanding the genetic pathways underlying differentiation of ES cells to somatic cells would contribute to future therapeutic strategies for degenerative diseases such as heart disease, diabetes and Parkinson's. (europa.eu)
Although it has been proposed that daily intake of bioflavonoids belonging to polyphenols reduces the incidence of ischemic heart diseases (known as "French paradox"), the precise mechanisms of efficacy have not been elucidated. (aspetjournals.org)
Protecting your arteries against the damaging effects of homocysteine - linked to heart disease, stroke and other vascular diseases. (adeeva.com)

Vascular smooth muscle is the type of smooth muscle that makes up most of the walls of blood vessels. (wikipedia.org)
Vascular smooth muscle refers to the particular type of smooth muscle found within, and composing the majority of the wall of blood vessels. (wikipedia.org)
Vascular smooth muscle contracts or relaxes to change both the volume of blood vessels and the local blood pressure, a mechanism that is responsible for the redistribution of the blood within the body to areas where it is needed (i.e. areas with temporarily enhanced oxygen consumption). (wikipedia.org)
Thus the main function of vascular smooth muscle tone is to regulate the caliber of the blood vessels in the body. (wikipedia.org)
Some people with SVAS also have defects in other blood vessels, most commonly stenosis of the artery from the heart to the lungs ( the pulmonary artery ). (medlineplus.gov)
It is a peripheral arterial vasodilator and causes relaxation of blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart and towards the organs and tissues. (medicinenet.com)
Calcium is required for muscle contraction and therefore disturbances in calcium movement may cause smooth muscle relaxation in the blood vessels. (medicinenet.com)

Vascular calcification is commonly observed in chronic kidney disease. (spandidos-publications.com)
Ren SC, Mao N, Yi S, Ma X, Zou JQ, Tang X and Fan JM: Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: An update and perspective. (spandidos-publications.com)
Nelson AJ, Raggi P, Wolf M, Gold AM, Chertow GM and Roe MT: Targeting vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. (spandidos-publications.com)
Yamada S and Giachelli CM: Vascular calcification in CKD-MBD: Roles for phosphate, FGF23, and Klotho. (spandidos-publications.com)
However, the role and mechanism of PQS in vascular calcification are not unclear. (biomedcentral.com)
However, the underlying mechanisms of vascular calcification have not been established. (biomedcentral.com)
For example, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) is a classic oxidant stressor that promotes vascular cell calcification by increasing the expression of the osteogenic transcription factor runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Chen's research focuses on major health burdens that include vascular calcification and stiffness, vascular aging, and vascular contribution to cognitive impairments. (uab.edu)
In detail, this includes studies of what molecular mechanisms of vascular smooth cell phenotypic modulation and reprogramming are at work during the pathogenesis of vascular disease, vascular calcification in atherosclerosis (colloquially called hardening of the arteries), arterial stiffness, diabetic vasculopathy and vascular aging. (uab.edu)
Chen's research discoveries in the areas of the reprogramming of vascular cells and the crosstalk between vascular cells in the development of arteriosclerosis have shed new lights on vascular calcification and aging. (uab.edu)
Her notable Circulation Research report that gave the first genetic proof for the key role of an osteogenic transcriptional factor, Runx2, in regulating calcification of smooth muscle cells. (uab.edu)
Her Circulation Research finding of a novel mechanism in diabetes underlying the role of protein-O-GlcNAC modification in promoting vascular calcification. (uab.edu)
The role of dietary potassium in regulating vascular calcification in atherosclerosis. (uab.edu)
Thisdiscovery has uncovered a potential dietary intervention for vascular calcification, and it has been highlighted by the NIH and featured in multiple news outlets, including Newsweek, Science Daily and USA Today. (uab.edu)

Excessive proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells contributes to the progression of pathological conditions, such as vascular inflammation, plaque formation, atherosclerosis, restenosis, and pulmonary hypertension. (wikipedia.org)
Processes involved in atherosclerosis include coagulation, inflammation, lipid metabolism, intimal injury, and smooth muscle cell proliferation (see the image below). (medscape.com)

Antagonists of alpha-1 receptors (doxazosin, prazosin) cause vasodilation (a decrease in vascular smooth muscle tone with increase of vessel diameter and decrease of the blood pressure). (wikipedia.org)
Agonism of beta-2 receptors causes vasodilation and low blood pressure (i.e. the effect is opposite of the one resulting from activation of alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors in the vascular smooth muscle cells). (wikipedia.org)
Acetylcholine (ACh), whether administered intravascularly or released by cholinergic autonomic (parasympathetic) nerves, binds to muscarinic receptors (M 3 ) on the vascular endothelium, which stimulates the formation and release of NO as described above to produce vasodilation. (cvphysiology.com)
Although ACh binds to M 3 receptors on both endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, if the endothelium is normal, then the formation of endothelial-derived NO and vasodilation overrides smooth muscle M 3 -mediated contraction. (cvphysiology.com)
By directly stimulating sGC, independently of and synergistically with NO, vericiguat augments levels of intracellular cGMP, leading to smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation. (medscape.com)

The goal of this project is to examine how specific intercalated disc proteins, which are upregulated with age as a part of a genotype, alter the age-associated performance and mechanical stiffness of the Drosophila heart tube. (hopkinsmedicine.org)

Recent studies have shown that the majority of cells within atherosclerotic plaque, the predominant cause of heart attack and stroke, are vascular smooth muscle cell derived. (wikipedia.org)
1 This work was supported by a grant from the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Quebec. (aspetjournals.org)
It's also possible your doctor will prescribe a daily low-dose aspirin to reduce your risk of stroke or heart attack. (qualityhealth.com)
Vascular Disease: How to Prevent Coronary Artery Disease, Heart Attack and Stroke. (qualityhealth.com)
You will study the normal physiology of the cardiovascular system and the mechanisms underlying its major pathologies such as heart failure, hypertension and stroke. (manchester.ac.uk)

Here we investigate the role of p22phox, a regulatory subunit of Nox, in COPD lungs, hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV), hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodelling and pulmonary hypertension. (ersjournals.com)

Chen has published more than 70 papers in high-impact, peer-reviewed journals, and she received a Vascular Biology Special Recognition Award in 2018 from the American Heart Association for her outstanding contribution to vascular biology research. (uab.edu)
Eur Heart J. 2018;39(10):850-852. (medscape.com)

Diltiazem reduces myocardial contractility which may be undesirable in managing angina in patients with congestive heart failure. (pharmacology2000.com)
Calcium channel blockers should not be administered if the patient has SA or AV nodal abnormalities or in patients with significant congestive heart failure. (pharmacology2000.com)
It is also used for treating hypertensive crisis and congestive heart failure . (medicinenet.com)
In addition to treating high blood pressure , hydralazine has shown to be beneficial for the treatment of congestive heart failure ( CHF ). (medicinenet.com)
Hydralazine (Apresoline) is a medication prescribed to treat hypertensive crisis, congestive heart failure, and high blood pressure alone or in combination with other high blood pressure medications. (medicinenet.com)

Finerenone is indicated to reduce risk of sustained eGFR decline, end-stage kidney disease, cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and hospitalization for heart failure in adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD) associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (medscape.com)
hs-CRP is an important predictor for cardiovascular events including myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular events, peripheral vascular disease, and sudden cardiac death in individuals without a history of heart disease. (medscape.com)
[ 3 ] While termed ischaemia with no obstructive CAD (INOCA) and myocardial infarction with no obstructive CAD (MINOCA), [ 3 ] it is also sometimes called 'female-pattern' cardiovascular disease along with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) because these occur more commonly in women, and the relative paucity of studies of women has resulted in therapeutic deserts for these conditions. (medscape.com)

If making these lifestyle changes are not enough to reduce vascular disease risk, your doctor may prescribe medication to improve your heart health, including drugs to lower your cholesterol level or to treat high blood pressure. (qualityhealth.com)
and therefore reduce vascular smooth muscle tone. (pharmacology2000.com)

This study investigated the modulatory effect of magnesium (Mg ++ ) on basal and agonist-stimulated intracellular free calcium (Ca ++ ) concentration ([Ca ++ ] i ) in vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). (aspetjournals.org)
There are several signal transduction mechanisms that modulate intracellular calcium concentration and therefore the state of vascular tone. (cvphysiology.com)
Arteriolar vascular tone depends on free intracellular Ca 2+ concentration. (pharmacology2000.com)

This multiscale model includes single-scale models for stent deployment, blood flow and tissue growth in the stented vessel, including smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) production. (springer.com)
17 Since it is formed by growth and proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the vessel wall, the composition of a restenotic lesion is different from the initial lesion: a restenotic lesion mainly consists of SMCs and the extracellular matrix (ECM) they produce. (springer.com)

Düsing P, Zietzer A, Goody PR, Hosen MR, Kurts C, Nickenig G and Jansen F: Vascular pathologies in chronic kidney disease: Pathophysiological mechanisms and novel therapeutic approaches. (spandidos-publications.com)
Can Eating This Prevent Vascular Disease? (qualityhealth.com)
Any condition that affects your circulatory system is called a vascular disease. (qualityhealth.com)
If you have diabetes or a family history of vascular disease, you are at an increased risk of developing the condition. (qualityhealth.com)
Smoking raises your risk for heart disease by roughly 100 percent for each pack of cigarettes you smoke each day. (qualityhealth.com)
Vascular Disease And Why Salad Helps You Say Yes To 'NO. (qualityhealth.com)
Using a transgenic model system, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, we will produce models of human myosin-based muscle disease (distal arthrogryposis) and heart disease (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) to determine the molecular defects that cause abnormal skeletal and cardiac muscle function. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Selwyn, A.P. and Braunwald, E Ischemic Heart Disease in Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (Isselbacher et al. (pharmacology2000.com)
Although classical vitamin C deficiency, marked by scurvy, is rare in most parts of the world, some research has shown variable heart disease risks depending on plasma vitamin C concentration, even within the normal range. (mdpi.com)
Studies indicate that lowering a patient's blood pressure from 160/90 to 140/80 mmHg may decrease risk of heart disease by more than 30 percent. (massagetoday.com)
Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. (medscape.com)
Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction and Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction as Female-pattern Cardiovascular Disease: The Chicken or the Egg? (medscape.com)
A variety of observations suggest that coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is related to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, including myocardial ischaemia and heart failure. (medscape.com)

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) Heart failure (HF) is a syndrome of ventricular dysfunction. (msdmanuals.com)

Arteriolar relaxation reduces systemic vascular resistance, systolic arterial pressure, and mean arterial pressure (afterload). (nih.gov)

Like heart muscle , the Gs-protein coupled pathway in smooth muscle stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC), which catalyzes the formation of cAMP . (cvphysiology.com)
Cyclic stretch stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell alignment by redox-dependent activation of Notch3. (cdc.gov)

At the MemorialCare Heart & Vascular Institute, there are five nurse practitioners that focus on cardiovascular surgery , one dedicated to Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) patients, and one that focuses on heart failure and electrophysiology patients. (memorialcare.org)
Supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS) is a heart defect that develops before birth. (medlineplus.gov)
The condition is described as supravalvular because the section of the aorta that is narrowed is located just above the valve that connects the aorta with the heart (the aortic valve). (medlineplus.gov)
If SVAS is not treated, the aortic narrowing can lead to shortness of breath, chest pain, and ultimately heart failure. (medlineplus.gov)
Aortic narrowing causes the heart to work harder to pump blood through the aorta, resulting in the signs and symptoms of SVAS. (medlineplus.gov)
Thus, we hypothesized that bioflavonoids may affect Ang II-induced MAP kinase activation in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMC). (aspetjournals.org)

Unlike the heart, an increase in cAMP in vascular smooth muscle causes reduced contraction (i.e., relaxation). (cvphysiology.com)
Increased cGMP relaxation of vascular smooth muscle involves activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase, inhibition of calcium entry into the vascular smooth muscle, activation of K + channels (causing hyperpolarization), and decreased IP 3 . (cvphysiology.com)
The principal pharmacological action of isosorbide dinitrate is relaxation of vascular smooth muscle and consequent dilatation of peripheral arteries and veins, especially the latter. (nih.gov)
The exact mechanism of how hydralazine causes arterial smooth muscle relaxation is not yet understood. (medicinenet.com)

Vascular smooth muscle is innervated primarily by the sympathetic nervous system through adrenergic receptors (adrenoceptors). (wikipedia.org)
Like metoprolol, atenolol competes with sympathomimetic neurotransmitters such as catecholamines for binding at beta(1)-adrenergic receptors in the heart and vascular smooth muscle, inhibiting sympathetic stimulation. (druglib.com)

Vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation as a therapeutic target. (wikipedia.org)

Jardiance (empagliflozin) - Indicated to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death plus hospitalization for heart failure in adults with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. (medscape.com)
Sacubitril/valsartan (Ernesto), an angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), was approved by the FDA in July 2015 to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death and hospitalization for heart failure in patients with CHF (NYHA class II-IV) and reduced ejection fraction. (medscape.com)

This suggests a role of p22phox in ventilation/perfusion ratio matching, vascular remodelling and loss of perfused lung area. (ersjournals.com)

The adrenergic receptors exert opposite physiologic effects in the vascular smooth muscle under activation: alpha-1 receptors. (wikipedia.org)
receptor blockers reduce myocardial oxygen demand by reducing the increases in heart rate and contractility due to adrenergic activity. (pharmacology2000.com)
Module analysis revealed that TAD was associated with significant pathways including cell cycle, vascular smooth muscle contraction, and adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes. (hindawi.com)
Higher doses of atenolol also competitively block beta(2)-adrenergic responses in the bronchial and vascular smooth muscles. (druglib.com)

Superior specificity is achieved by combining Cre-mediated AAVR overexpression with whole-body knockout of endogenous Aavr , which is demonstrated in heart cardiomyocytes, liver hepatocytes and cholinergic neurons. (nature.com)

Arteries have a great deal more smooth muscle within their walls than veins, thus their greater wall thickness. (wikipedia.org)
Emphysema formation has been linked to the involvement of the small pulmonary arteries and the endothelium and could be achieved experimentally using vascular endothelial growth factor antagonists [ 3 ] or by chronic smoke exposure [ 4 ]. (ersjournals.com)
The changes in the small pulmonary arteries are characterised by wall thickening with neomuscularisation and rarefaction of the very distal vessels generally referred to as pulmonary vascular remodelling. (ersjournals.com)
Hydralazine is selective for arterioles (small arteries), and the overall effects of treatment include a decrease in arterial blood pressure , and peripheral vascular resistance. (medicinenet.com)

Part 5: Neonatal Resuscitation 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. (nih.gov)
Seven nurse practitioners at the MemorialCare Heart & Vascular Institute at Long Beach Medical Center are dedicated to providing additional support for patients experiencing heart failure or undergoing a cardiovascular procedure. (memorialcare.org)
The nurse practitioners at the MemorialCare Heart & Vascular Institute at Long Beach Medical Center are dedicated to making cardiovascular procedures a smooth journey for patients and their families. (memorialcare.org)
Results from the phase 3 VICTORIA trial (n = 5050) showed that in patients with symptomatic chronic HF (New York Heart Association class II-IV) and left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 45%, vericiguat was superior to placebo in reducing the risk of cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization. (medscape.com)

Diltiazem has a direct negative chronotropic effect on the heart sufficient to block reflex-mediated tachycardia secondary to the decrease in peripheral resistance. (pharmacology2000.com)
In liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension is a consequence of enhanced intrahepatic vascular resistance and portal blood flow. (karger.com)

This results in a reduction in resting heart rate, cardiac output, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and reflex orthostatic hypotension. (druglib.com)

Under NE binding alpha-1 receptors cause vasoconstriction (contraction of the vascular smooth muscle cells decreasing the diameter of the vessels). (wikipedia.org)
Binding of these receptors to an agonist such as norepinephrine reduces cAMP, which leads to smooth muscle contraction. (cvphysiology.com)
To summarize, the following agonists act directly on vascular smooth muscle through binding to their receptors, causing contraction via Gq-protein: norepinephrine, epinephrine, angiotensin II, endothelin-1, arginine vasopressin, and acetylcholine. (cvphysiology.com)
describe neural, endothelial and pharmacological mediation of excitation-contraction coupling in vascular smooth muscle. (manchester.ac.uk)

Agonists of alpha-2 receptors in the vascular smooth muscle lead to vasoconstriction. (wikipedia.org)
This presynaptic effect is predominant and completely overrides the vasoconstrictive effect of the alpha-2 receptors in the vascular smooth muscle. (wikipedia.org)
Gq-proteins in vascular smooth muscle are coupled to α 1 -adrenoceptors (bind to norepinephrine ), ET A receptors (bind to endothelin-1), AT 1 receptors (bind to angiotensin II ), V 1 receptors (bind to vasopressin ), and muscarinic (M 3 ) receptors (bind to acetylcholine ). (cvphysiology.com)

cGMP plays a role in the regulation of vascular tone, cardiac contractility, and cardiac remodeling. (medscape.com)

Therefore, in the present study we investigated the coronary vascular responses to intracoronary infusion of magnesium. (bmj.com)

Lipocalin 10 is essential for protection against inflammation-triggered vascular leakage by activating LDL receptor-related protein 2-slingshot homologue 1 signalling pathway. (uc.edu)

Nitric oxide helps maintain smooth muscle cells in the vascular system and protects vascular health. (qualityhealth.com)
In addition, we determined whether EDNO contributes to the coronary vascular response to magnesium by using N G -monomethyl- L -arginine (L-NMMA), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. (bmj.com)
Previously, we identified inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) as an essential enzyme for development and reversal of smoke-induced PH and emphysema, and showed that iNOS expression in bone-marrow-derived cells drives pulmonary vascular remodelling, but not parenchymal destruction. (ersjournals.com)

Carvedilol at the target dose of 25 mg twice daily has been shown to reduce mortality in clinical trials of heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction. (medscape.com)
The long-acting formulation (metoprolol succinate) at a target dose of 200 mg daily has been shown to reduce mortality in a clinical trial of patients with heart failure and low ejection fraction. (medscape.com)

Primary hypertension - vascular and renal mechanisms. (manchester.ac.uk)

Drugs that can exacerbate heart failure should be avoided, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), calcium channel blockers (CCBs), and most antiarrhythmic drugs (except class III). (medscape.com)

This will be done for young and old wildtype fly hearts and for the hearts of two myosin heavy chain mutants and a troponin mutant. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Significant differences in interleukin-6 (IL-6), matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP2) and 9 (MMP9), and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (MHC) were observed between the groups. (biomedcentral.com)

Major adverse effects include: heart block or sinus bradycardia can also occur. (pharmacology2000.com)
TENORMIN is contraindicated in sinus bradycardia, heart block greater than first degree, cardiogenic shock, and overt cardiac failure. (druglib.com)

The goals of pharmacotherapy for heart failure are to reduce morbidity and to prevent complications. (medscape.com)

This is because they have to carry pumped blood away from the heart to all the organs and tissues that need the oxygenated blood. (wikipedia.org)

Together, elastic fibers and vascular smooth muscle cells provide flexibility and resilience to the aorta. (medlineplus.gov)

Anatomy35

Organisms14

Diseases33

Chemicals and Drugs103

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Phenomena and Processes46

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care1

VSMC5

Endothelial cells4

Unpassaged vascular smooth1

VSMCs2

Regulating vascular smooth musc1

Diseases7

Blood vessels7

Calcification14

Atherosclerosis2

Vasodilation5

Stiffness1

Stroke5

Pulmonary hypertension1

20182

Congestive heart f5

Myocardial infarction3

Reduce vascular2

Intracellular3

Extracellular2

Disease13

Failure with preserved ejection fraction1

Arteriolar1

Stimulates2

Aortic6

Relaxation4

Sympathetic2

Muscle cell1

Hospitalization for heart failure2

Perfusion1

Adrenergic4

Cardiomyocytes1

Arteries4

Cardiovascular4

Resistance2

Cardiac output1

Contraction4

Receptors3

CGMP1

Responses1

Inflammation1

Nitric oxide3

Ejection fraction2

Hypertension1

Calcium1

Myosin heavy2

Sinus bradycardia2

Morbidity1

Organs and tissues1

Elastic1