Health risks from exposure quantitative microbial risk assessment. Medical search. Frequent questions

Population growth and changing climate are expected to increase human exposure to pathogens in tropical coastal waters. (bvsalud.org)
The modeled median risk from all pathogens in river samples was between 0.345 and 0.577, 10-fold above the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) benchmark of 0.036 (36 illnesses/1,000 swimmers). (bvsalud.org)
Recently retired from his full-time position as Kenan Distinguished Professor, Dr. Mark Sobsey studies human exposure to and health effects from pathogens (disease-causing) microbes in water, food and other environmental media to which people can become exposed in the developed and developing word. (unc.edu)
WASH factors as currently defined do not capture the overall exposure factors to faecal pathogens through the numerous infection transmission pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
Several unsafe behaviours failing to interrupt infants' exposures to pathogens were captured, but caregivers reported a lack of self-efficacy skills to separate children from faecal exposures due to the rural farming environments where they lived. (biomedcentral.com)
essential public health issue for all countries this has not, however, been the case with since foodborne disease, whether due to regard to foodborne diseases, which remain microbial pathogens, biotoxins or chemical a great challenge. (who.int)

The panel found, based on quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), that the annualized median risks of infection for full tertiary treatment ranges from 10-8 to 10-4 (for human enteric viruses Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia, and Escherichia coli O157:H7) based on the assumption of daily exposure. (cdc.gov)
We performed quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to predict the risk of gastroenteritis associated with swimming and the amount of pathogen reduction needed to achieve safe conditions. (bvsalud.org)

Consequently, the World Health Organisation (WHO) and other environmental agencies have established guidelines for air pollution for a range of contaminants (Table 1 ). (springer.com)
Even though wearing gloves or a face mask is going to intuitively create a barrier and prevent exposure to contaminants, we have little information about how that translates into health effects," Reynolds said. (arizona.edu)
Teo, T (2012-2016) Risk Assessment of Chemical Contaminants in Swimming Pools. (edu.au)

Further study is needed to consider how relevant each measure is to capturing hot spots for the evolution and dissemination of AMR in the environment and as indicators of AMR-associated human health risk. (bvsalud.org)
Microbial water quality indicators are used in a variety of ways within public health risk assessment frameworks, including assessment of potential hazard, exposure assessment, contaminant source identification, and evaluating effectiveness of risk reduction actions. (nationalacademies.org)
This chapter describes desirable attributes of an indicator, typical applications of indicators, indicator attributes that are appropriate for such applications, and provides an assessment of whether current indicators and indicator approaches are meeting the needs of each application. (nationalacademies.org)
Historic definitions of microbial indicators, such as coliforms, have been tied to the methods used to measure them. (nationalacademies.org)
Bojcov A.G., Lastovka O.N., Kashkarova G.P., Blagova O.E. Ocenka kachestva vody po biologicheskim pokazateljam: puti sovershenstvovanija [Water quality assessment under the biological indicators: the ways of improvement]. (fcrisk.ru)
Drozdova E.V., Buraja V.V., Kozlova T.O., Firago A.V. Rezul'taty gigienicheskoj ocenki vody vodnyh ob#ektov v zonah rekreacii po mikrobiologicheskim pokazateljam kak osnova dlja nauchnogo obosnovanija indikatornyh pokazatelej bezopasnosti [Results of the hygienic assessment of water of water bodies in the recrea-tion areas under the microbiological indicators as the basis for the scientific justification of the indicative safety values]. (fcrisk.ru)
My objective is to propose models/methods useful to researchers to better understand risks, and useful to managers to define risk indicators. (univ-lyon1.fr)

Many of the current health assessment studies in GCC countries were based on predictions and/or estimates of exposures rather than clinically based observational studies. (degruyter.com)
Multiple challenges in this field benefit from advanced modeling techniques, such as developing infectious disease spread models, conducting dose-dependent meta-analysis of carcinogens, performing systematic review of evidence between treatment and health effects, or incorporating imperfect observational evidence into risk assessments. (epixanalytics.com)

Adapting culture-based fecal indicator monitoring to include antibiotics in the media provides a potentially low-tech and accessible option, while quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) targeting key genes of interest provides a broad, quantitative measure across the microbial community. (bvsalud.org)
Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) is a dominant intestinal commensal organism, an important fecal indicator bacterium (FIB), a pathogen and a target for microbial source tracking (MST). (lpelc.org)
Infiltration of fecal material into the subsurface can result in the contamination of ground water supplies by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, thereby posing a threat to public health. (lpelc.org)
To assess whether a ground water source is at risk for fecal contamination, agencies responsible for monitoring water supplies generally test for the presence of nonpathogenic as indicator organisms. (lpelc.org)
We used traditional fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and microbial source tracking (MST) methods to help identify source(s) of the FIB. (mdpi.com)
For almost 40 years, Bonde's (1966) attributes of an ideal indicator have served as an effective model of how a fecal contamination index for public health risk and treatment efficiency should function ( Box 4-1 ). (nationalacademies.org)

These documents are not developed for inclusion in the medical records of individual persons because they describe overall general population exposure estimates and do not describe any specific person's unique exposures. (health.mil)
Where uncertainties in scientific knowledge exist, practical applications designed to be protective of a person's health are presented. (cdc.gov)

2023. Risk of organism acquisition from prior room occupants: An updated systematic review . (cardiff.ac.uk)

A methodology for developing key events to advance nanomaterial-relevant adverse outcome pathways to inform risk assessment. (rivm.nl)
Huybert and Francisco did an excellent job of demonstrating how quantitative risk analysis methods can be applied to inform real-world decisions. (epixanalytics.com)
A key objective of this assessment was to evaluate the feasibility and confidence in deriving a human health-based threshold value to inform development of the State of California's monitoring and management strategy for microplastics in drinking water. (springeropen.com)
While it was possible to derive a conservative screening level to inform monitoring activities, it was not possible to extrapolate a human-health-based threshold value for microplastics, which is largely due to concerns regarding the relative quality and reliability of current data, but also due to the inability to extrapolate data from studies using monodisperse plastic particles, such as polystyrene spheres to an environmentally relevant exposure of microplastics. (springeropen.com)
In order to increase confidence in our ability to derive a human-health-based threshold value in the future, several research recommendations are provided, with an emphasis towards strengthening how toxicity studies should be conducted in the future and an improved understanding of human exposure to microplastics, insights critically important to better inform future risk assessments. (springeropen.com)

For the majority of persons, undisturbed mold is not a substantial health hazard. (cdc.gov)
In first World Health Day (7 April 1948) is developing countries, such food is prepared the protection of the consumer against any and/or sold by vendors or hawkers mainly health hazard which could be transmitted as in streets or other convenient public places a result of consuming unsafe food. (who.int)

While they represent a relatively new approach to risk assessment for sensitizers, quantitative methods have been used for decades to support risk assess- ments for systemic toxicity. (cdc.gov)
Historically, these methods have involved the extrapolation of toxicity data ª generally from studies in laboratory animals at relatively high doses to human exposures at lower doses. (cdc.gov)
As with other forms of toxicity, a quantitative assessment of risk for allergic skin reactions can be approached by identifying a NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level) and applying appropriate uncertainty factors. (cdc.gov)

This relationship has been demonstrated primarily through epidemiologic studies for recreational exposures (Cabelli et al. (nationalacademies.org)
Their presentations considered (a) the positive influences of water consumption on kidney diseases and urinary tract infection (UTI), (b) human neuroendocrine regulation of water and electrolytes, and (c) low daily water consumption as an epidemiologic risk factor for chronic diseases. (thefactsaboutwater.org)

The article provides the assessment of the microbiological values of water bodies if they are used for recreational purposes and distinguishes the epidemiologically significant parameters. (fcrisk.ru)

Relating in vitro to in vivo exposures with physiologically based tissue dosimetry and tissue response models. (cdc.gov)
Given that methods for extrapolating between in vitro and in vivo systems are currently lacking, only oral exposure in vivo studies were identified as fit-for-purpose within the context of this workshop. (springeropen.com)

Our systematic and quantitative approach takes uncertainties into account to deliver analysis in a format that supports your needs, whether that be a report detailing our findings, or a tool or model for you to perform your own calculations. (epixanalytics.com)
In this overview, the relation between human health and an ecosystem approach of nature is addressed. (frontiersin.org)
In parallel, Wildlife Trust and the Consortium for Conservation Medicine joined the EcoHealth Alliance, an international nonprofit organization dedicated to a "One Health" approach to protecting the health of people, animals, and the environment from emerging infectious diseases ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
Recently, several papers have been published supporting the use of an alternative, and potentially better, quantitative risk assessment approach. (cdc.gov)
Recent papers have advocated the use of a similar approach to characterize the risk of the induction of skin sensitization by allergens of varying potency and potential for skin contact. (cdc.gov)
The risk-based approach must be backed and trade is aggravating the widespread by information on the most appropriate outbreaks of foodborne diseases. (who.int)

1987). An alternative means of demonstrating the relationship to health risk is through correlation between prospective indicator concentration and pathogen levels (Gerba et al. (nationalacademies.org)
Study Design and Rationale for the PAASIM Project, a Matched Cohort Study on Urban Water Supply Improvements and Infant Enteric Pathogen Infection, Gut Microbiome Development, and Health in Mozambique. (tarheels.live)

Although an ecological risk assessment has been prepared, the focus of this assessment of 2-nitrotoluene relates primarily to human health risks. (gc.ca)

The panel found that risk estimates are consistent with previous CDPH estimates and concluded that current agricultur al water recycling regulations do not measurably increase public health risk. (cdc.gov)

The diversity and increasing frequency of events involving infectious disease and other hazards affecting public health are potent reminders that the IHR remain foundational to global health security. (who.int)

Environmental and occupational risk factors typically related to heavy metal exposure (e.g., lead, mercury) and agricultural chemicals (e.g., pesticides, herbicides), and the occupations associated with exposure to these substances were most frequently explored. (cdc.gov)

Conceptual mapping proved useful to develop an integrated understanding of the interlinked factors across socio-ecological levels and domains, highlighting the role of wider sociocultural, economic and institutional factors contributing to infant's enteric infection risks. (biomedcentral.com)

The material in this report originated in the National Center for Environmental Health, Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry, Howard Franklin, MD, Director, and the Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, Michael A. McGeehin, PhD, Director. (cdc.gov)

Commonly reported plausible health effects potentially associated with indoor air pollution were related to respiratory symptoms and sick building syndrome (SBS). (degruyter.com)

Our capabilities include quantitative analysis of non-communicable disease attribution and burden, probabilistic models of exposure in the environment, cost-effectiveness of treatments and interventions, modeling probability of success and optimizing products in early drug development, disease spread modeling, and many other types of data analysis. (epixanalytics.com)

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine inpatient health care utilization in an incident cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) compared with the general population. (cdc.gov)
Pratt-Chapman et al proposed measures for survivorship patient navigation related to health care utilization (access to clinical care, awareness of late and long-term effects, and access to supportive care) and patient-reported outcomes (quality of life, self-efficacy and activation, satisfaction with care and navigation, health knowledge and literacy and healthy behaviors). (medscape.com)

A comparison of associations with childhood lung function between air pollution exposure assessment methods with and without accounting for time-activity patterns. (rivm.nl)
Determining the impact of a chemical or microbial exposure can require specific methods to model sources, interactions with environment, fate and transport, and our own behaviors. (epixanalytics.com)
Mamina L.V. Metodika ocenki sostojanija rekreacionnyh vodoemov urbanizirovannyh territorij: sani-tarno-gigienicheskij aspekt [Methods for the assessment of conditions of the recreation water reservoirs at the urban lands: sanitary and hygienic aspect]. (fcrisk.ru)
METHODS: Registry-funded research and related publications were identified through the National ALS Registry website, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Reporter website, and verified by Principal Investigators. (cdc.gov)
I develop models and inference methods in the context of risk assessment in the field of health and environmental risks. (univ-lyon1.fr)

It was revealed that there is a lack of human health assessment studies on most indoor air pollutants in almost all GCC countries, except the United Arab Emirates, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, where few attempts were made for some specific pollutants. (degruyter.com)
Modeling human health and public health risks and benefits is tough and requires specialized skills. (epixanalytics.com)
EpiX Analytics has the skill and experience to provide unbiased, in depth, and independent analytics related to human health, including public health. (epixanalytics.com)
There is uncertainty around the effects of using certain antimicrobials and how that translates to resistance in organisms in our food, environment, and, ultimately, its impact on human health. (epixanalytics.com)
Through multiple grant-funded research projects, we have engaged with industry and federal agencies to bring together the latest data in cutting-edge risk assessments of AMR in human illness. (epixanalytics.com)
And ESRAC is a village, not confined to any one angle of intervention, but capable, rather, of responding to the complications of human health from a multitude of perspectives. (arizona.edu)
Integrating quantitative PCR and Bayesian statistics in quantifying human adenoviruses in small volumes of source water. (unc.edu)
Assessing Human Exposure to SVOCs in Materials, Products, and Articles: A Modular Mechanistic Framework. (acs.org)
Nature's Contributions to Human Health: A Missing Link to Primary Health Care? (frontiersin.org)
Nature's contributions to human health (NCH) have gained increased attention internationally in scientific and policy arenas. (frontiersin.org)
Nature is known to affect human health in different ways. (frontiersin.org)
The manner in which nature's contributions to human health (NCH) have been studied reflects the changes in concepts of health. (frontiersin.org)
This change of health concept illustrates the shift in mainly focusing on disease-causing factors to considering factors supporting human health and well-being. (frontiersin.org)
In this context, only recently, more attention is paid to the benefits of nature contact to human health. (frontiersin.org)
The range of mechanisms, from supporting physical activity to enhancing immune function, and effects of nature contact to human health, from improved mental health to reduced diabetes, were recently reviewed ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
The review focuses on the risks of the degradation of ecosystems to human health, such as natural disasters and malnutrition. (frontiersin.org)
This collaboration aimed at sharing responsibilities and coordinating global activities to address health risks at the animal-human-ecosystems interfaces ( 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
On the basis of the carcinogenic potential of 2-nitrotoluene, for which there may be a probability of harm at any exposure level, it is concluded that 2-nitrotoluene is a substance that may be entering the environment in a quantity or concentration or under conditions that constitute or may constitute a danger in Canada to human life or health. (gc.ca)
Microplastics have been documented in drinking water, but their effects on human health from ingestion, or the concentrations at which those effects begin to manifest, are not established. (springeropen.com)
It is important that confidence in the quality of drinking water is maintained at a high level and that actions to address potential concerns with respect to human health risks regarding exposure to CECs are thoroughly addressed. (springeropen.com)
74 ]) as well as increased consumption of bottled water and sweetened beverages, which are linked to sustainability, social equity, and human health concerns (Pacheco et al. (springeropen.com)
The MMWR series of publications is published by the Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333. (cdc.gov)

Studies on the assessment of indoor air pollutants in terms of concentration and characterization in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries have been recently carried out. (degruyter.com)
This review assesses the health effects associated with indoor air pollution exposures in GCC, including other air pollutants (siloxanes, flame retardants, synthetic phenolic antioxidants) which were not explored in a previous study. (degruyter.com)

A total of 169 samples were collected, analyzed, and compared to the California Department of Health single sample maximum (SSM) objective. (mdpi.com)

In addition, in the aftermath of extensive flooding, health-care providers should be watchful for unusual mold-related diseases. (cdc.gov)
Health has long been defined as "the absence of disease" and approached by focusing on the pathogenesis or mechanisms that cause diseases ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
In this context, nature is simultaneously considered a threat to health due to the cause of diseases associated with mass mortalities and a source for curative care through the provision of medicinal compounds. (frontiersin.org)

The development of a public health surveillance strategy among persons repopulating areas after extensive flooding is recommended to assess potential health effects and the effectiveness of prevention efforts. (cdc.gov)
You need answers that you can be confident with - when looking to uncover the evidence related to the efficacy and safety of a pharmaceutical product to value its market potential, determine the severity of a vector-borne disease, predict the spread of a pandemic, assess the health risk of an environmental exposure, or analyze the costs and benefits of an intervention. (epixanalytics.com)
Member States can also enhance their contribution to European food safety by submitting their scientific assessments to Food Risk Assess Europe (FRAE) , an open access journal of selected scientific articles from national food safety agencies across the EU. (europa.eu)
One of the most important provisions in the IHR is the obligation for all States Parties to establish core capacities to detect, assess, notify and report events, and to respond to public health risks and emergencies. (who.int)

Poor air quality is such an issue that it is directly addressed within the SDG targets: SDG 3.9 (substantial reduction of health impacts from hazardous chemicals and air, water, and soil pollution) and SDG 11.6 (reduction of adverse per capita environmental impacts of cities, including paying special attention to air quality and other waste management). (springer.com)

The most important biological attribute is a strong quantitative relationship between indicator concentration and the degree of public health risk. (nationalacademies.org)

A key challenge in promoting the expansion of water recycling for agricultur al purposes was addressing the perceived concern about whether recycled water produced in conformance with California law is protective of public health. (cdc.gov)
The California Department of Public Health (CDPH) established an expert panel to consider the concern. (cdc.gov)
Evidence is included about assessing exposure, clean-up and prevention, personal protective equipment, health effects, and public health strategies and recommendations. (cdc.gov)
Such a surveillance program will help CDC and state and local public health officials refine the guidelines for exposure avoidance, personal protection, and clean-up and assist health departments to identify unrecognized hazards. (cdc.gov)
The National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) provides the required reports from REWAB. (kwrwater.nl)
Throughout the crisis-and as is true with many scares related to public health and the environment-there were, by and large, more questions than there were answers. (arizona.edu)
In March of 2014, ESRAC became an official center at the College of Public Health with the goal of bringing together industry sponsors, municipal governments and researchers from the colleges of Public Health, Agriculture and Life Sciences, Engineering, Medicine and Nursing to launch multi-faceted responses to issues related to public health and the environment. (arizona.edu)
The Board is further requested to consider the draft resolution on the recommendations of the Review Committee on Second Extensions for Establishing National Public Health Capacities and on IHR Implementation prepared by the Secretariat (see Annex 2), as well as the report on financial and administrative implications for the Secretariat of the draft resolution (see Annex 3). (who.int)
This milestone will be a reminder that the work of developing, strengthening and maintaining the IHR's essential public health capacities is continuous and requires ongoing attention from all States Parties. (who.int)

Multivariate analysis grouped microbial observations by subwatershed and season in river samples but only by subwatershed in the ocean. (bvsalud.org)
We conducted structured observations and exploratory qualitative research across 9 rural tribal villages, including transect walks, household observations, interviews with frontline health workers and group discussions with mothers. (biomedcentral.com)

Kriterii bezopasnosti dlja zdorov'ja naselenija vodnyh ob#ektov Respubliki Belarus', ispol'zuemyh v re-kreacionnyh celjah: instrukcija po primeneniju № 139-1207 [Criteria of safety for the health of population of the water bodies of the Republic of Belarus used for recreational purposes: application instructions No. 139-1207]. (fcrisk.ru)

Risk-based review of California's water-recycling criteria for agricultur al irrigation. (cdc.gov)
Nevertheless, a conservative screening level value was used to estimate a volume of drinking water (1000 L) that could be used to support monitoring activities and improve our overall understanding of exposure in California's drinking water. (springeropen.com)

Burden of disease attributable to unsafe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene in domestic settings: a global analysis for selected adverse health outcomes. (tarheels.live)

The resultant issues for purposes of modeling, source tracking and risk assessment require careful consideration in future research studies. (lpelc.org)
These studies are often related to environmental, medical conditions, and genetic risk factors. (cdc.gov)
These studies supported the identification and confirmation of candidate risk factors. (cdc.gov)
It is notable that the majority of studies (83%) subjected to Tier 2 evaluation report results from exposure to a single polymer type (polystyrene spheres), representing a size range of 0.040 to 20 µm. (springeropen.com)

Assessment of a feed additive containing Enterococcus lactis NCIMB 11181 (Lactiferm®) for weaned piglets, calves for fattening and calves for rearing for the renewal of its authorisation (Chr. (europa.eu)

The standards cover follow-up surveillance, rehabilitation, and health promotion/risk reduction. (medscape.com)

A scoping review of alternative payment models in maternity care: insights in key design elements and effects on health and spending. (rivm.nl)
This report provides information on how to limit exposure to mold and how to identify and prevent mold-related health effects. (cdc.gov)
48 hours will generally support visible and extensive mold growth and should be remediated, and excessive exposure to mold-contaminated materials can cause adverse health effects in susceptible persons regardless of the type of mold or the extent of contamination. (cdc.gov)
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) off-gassing from synthetic materials, nitrogen dioxide and harmful outdoor VOCs such benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene and xylene penetrate into the indoor environment through ventilation and are the main contributors to poor indoor air quality with health effects. (springer.com)
Exposure to 2-nitrotoluene has also been associated with non-cancer effects in experimental animals, including developmental and reproductive effects as well as effects in the lungs, liver, spleen, bone marrow and the hematopoietic system. (gc.ca)
Margins of exposure were not calculated for non-cancer effects in this assessment since non-cancer effects occurred at a dose at which tumours were observed and because the information available indicates that exposures of the general Canadian population to 2-nitrotoluene from either environmental media or consumer products are expected to be negligible. (gc.ca)

Safety evaluations for chemicals which possess the ability to cause sensitization by skin contact have traditionally been done using an ad hoc comparative risk assessment technique. (cdc.gov)
The process of quantitative risk assessment (QRA) (lifetime) animal study to account for these areas for chemicals thought to have a threshold for of extrapolation. (cdc.gov)

This provides a preventive stantial burden on health-care systems of basis for regulating measures for food safe- the country and reduce economic productiv- ty at both national and international levels. (who.int)

Poor indoor air quality has become of particular concern within the built environment due to the time people spend indoors, and the associated health burden. (springer.com)
Currently, urban air pollution is a significant health risk for urban dwellers worldwide, accounting for 5% of the global disease burden (Cohen et al. (springer.com)

with global transport, any disease or contaminant anywhere in the world is only a matter of hours from our state," said Dr. Kelly Reynolds, director of the Environment, Exposure and Risk Assessment Center (ESRAC) at the University of Arizona. (arizona.edu)
Before joining the center, Verhougstraete had worked extensively on quantitative microbial risk assessments in the environment. (arizona.edu)
Pursuant to section 74 of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA 1999), the Ministers of the Environment and of Health have conducted a screening assessment on benzene, 1-methyl-2-nitro- (2-nitrotoluene), Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number 88-72-2. (gc.ca)

I do this by improving our understanding of water treatment capabilities, water quality monitoring and risk management. (edu.au)

My research focuses on antimicrobial biocides, an area of continuing global importance due in part to the rise in hospital acquired infections (HAIs) and emerging microbial resistance. (cardiff.ac.uk)
The Hydration for Health Scientific Conference remains unique as the world's only annual gathering that focuses solely on the health benefits of water consumption and creates dialogues among clinicians, scientists, physiologists, dieticians, and global healthcare organizations. (thefactsaboutwater.org)

A realistic transfer method reveals low risk of SARS severe acute respiratory syndrome (severe acute respiratory syndrome) - CoV coronavirus (coronavirus) -2 transmission via contaminated euro coins and banknotes. (rivm.nl)

1989. Health symptoms and occupational exposure to flea control products among California pet handlers. (cdc.gov)

Our analysts are internationally recognized for their expertise in these techniques to answer pragmatic questions of disease risk. (epixanalytics.com)

J Environ Sci Health B 34(5):829-848. (cdc.gov)

1987. Physiologically based pharmacokinetics and the risk assessment process for methylene chloride. (cdc.gov)

AMR is One Health issue that threatens the effective treatment of disease worldwide. (epixanalytics.com)
In 1978, the World Health Organization (WHO) redefined the concept of health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity" in the Alma-Ata Declaration ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
the pattern of food production and distribu- tion, creating the conditions conducive to It is interesting to note that the World Health widespread outbreaks of foodborne disease. (who.int)

Li AR (2017-continuing) Formation of Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs) from Soluble Microbial Products (SMPs) in Water Distribution Systems. (edu.au)

Organisms2

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs4

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Psychiatry and Psychology4

Disciplines and Occupations4

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena5

Named Groups1

Health Care29

Geographicals1

Pathogens6

QMRA2

Contaminants3

Indicators7

Observational2

Fecal6

Person's2

20231

Inform5

Hazard2

Toxicity3

Epidemiologic2

Microbiological1

Vivo2

Approach6

Pathogen2

Primarily1

Estimates1

Infectious1

Pesticides1

Infection1

Substances1

Potentially1

Probabilistic1

Care utilization2

Methods5

Human22

Pollutants2

Objective1

Diseases3

Assess4

Impacts1

Indicator1

Public9

Observations2

Recreational1

California's2

Analysis1

Studies4

Enterococcus1

Surveillance1

Effects6

Chemicals2

Preventive1

Burden2

Environment3

Capabilities1

Focuses2

Reveals1

California1

Internationally1

Environ1

19871

Disease3

Products1