Landsteiner first coined the term "haptenic immune response" to assist generate the idea of detecting anti-hapten antibodies in immunodiagnostics and therapies [11]. (biomedres.us)
Inhibition of secondary anti-hapten responses with the hapten conjugated to type 3 pneumococcal polysaccharide. (wikidata.org)
Bovine serum a1
Bovine serum albumin It is from the blood sera of cows and has similarly immunogenic properties as KLH or CCH. (wikipedia.org)
Immunogenicity1
The cationized form of BSA (cBSA) is highly positively charged protein with significantly increased immunogenicity. (wikipedia.org)
Molecule6
Consequently, the haptens themselves are nonimmunogenic and they cannot evoke an immune response until they bind with a larger carrier immunogenic molecule. (wikipedia.org)
Antibodies against small molecule haptens enable robust and rapid detection, monitoring and quantification using assays such as ELISA or IHC/IF. (prosci-services.com)
however, there can be challenges in conjugating the small molecule to a carrier protein and then generating the desired immune response specific to the small molecule and not the carrier protein or linker. (prosci-services.com)
We recommend analyzing the immunogenic variables of the small molecule hapten and application of interest since each application presents antigens in a distinct way. (prosci-services.com)
These immunogenic variables include the chemical structure, conjugation method, cross-linking between the small molecule and protein carrier, the orientation of the hapten on the carrier protein, and linkers used. (prosci-services.com)
An antigen is any substance, such as a molecule, moiety, foreign particulate matter, or allergy, that induces the immune system to create antibodies against it. (biomedres.us)
Antibodies4
Immunogens that generate antibodies are directly bound by host antibodies and lead to the selective expansion of antigen-specific B-cells. (wikipedia.org)
Haptens are low-molecular-weight compounds that may be bound by antibodies, but cannot elicit an immune response. (wikipedia.org)
Immunogens that generate T-cells are indirectly bound by host T-cells after processing and presentation by host antigen-presenting cells. (wikipedia.org)
This antibody and its recombinant constructs were able to recognize proteins of Loxosceles spider venoms with specificity. (bvsalud.org)
APCs1
However, from the cellular perspective, after binding of hapten to a carrier protein and formation of the complexes that are processed inside Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) and presented as a stable hapten-peptide complex to the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) settled in the tissues, an immune response will begin [13]. (biomedres.us)
Antibody response2
Generally, administration of adjuvants is used both in experimental immunology and in clinical settings to ensure a high quality/quantity memory-enhanced antibody response, where antigens must be prepared and delivered in a fashion that maximizes production of a specific immune response. (wikipedia.org)
They are small molecules that become immunogenic only when they are combined with larger carrier proteins [9,10]. (biomedres.us)
Elicit1
The use of cationized BSA is known to elicit greater immunogenic response compared to normal BSA (1-3). (gbiosciences.com)
Immune response3
An immunogen can be defined as a complete antigen which is composed of the macromolecular carrier and epitopes (determinants) that can induce immune response. (wikipedia.org)
The hapten-carrier complex, unlike free hapten, can act as an immunogen and can induce an immune response. (wikipedia.org)
The purpose of this article is to share information with researchers and clinicians about creating a vaccine by incorporating a specific substance of abuse in a hapten conjugate that triggers an immune response against the effect of the drug. (biomedres.us)
Conjugate3
By 1988, this vaccine was replaced by the more immunogenic conjugate vaccines. (medscape.com)
Findings from numerous studies in animals and children demonstrate that the HiB conjugate vaccines have immunologic properties characteristic of T-cell-dependent antigens. (medscape.com)
From the chemical standpoint, the hapten is a low molecular weight chemical agent, that must bind to a large carrier protein to create a conjugate (Figure 1), before being detected by the immune system and eliciting an immunological response. (biomedres.us)
Tolerance induction2
Tolerance induction in B lymphocytes but thymus-dependent antigens. (wikidata.org)
In this work, we present mannan-coated protein NPs, incorporating antigen proteins for antigen-specific tolerance induction. (bvsalud.org)
Exposure1
Immunological paralysis induced by brief exposure of cells to protein antigens. (wikidata.org)
Molecular4
Because of its evolutionary distance from mammals, high molecular weight and complex structure it is usually immunogenic in vertebrate animals. (wikipedia.org)
Keyhole limpet hemocyanin is a widely used carrier protein due to its large molecular mass (4.5x105-1.3x107Da aggregates) and large number of primary amines that can react with cross-linkers for the coupling of peptides. (gbiosciences.com)
Although we previously reported an affinity maturation strategy in which the association rate of the antibody toward its antigen is improved by introducing a cluster of arginine residues into the framework region of the antibody, the detailed molecular mechanism responsible for this improvement has been unknown. (bvsalud.org)
In this study, we introduced five arginine residues into an anti-hen egg white lysozyme antibody (HyHEL10) Fab fragment to create the R5-mutant and comprehensively characterized the interaction between antibody and antigen using thermodynamic analysis, X-ray crystallography, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. (bvsalud.org)
Cells1
Here, the NPs were formed spontaneously via heat denaturation of three component proteins: an antigen protein, human serum albumin (HSA) as a matrix protein, and mannoprotein (MAN) as a targeting ligand for dendritic cells (DCs). (bvsalud.org)
Keyhole1
Keyhole limpet hemocyanin It is copper-containing respiratory protein, isolated from keyhole limpets (Megathura crenulata). (wikipedia.org)
Nanoparticles (NPs) for allergen immunotherapy have garnered attention for their high efficiency and safety compared with naked antigen proteins. (bvsalud.org)
Method3
The heat-induced formation of protein NPs is a one-pot preparation method and can be applied to various proteins. (bvsalud.org)
We applied this method to various antigen proteins and found that the self-disperse after heat denaturation was a requirement for incorporation into the NPs. (bvsalud.org)
The MAN-coated NPs proposed here, prepared by a simple method, have the potential for effective and safe allergies treatment for various antigens. (bvsalud.org)
Presentation1
In addition, the antigen presentation should mimic the same orientation as the assay. (prosci-services.com)
Greater1
This change possesses a greater number of possible conjugated antigens to the protein. (wikipedia.org)
Free1
The ActiveHOOK⢠BSA rapidly couples to free sulfhydryl groups on peptides and proteins. (gbiosciences.com)
Found1
Ovalbumin Also known as egg albumin, OVA is the main protein (60-75%) found in hen egg white. (wikipedia.org)
Complex1
Our results indicate that introduction of charged residues strongly enhanced the association rate, as previously reported, and the antibody-antigen complex structure was almost the same for the R5-mutant and wild-type Fabs. (bvsalud.org)