H5n1 subtype of highly pathogenic avian influenza. Medical search. Frequent questions

Domestic ducks that are in contact with wild waterfowl and poultry function as key intermediates in the transmission of avian influenza and therefore are included in vaccination programs. (usda.gov)
Although the risk of transmission of avian influenza to humans is low, people should not touch dead birds or other wildlife with their bare hands. (gov.mb.ca)
Limited person to person transmission of avian influenza has occurred however, continued transmission is low risk. (qld.gov.au)
2. What is the likelihood of human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A(H5) viruses? (who.int)

Furthermore, this virus was shown to be highly pathogenic to both birds and mammals and demonstrate tropism for the nervous system. (nature.com)
Due to the geographical location of Sanmenxia, these novel H5N1 viruses also have the potential to be imported to other regions through the migration of wild birds, similar to the H5N1 outbreak amongst migratory birds in Qinghai Lake during 2005. (nature.com)
Despite measures to prevent HPAIV spread by vaccination or the culling of infected birds, several H5 influenza subtypes are already prevalent in Asia, Europe and Africa 4 . (nature.com)
The Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus was found to possess a high genetic relationship with viruses isolated from other countries on the migratory flyway of wild birds 4 , suggesting that the migration of wild birds played an important role in circulating H5N1 HPAIV viruses between the different avian populations. (nature.com)
Possible sources and spreading routes of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 infections in poultry and wild birds in Central Europe in 2007 inferred through likelihood analyses. (ox.ac.uk)
Cases of HPAI H5N1 have been confirmed in a number of Canadian provinces and the United States including jurisdictions immediately south of Manitoba in North Dakota and Minnesota along the route for spring migratory birds returning to Manitoba. (gov.mb.ca)
Cross-neutralization test revealed that G2a H5N8 HPAIVs were antigenically distinct from a G2b H5N1 HPAIV, suggesting that antibody pressure in wild birds was involved in the transition of the HPAIV groups during the season. (flu.org.cn)
Since most infected animals either recover - or die unnoticed in the wilderness - we don't really have a good handle on how many birds and mammals have been infected, or killed, by HPAI H5Nx avian flu since it arrived in North America nearly two years ago. (flutrackers.com)
Influenza A H5N1 has killed millions of birds and raises serious public health concern because of its potential to spread to humans and cause a global pandemic. (biomedcentral.com)
Some observations on the circulation of influenza viruses in domestic and wild birds. (cdc.gov)
Haemagglutination-inhibiting activity to type a influenza viruses in the sera of wild birds from the far east of the USSR. (cdc.gov)
Wild birds, especially waterfowl, are natural carriers of avian influenza viruses. (nrbhss.ca)
These seals would have been contaminated by close contact with many birds that have died or become sick with avian flu, as the two species share the same breeding grounds. (nrbhss.ca)
Similar to the situations in Nunavut and Labrador, the avian flu virus has been detected in Nunavik birds. (nrbhss.ca)
However, because exposure to avian influenza can occur when handling wild birds, we recommend the following. (nrbhss.ca)
The Canadian Wildlife Service has recently detected Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (also known as "bird flu"), subtype H5N1, in wild birds in all Atlantic Canadian provinces. (harvey-station.nb.ca)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is associated with severe disease and mortality in birds. (qld.gov.au)
Human cases of avian influenza are usually associated with direct or indirect exposure to live or dead infected birds or their contaminated environment. (qld.gov.au)
In response to the global outbreak in birds of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the California Department of Public Health (CPDH) are encouraging continued testing for influenza this summer among persons with severe respiratory illness or who are exposed to poultry or swine. (ca.gov)
Healthcare providers should always consider influenza testing, including subtyping, for patients with respiratory illness who are at higher risk for contracting novel or variant influenza, such as those exposed to wild birds, poultry, or swine, which may occur more often during agricultural fair season. (ca.gov)
To determine the extent of animal influenza virus circulation in Côte d'Ivoire, Benin, and Togo, we initiated systematic year-round active influenza surveillance in backyard birds (predominantly chickens, guinea fowl, and ducks) and pigs. (blogspot.com)
We aimed to confirm the current absence of HPAI (H5N1) from the region and determine whether any other influenza virus strains might circulate in domestic birds and pigs. (blogspot.com)
The H5N1 has caused such widespread mortality that I think we can pretty confidently say that within living memory, no avian influenza has affected wild birds in the same capacity," added Provencher. (jewishreview.co.il)
The Influenza A virus, which belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, can cause influenza in humans, birds or domesticated food animals. (justia.com)
In poultry and wild birds, H5N1 and H5N6 subtypes were the most widely distributed, with outbreaks reported from ten and eight countries and areas, respectively. (who.int)
Global patterns of influenza a virus in wild birds. (who.int)
Avian influenza is caused by strains of influenza A that normally infect only wild birds and domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
Avian influenza infections are often asymptomatic in wild birds but may cause highly lethal illness in domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
Humans can become infected with avian influenza viruses through inhalation of or direct contact with secretions (saliva, mucous, or feces) from infected birds. (msdmanuals.com)
A(H5) subtypes continue to be detected in birds in Africa, Europe and Asia. (who.int)
The detection of influenza A(H5) virus in nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal samples collected from individuals in close contact with infected poultry or other birds, whether the individuals are symptomatic or not, is not unexpected. (who.int)

Sanmenxia Clade 2.3.2.1c-like H5N1 viruses possess the closest genetic identity to A/Alberta/01/2014 (H5N1), which recently caused a fatal respiratory infection in Canada with signs of meningoencephalitis, a highly unusual symptom with influenza infections in humans. (nature.com)
As of 31 March 2015, H5N1 virus caused at least 826 laboratory-confirmed human infections, including 440 deaths across 16 countries 2 . (nature.com)
In March 2013, three human infections with a novel avian influenza A(H7N9) virus were identified in China. (cdc.gov)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1 virus infections are constantly monitored worldwide because of their devastating effects on poultry. (usda.gov)
However, the true mortality rate will be lower because there are probably some milder, unrecorded infections of H5N1. (scientificamerican.com)
Evidence from animal models shows that T cells can provide heterosubtypic protection and are crucial for immune control of influenza virus infections. (mdpi.com)
We report and describe infections by HPAI H5N1 virus in 2 black bears (Ursus americanus) found in Quebec, Canada, during the summer of 2022. (flutrackers.com)
Influenza A virus infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and currently available prevention and treatment methods are suboptimal. (researchgate.net)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus has caused ≈1,000 human infections since the first case was reported in 1997 (overall case-fatality rate 54%) ( 1 ). (blogspot.com)
In September 2011 the FDA approved a new kit developed by the CDC for diagnosing human infections with seasonal influenza viruses and novel influenza A viruses with pandemic potential. (medscape.com)
According to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, there have been 48 sites in the region with infections involving the H5N1 subtype of the virus since Nov. 16. (canadianpoultrymag.com)
On March 29, 2013, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention completed laboratory confirmation of three human infections with an avian influenza A(H7N9) virus not previously reported in humans ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), particularly those having cross-clade neutralizing activity, play a critical role in immunoprotection against various influenza A virus (IAV) infections, particularly those caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus and any future unpredictable virus strains. (justia.com)
From November 2003, when a resurgence of H5N1 virus activity in humans and animals occurred, through September 2017, 1,838 human infections with avian influenza viruses in the region were reported to WHO. (who.int)
The vast majority of infections were with H7N9 (n=1,562) and H5N1 (n=238) viruses, and most (n=1583, 86%) were reported from December through April. (who.int)
Regional analyses of human infections with avian influenza subtypes revealed distinct patterns and variations in epidemiology across countries, age, and time. (who.int)
In the 2014-2015 winter season, H5N1 was circulating heavily in poultry flocks and caused an unprecedented number of human infections. (who.int)
Most subtypes of avian influenza that have caused human infections are H5, H7, and H9 viruses. (msdmanuals.com)
Most cases of avian influenza in humans have been caused by Asian strains H5N1 and H7N9, but other types have also caused some human infections. (msdmanuals.com)
However, in 2003 and 2004, H5N1 infections in humans reappeared, and occasional cases continue to be reported, primarily in Asia and the Middle East. (msdmanuals.com)
All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are required to be reported under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005).4 This includes any influenza A virus that has demonstrated the capacity to infect a human and its haemagglutinin gene (or protein) is not a mutated form of those, i.e. (who.int)
Even though small clusters of A(H5) virus infections have been reported previously including those involving healthcare workers, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that influenza A(H5) viruses have not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low. (who.int)

By understanding how viruses like COVID-19 , as well as the H5N1 and H7N9 influenza strains, move from species to species, researchers and health officials can develop more informed strategies for preventing future zoonotic disease outbreaks. (upi.com)
As of 2019, 2,644 human cases of avian influenza, mainly H7N9 or H5N1 subtypes have been reported. (qld.gov.au)
Clinicians should consider the diagnosis of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection in persons with acute respiratory illness and relevant exposure history and should contact their state health departments regarding specimen collection and facilitation of confirmatory testing. (cdc.gov)
Seasonal influenza A(pH1N1) and influenza B viruses continue to circulate among persons in areas where H7N9 cases have been detected, and the Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported that rates of influenza-like illness are consistent with expected seasonal levels. (cdc.gov)

This virus was highly pathogenic in chickens and humans and posed a significant threat to public health. (nature.com)
Most updates concerned Ebola virus disease in West Africa, MERS and avian influenza in humans. (who.int)
Usually, these occasional introductions of avian influenza viruses in seals, like in humans, are 'dead ends' because the virus is not transmissible from one individual to another," first study author Sander Herfst said in a news release. (upi.com)
It is a subtype of the influenza A virus--the most virulent of the influenza viruses to affect humans. (scientificamerican.com)
Wild H5N1 viruses cannot latch on tothe cells in a person's nose and throat, but the mutant strains created by Fouchier and Kawaoka can spread between ferrets, which are viewed as a good animal model of flu transmission between humans. (scientificamerican.com)
More practically, the research could allow public-health workers to monitor wild viruses for similar mutations that make H5N1 more dangerous to humans. (scientificamerican.com)
Although human-to-human transmission of the HPAI H5N1 strain has been limited, emergence of HPAI outbreaks in domestic poultry, high rates of death in infected poultry and a 60 percent case-fatality rate in infected humans are significant causes for concern. (tewhatuora.govt.nz)
In Lebanon, no cases of infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus were reported in poultry or humans before 2016. (blogspot.com)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 infects humans with a high fatality rate and has pandemic potential. (biomedcentral.com)
Seasonal influenza A subtypes H1N1 and H3N2 have globally circulated in humans for a few decades. (biomedcentral.com)
Although it is necessary to annually update vaccine strains to ensure effective protection against seasonal influenza infection in humans due to the frequent antigenic drift of the virus strains, seasonal human influenza-specific CTLs, mostly targeting conserved internal proteins, e.g. (biomedcentral.com)
The B.C. Centre for Disease Control is asking doctors to be on the lookout for the unlikely possibility of highly pathogenic avian influenza spreading to humans after a recent spike in outbreaks on commercial farms in the Fraser Valley. (canadianpoultrymag.com)
Jakarta (ANTARA) - Indonesia's Ministry of Health is aware of the tendency of the new clade of Avian Flu virus 2.3.4.4b infecting humans following the finding of a case in poultry in a farm in South Kalimantan. (indonesianewsgazette.com)
Of the 16 known HAs and nine NAs, three HA subtypes (H1, H2, and H3) and two NA subtypes (N1 and N2) are most commonly found in humans. (justia.com)
Experts believe that the increasing outbreaks of influenza A (H5N1) among poultry and humans have moved the world closer to a pandemic than any time since 1968. (who.int)
The world is currently in Phase 3 of the six-phase pandemic alert system, in which a new influenza virus subtype is causing disease in humans, but is not yet spreading efficiently and in a sustained way among humans. (who.int)
It focuses on strengthening and building related capacities for epidemiological and laboratory surveillance of influenza both in animals and humans. (who.int)
Since the first confirmed human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus was reported in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in 1997, sporadic zoonotic avian influenza viruses causing illness in humans have been identified globally, with the WHO Western Pacific Region as one of the hotspots. (who.int)
Adaptive pathways of zoonotic influenza viruses: from exposure to establishment in humans. (who.int)
Timing of influenza A(H5N1) in poultry and humans and seasonal influenza activity worldwide, 2004-2013. (who.int)
Update: isolation of avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses from humans--Hong Kong, 1997-1998. (who.int)
An overview of the epidemiology and emergence of influenza A infection in humans over time. (who.int)
It is likely that avian influenza viruses of any antigenic specificity can cause influenza in humans whenever the virus acquires mutations, enabling it to attach to human-specific receptor sites in the respiratory tract. (msdmanuals.com)

Comparisons of avian flu strain genomes and mammal-adapted strains revealed changes to the genes responsible for the regulation of hemagglutinin, a protein on the surface of influenza viruses. (upi.com)
These viruses are classified according to the identity of two of their surface proteins--hemagglutinin (H5 in this subtype) and neuraminidase (N1). (scientificamerican.com)
The subtype behind the 2009 'swine flu' pandemic is H1N1, which has the same version of neuraminidase as H5N1, but a different version of hemagglutinin. (scientificamerican.com)
Kawaoka and his team, whose work has been accepted by Nature, created a chimeric virus with the hemagglutinin protein from H5N1 and the genes from the 2009 pandemic strain of H1N1. (scientificamerican.com)
We have previously described R1a-B6, an alpaca-derived single domain antibody (nanobody), that is capable of potent cross-subtype neutralization in vitro of H1N1, H5N1, H2N2, and H9N2 influenza viruses, through binding to a highly conserved epitope in the influenza hemagglutinin stem region. (frontiersin.org)
H5 subtype hemagglutinin (HA) genes of 32 representative HPAIV isolates were classified into clade 2.3.4.4b lineage and subsequently divided into three groups (G2a, G2b, and G2d). (flu.org.cn)
Similar to influenza C virus (ICV), IDV also has seven segments in its genome and has only one major surface glycoprotein, called the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HEF) protein, for receptor-binding, receptor-destroying, and membrane fusion. (flu.org.cn)
The type of influenza virus (A or B) may be determined by immunofluorescence or hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) techniques, and the hemagglutinin subtypes of influenza A virus (H1, H2, H3) may be identified using HAI with subtype-specific antisera. (medscape.com)
Disclosed herein are neutralizing antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity and cross-protective effects against divergent stains of influenza virus, which are specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
The virus can be classified into different subtypes based on their surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (justia.com)
Disclosed herein are neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the surface hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the influenza H5N1 strain. (justia.com)
The MAbs recognize the highly conserved HA1 region of H5N1 hemagglutinin and inhibit multiple strains of the H5N1 virus, as well as treated mice infected with a lethal dose of H5N1 viruses of two divergent strains, demonstrating their potential as therapeutic agents for multivalent prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (justia.com)
In one embodiment disclosed herein, a neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin is provided. (justia.com)
In another embodiment, the epitope has at least 95% or at least 98% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
Also disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical formulation for neutralizing influenza virus comprising an antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
Also disclosed herein is a method of treating influenza virus infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin and thereby treating said influenza virus infection in said subject. (justia.com)

In the winter of 2021-2022, multiple subtypes (H5N8 and H5N1) of high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) were confirmed to be circulating simultaneously in Japan. (flu.org.cn)
Avian Influenza (including infection with high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses). (cdc.gov)

The health sector response to the New Zealand emergence of any cases of HPAI is guided by the New Zealand Influenza Pandemic Action Plan (Ministry of Health 2010). (tewhatuora.govt.nz)
Phylogeography can highlight the drivers of H5N1 emergence and spread. (biomedcentral.com)
Neumann G, Noda T, Kawaoka Y. Emergence and pandemic potential of swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
Relatively little is known about the emergence, prevalence, and circulation of animal influenza viruses in Africa. (blogspot.com)
The objectives of the WHO global influenza preparedness plan are to reduce opportunities for human infection, strengthen the early warning system to early detect emergence of a pandemic virus and contain or delay spread at the source. (who.int)
Following the emergence of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 in several countries of Asia, Europe, Africa and the Middle East and considering the risk of possible emergence of a pandemic virus, the Fifty-ninth World Health Assembly, on 26 May 2006, adopted Resolution WHA59.2 on Application of the International Health Regulations (2005). (who.int)

One particular strain of H5N1, called highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), is responsible for the 'bird flu' scares. (scientificamerican.com)
What is avian influenza (bird flu)? (nrbhss.ca)
Why is avian influenza (bird flu) in the news? (nrbhss.ca)
The risk for people to catch avian influenza (bird flu) from a bird is very low. (nrbhss.ca)
Avian influenza, or 'bird flu', is an infectious viral disease caused by influenza type A viruses. (qld.gov.au)
In Canada, Jennifer Provencher, a research scientist in the Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division of Environment and Climate Change Canada referenced the ongoing bird flu outbreak in the country, telling CTVNews on Friday that "this particular H5N1 is a different beast than the previous ones that we have encountered…The more the virus is allowed to circulate, the more it's allowed to evolve and change. (jewishreview.co.il)
Meanwhile, areas that conduct sentinel surveillance for influenza like illness (ILI) and Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) are also urged to increase early awareness of suspected bird flu cases in areas where Avian Influenza Extraordinary Incidents occurred in poultry. (indonesianewsgazette.com)

Genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that this Sanmenxia H5N1 virus was a novel reassortant, possessing a Clade 2.3.2.1c HA gene and a H9N2-derived PB2 gene. (nature.com)
All viruses belonged to a separate subgroup (termed "EMA-3") within clade 2.2, and, thus, were distinct from two lineages of HPAIV H5N1 viruses (termed "EMA-1" and "EMA-2") present in the same geographic area in 2006. (ox.ac.uk)
The identified viruses belong to clade 2.3.4.4b, genotype CH (H5N1 A/Eurasian wigeon/Netherlands/3/2022-like). (eurosurveillance.org)
She said the ministry had issued a Director General of Disease Prevention and Control (P2P) Circular Letter Number PV.03.01/C/824/2023 concerning Precautions of Extraordinary Events for Avian Flu (H5N1) New Clade 2.3.4.4b, which was stipulated on February 24, 2023. (indonesianewsgazette.com)
Head of the Communication and Public Service Bureau of the Health Ministry Siti Nadia Tarmizi remarked that mitigating the transmission of the new clade of Avian Flu virus 2.3.4.4b in Indonesia is prioritized in areas related to poultry and wild animals. (indonesianewsgazette.com)
In the meantime, the Ministry of Agriculture has positively identified the H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus through PCR testing and sequencing at unvaccinated Peking duck commercial farms in South Kalimantan. (indonesianewsgazette.com)
This is in response to SE of the Director General of Livestock and Animal Health - Ministry of Agriculture Number 16183 of 2023 concerning Increasing Awareness of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza subtype H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b," she remarked. (indonesianewsgazette.com)

Information about the outbreak of avian influenza in 2021 and 2022, its spread and its impact on breeding seabird populations. (bto.org)
Unusually, in the spring of 2022, the HPAI virus (subtype H5N1) spread into our globally important colonies of nesting seabirds. (bto.org)
Avian influenza overview June - September 2022. (eurosurveillance.org)

The scale of HPAI H5N1 virus infection in cats in Poland is worrying. (eurosurveillance.org)
Egypt is still facing recurrent highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) (H5N1) outbreaks ( 12 ). (blogspot.com)
These 3 West African countries reported cases of HPAI (H5N1) only in 2006, 2007, or 2008 ( 13 , 14 ). (blogspot.com)

Viboud C, Grais RF, Lafont BAP, Miller MA, Simonsen L. Multinational impact of the 1968 Hong Kong Influenza pandemic: Evidence for a smoldering pandemic. (cdc.gov)
Human infection of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus was first reported in Hong Kong in 1997, causing six deaths [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
the epidemics of "Asian" influenza in 1957 and "Hong Kong" influenza in 1968 together resulted in an estimated 1-4 million deaths. (who.int)
Influenza A (H5N1) in Hong Kong: an overview. (who.int)

However, it has been difficult to obtain MAbs which neutralize divergent strains of influenza viruses with sufficient cross-protective immunity. (justia.com)

Over the winter of 2021/22, an outbreak of avian influenza was confirmed in Barnacle Geese wintering on the Solway Firth. (bto.org)

It is the only in vitro diagnostic test for influenza that is cleared by the FDA for use with lower respiratory tract specimens. (medscape.com)
This report gives an account of actions taken by the Secretariat within the framework of the Regulations regarding the international response in 2015 to public health events and emergencies - in particular, Ebola virus disease, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), poliomyelitis and avian influenza. (who.int)
Researchers found the mutations caused the virus to prefer to attach to mammal virus receptors in the respiratory tract, rather than to avian receptors. (upi.com)
Rapid onset of respiratory and generalised signs and symptoms of influenza, which can include fever, chills, sweating, a cough and a sore throat. (tewhatuora.govt.nz)
The International Health Regulations (IHR) National Focal Point (NFP) in the Ministry must notify the World Health Organization (WHO) of events involving any case of smallpox, poliomyelitis, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or human influenza caused by a new subtype. (tewhatuora.govt.nz)
For infection to occur, it must occur in the lower respiratory tract, which is the receptor for the influenza virus. (oicanadian.com)
Isolation of influenza viruses or detection of viral antigens in respiratory secretions (eg, throat swabs, nasopharyngeal washes, sputum) can be performed during acute influenza infection. (medscape.com)
It is the only in vitro diagnostic test for influenza that is cleared by the FDA for use with lower respiratory tract specimens and will be given at no cost to qualified international public health laboratories. (medscape.com)
Detect highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in human respiratory tract specimens. (medscape.com)
The CDC recommendation is to test for highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza A/H5N1 if a patient has severe respiratory symptoms and a risk for exposure (eg, direct contact with ill, dead, or infected poultry in a country with known poultry outbreaks of HP avian influenza A/H5N1), with specific criteria included. (medscape.com)

Next-generation vaccines that utilize T cells could potentially overcome the limitations of current influenza vaccines that rely on antibodies to provide narrow subtype-specific protection and are prone to antigenic mismatch with circulating strains. (mdpi.com)
Cross-subtype neutralizing single domain antibodies against influenza present new opportunities for immunoprophylaxis and pandemic preparedness. (frontiersin.org)
A much more promising strategy is to use recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against influenza and several are currently in clinical development ( 9 - 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
four-fold rise in H5N1 virus-specific neutralising antibodies. (tewhatuora.govt.nz)
Antibodies to influenza viruses (including the human A2-Asian-57 strain) in sera from Australian shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus). (cdc.gov)
Inactivated H5N1 influenza vaccines have been proved to be effective in eliciting neutralizing antibodies against the virus in clinic trials, but proved to have poor immunogenicity [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, 2,276 serum samples from the same populations were negative for influenza-specific antibodies. (blogspot.com)
The present application is drawn to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for preventing and treating influenza virus infection and methods of treating influenza virus infection. (justia.com)
Furthermore, these vaccines are limited to one or just a few strains and don't produce highly potent neutralizing antibodies or cross-reactive immunity against divergent influenza viruses. (justia.com)
Neutralizing antibodies can provide a first line of defense against influenza pathogens and passive immunization with neutralizing MAbs can provide immediate effects to prevent the spread of influenza infection and mortality. (justia.com)

Environmental water-derived G2a HPAIV, A/water/Tottori/NK1201-2/2021 (H5N8), has unique polymerase basic protein 1 and nucleoprotein genes, similar to those of low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs). (flu.org.cn)
The variant is similar to the other versions of the H5N1 subtype which has been spreading in Europe and the Americas since 2021, but includes a new version of the PB1 segment of genes in the virus. (jewishreview.co.il)
The discovery of the new variant comes as avian influenza continues to spread across the Americas, Europe, and other locations around the world in a global outbreak that has continued almost without pause since 2021. (jewishreview.co.il)
Since the last risk assessment on 21 May 2021, one new laboratory-confirmed human case of influenza A(H5N6) virus infection was reported from China to WHO on 30 May 2021. (who.int)

Deep sequence analysis showed that the four HPAIVs isolated at the beginning of winter had both N8 and N1 subtypes of neuraminidase genes. (flu.org.cn)

Our findings demonstrate AAV delivery of cross-subtype neutralizing nanobodies may be an effective strategy to prevent influenza infection and provide long-term protection independent of a host induced immune response. (frontiersin.org)
Although vaccination is an important strategy to prevent influenza infection, most of the current vaccines cannot provide immediate protection in the event of influenza pandemics and epidemics due to the length of time required for producing effective vaccines. (justia.com)

Evidence of infection with influenza viruses in migratory waterfowl. (cdc.gov)
Here we summarize our findings in animal models in which we demonstrated that vaccination against influenza A/H3N2 virus reduced the induction of heterosubtypic immunity against highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus, otherwise induced by a prior infection with influenza A/H3N2 virus. (blogspot.com)

H1N1 and H3N2 are the major subtypes that cause human seasonal flu and global pandemics of influenza. (justia.com)

South Africa has had numerous outbreaks of many distinct influenza subtypes in chickens and ostriches, including H5N2, H5N3, H6N2, H9N2, H10N7, and H6N8 ( 3 , 8 - 11 ). (blogspot.com)
In 2011, H9N2 viruses were observed to be co-circulating and co-infecting the same hosts as H5N1 viruses. (who.int)
En 2011, on a remarqué que les virus H9N2 circulaient en même temps et co-infectaient les mêmes hôtes que les virus H5N1. (who.int)

The challenge is to develop the vaccination program that is more successful in containing and preventing the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza subtype H5N1 from recurrence in the Red River Delta, Vietnam and reducing vaccination costs. (hawaii.edu)
These results should be taken into account when developing effective vaccination programs for controlling HPAI in different species of ducks, since we demonstrated that not all duck species respond equally to avian influenza vaccination. (usda.gov)
Domestic ducks are key intermediates in the transmission of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, and therefore are included in vaccination programs to control H5N1 HPAI. (usda.gov)
In this study we compared the response to vaccination between two common domestic duck species, Pekin and Muscovy, which were vaccinated using one of three different schedules in order to obtain protection to H5N1 HPAI before one month of age. (usda.gov)
Clear differences in response to vaccination were observed, with the Muscovy ducks presenting lower viral antibody titers induced by vaccination and higher number of sick and dead ducks after challenge with a H5N1 HPAI virus. (usda.gov)
For Egypt, future work should focus on using data about vaccination and live bird markets in phylogeography models to study their impact on H5N1 diffusion within the country. (biomedcentral.com)
Vaccination is the preferred approach for prevention of H5N1 infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Six weeks after the vaccination, the mice were challenged with a lethal dose of H5N1 influenza virus. (biomedcentral.com)
DNA vaccination may be a quick and effective strategy for persons innaive to influenza A virus during H5N1 pandemic. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, a single dose of vaccination with NP, M1 or NP + M1 DNAs from A/chicken/Henan/12/2004(H5N1) virus strain was evaluated in mice pre-exposed to A/PR8(H1N1) virus, which showed that DNA vaccination might be a quick and effective strategy against H5N1 infection in individuals innaive to influenza A virus. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, we recently hypothesized that annual vaccination may hamper the development of cross-reactive immunity against influenza A viruses of novel subtypes, that would otherwise be induced by natural infection. (blogspot.com)
In animal models, H3N2-vaccination prevents heterosubtypic immunity against H5N1. (blogspot.com)

Over a 3-week period in late June/early July 2023, Poland experienced an outbreak caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in cats. (eurosurveillance.org)
Avian influenza overview March - April 2023. (eurosurveillance.org)

Fifty Years of influenza A(H3N2) following the pandemic of 1968. (cdc.gov)
A(H1N2) variant viruses and one human case of infection with an influenza A(H3N2) variant virus were reported officially.3 One additional human case of infection with an influenza A(H1N1)v virus was detected. (who.int)

Manitoba Natural Resources and Northern Development advises the Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative (CWHC) has confirmed the presence of avian influenza in two different wild bird samples in Manitoba. (gov.mb.ca)
On April 20, 2016, the Lebanonese Ministry of Agriculture confirmed the presence of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus on 2 poultry farms in Nabi Chit village located in the Bekaa region, adjacent to the border of Lebanon with Syria. (blogspot.com)

This strain of avian influenza does not pose a food safety risk. (gov.mb.ca)
The avian flu strain that killed roughly one-tenth of the seal population -- harbor seals, like the one pictured, and gray seals -- in northern Europe in 2014 has been identified by researchers, according to a new study. (upi.com)
Oct. 7 (UPI) -- Scientists have identified the genetic mutations that allowed an avian flu strain to adapt to mammalian transmission, triggering an outbreak among European seals. (upi.com)
In 2014, an avian flu strain spread rapidly among harbor and gray seals in northern Europe, killing roughly a tenth of the population. (upi.com)
The strain of influenza virus behind the outbreak has a high potential to cause disease. (bto.org)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is caused by a genetically distinct strain of the influenza A subtype H5N1. (tewhatuora.govt.nz)

ABSTRACT Surveillance for avian influenza viruses in Egyptian poultry has been conducted since 2009. (who.int)

Egypt reported more laboratory-confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza virus H5N1 to the World Health Organization (WHO) between 2003 and 2015 than any other country (346 cases), with 116 deaths, giving a case fatality rate of 33.5 % (10). (who.int)
All cases of human infection with an influenza A subtype other than H1 or H3 must be reported. (msdmanuals.com)

The FDA waived federal Clinical Laboratories Improvement Act (CLIA) requirements and cleared for marketing seven rapid influenza diagnostic tests that directly detect influenza A or B virus-associated antigens or enzyme in throat swabs, nasal swabs, or nasal washes. (medscape.com)
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has waived federal Clinical Laboratories Improvement Act (CLIA) requirements and cleared for marketing 7 rapid influenza diagnostic tests that directly detect influenza A or B virus-associated antigens or enzyme in throat swabs, nasal swabs, or nasal washes and can produce results within 30 minutes. (medscape.com)
A study from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of 11 rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) that were given clearance by the FDA found variations in the tests' ability to detect flu virus. (medscape.com)

The gold standard for confirming influenza virus infection is reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or viral culture of nasopharyngeal or throat secretions. (medscape.com)

Scientists found most avian flu strains failed to infect the ferrets, but that seal-adapted strains were successfully transmitted via the air from ferret to ferret. (upi.com)

This has led to a growing concern regarding the pandemic potential of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses. (justia.com)

The Human Influenza Virus Real-Time RT-PCR Detection and Characterization Panel (rRT-PCR Flu Panel) is an in vitro laboratory diagnostic test that can provide results within 4 hours. (medscape.com)
Other FDA-approved assays for diagnosing avian influenza include the Influenza A/H5 (Asian Lineage) Virus Real-Time Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) Primer and Probe Set and inactivated virus as a positive RNA control for the in vitro detection of highly pathogenic influenza virus A/H5 (Asian lineage). (medscape.com)

To date, no cases of avian influenza have been detected in poultry flocks in Manitoba. (gov.mb.ca)

This has provided hope for the design of a universal vaccine able to prime against diverse influenza virus strains and subtypes. (mdpi.com)
then infected ferrets with influenza virus and found that the vaccinated ferrets came down with more severe disease, and had higher viral titres in the lungs, than ferrets who had not received 'appropriate' flu vaccine. (blogspot.com)
Thus the development of an effective and safe vaccine against divergent influenza A virus strains is urgently needed for the prevention of future outbreaks of influenza. (justia.com)

Influenza virus continues to be a major public health concern, causing both annual epidemics and occasional pandemics ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Mutinelli F, Capua I, Terregino C, Cattoli G. Clinical, gross, and microscopic findings in different avian species naturally infected during the H7N1 low- and high-pathogenicity avian influenza epidemics in Italy during 1999 and 2000. (cdc.gov)

The memory T cells established by seasonal human influenza A infection could not provide adequate protection, but could alleviate symptoms of influenza H5N1 virus infection [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Some AIV, such as H7, H5 and H9 subtypes, are associated with sporadic zoonotic human infection. (qld.gov.au)

Pre-existing immunity against seasonal influenza viruses is useful in offering protection against H5N1 infection. (biomedcentral.com)

The subclades of H5N1 viruses in Egypt are antigenically distinct and most vaccines used are no longer antigenically matched (2,9). (who.int)

The purpose of the plan was early detection and containment of any influenza outbreak caused by this virus and to ensure good coordination between public health sectors and ministries (agriculture, health, interior, and environment), the national influenza center, and laboratories ( 7 ). (blogspot.com)

In the past century, the world has witnessed three pandemics of influenza that started without warning and caused illness in more than 25% of the world's population. (who.int)

Seasonal influenza virus infection has been reported to provide heterosubtypic immunity against influenza A virus infection to some extend. (biomedcentral.com)

The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)
However, a HPAIV of the H5N1 subtype killed thousands of bar-headed geese ( Anser indicus ), great black-headed gulls ( Larus ichthyaetus ) and brown-headed gulls ( Larus brunnicephalus ) in Qinghai Lake, China during May 2005 9 , 12 . (nature.com)
Recurrent outbreaks of H5N1 HPAIV occurred in several Central European countries in 2007. (ox.ac.uk)

The results suggested that MSC administration was a promissing strategy for treatment of acute lung injuries caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus, although further optimization and combination use of anti-viral drugs will be obviously required to achieve the goal of reducing mortality. (unair.ac.id)
The criterion standard for diagnosing influenza A and B is a viral culture of nasopharyngeal samples and/or throat samples. (medscape.com)

Even less is known about avian influenza in domestic poultry in Africa. (blogspot.com)
Since 2006, the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus has circulated among domestic poultry in Egypt, causing massive economic losses in the poultry production sector (1). (who.int)

CDC, along with state and local health departments, is continuing epidemiologic and laboratory surveillance for influenza in the United States. (cdc.gov)

In this study, we used a mouse model pre-exposed to an H1N1 influenza virus and evaluated the protective ability provided by a single dose of DNA vaccines encoding conserved H5N1 proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
However, currently used seasonal vaccines provide only limited protection against (potentially) pandemic influenza viruses. (blogspot.com)
An age-related increase of the virus-specific CD8+ T cell response was observed in unvaccinated children that was absent in vaccinated children with CF. These findings highlight the importance of the development of vaccines that provide protection against influenza A viruses of all subtypes. (blogspot.com)

The H5N1 variant A virus detected in the "singing fur seal" is a subtype of highly pathogenic avian influenza. (oicanadian.com)
A new variant of the H5N1 subtype of highly pathogenic avian influenza has been spotted in the Netherlands, the Wageningen Bioveterinary Research Institute at Wageningen University reported on Thursday. (jewishreview.co.il)

Anatomy12

Organisms36

Diseases12

Chemicals and Drugs28

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes29

Disciplines and Occupations4

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Health Care17

Geographicals14

Transmission of avian influenza4

Birds31

Infections22

H7N94

Humans23

Hemagglutinin16

High pathogenicity avian influenza viruses2

Emergence6

Bird flu7

Clade7

20223

HPAI H5N13

Hong Kong4

Strains of influenza1

Outbreak of avian influenza1

Respiratory10

Antibodies10

20214

Neuraminidase1

Strategy to prevent influenza infection2

Infection with influenza2

H1N1 and H3N21

H9N23

Vaccination12

20232

H3N22

Presence of avian2

Strain6

Abstract1

Cases of human infection2

Rapid influenza diagnostic tests3

Confirming influenza virus infection1

Infect1

Pandemic potential1

Vitro2

Detected in poultry1

Vaccine3

Epidemics2

Symptoms of influenza1

Sporadic zoonotic1

Seasonal influenza viruses1

Distinct1

National Influenza Center1

Pandemics of influenza1

Immunity against influenza1

HPAIV3

Viral2

Domestic poultry2

Surveillance for influenza1

Vaccines3

Variant2