H5n1 influenza virus infection in mice. Medical search. Frequent questions

The 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic, H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, and the current pandemic H1N1 (2009) have caused human illness and deaths. (usda.gov)
Lessons learned from the Spanish influenza pandemic, the periodic outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses, and the current H1N1 ("swine flu") pandemic highlight the need for a more detailed understanding of influenza virus pathogenesis and the host response to infection. (usda.gov)
To investigate the host transcriptional response against highly pathogenic influenza viruses in a mouse model that resembles human influenza pathogenicity, we used a functional genomics approach to compare transcriptional profiles in lungs from wild-type 129S6/SvEv mice infected with either the fully reconstructed human H1N1 1918 "Spanish influenza" virus (1918) or the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 virus Vietnam/1203/04 (VN/1203). (usda.gov)
Scientists have identified a small family of lab-made proteins that neutralize a broad range of influenza A viruses, including the H5N1 avian virus, the 1918 pandemic influenza virus and seasonal H1N1 flu viruses. (science20.com)
H1N1 and H3N2 are the major subtypes that cause human seasonal flu and global pandemics of influenza. (justia.com)
The influenza pandemic in 2009 was caused by influenza A virus H1N1 of swine origin. (justia.com)
We examined virus distribution and associated inflammation within nasal and periocular tissues during the acute phase of H1N1 IAV infection in ferrets following intranasal or ocular inoculation. (cdc.gov)
Following a challenge with influenza A/H1N1 virus, survival rates and lung index of mice were observed. (biomedcentral.com)
In comparison with the group of mice given phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), the mice vaccinated with rL H5 showed reductions in lung index and viral replication in the lungs after a challenge with influenza A/H1N1 virus. (biomedcentral.com)
After the mice were vaccinated with rL H5, cross-protective immune response was induced, which was against heterosubtypic influenza A/H1N1 virus. (biomedcentral.com)
The mice were then challenged with influenza A/H1N1 virus. (biomedcentral.com)
We found that vaccination with rL H5 provided cross-protection against a lethal challenge with an antigenically distinct influenza A/H1N1 virus and produced significant changes in the levels of some cytokines and the percentages of both IFN-γ + CD4 + and IFN-γ + CD8 + T cells in lung and spleen. (biomedcentral.com)
While much knowledge regarding the virus has been discovered, we are still no closer to having the ability to predict the next pandemic, such as in the case of 2009 H1N1 pandemic. (springer.com)
In this study, we used a mouse model pre-exposed to an H1N1 influenza virus and evaluated the protective ability provided by a single dose of DNA vaccines encoding conserved H5N1 proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
SPF BALB/c mice were intranasally infected with A/PR8 (H1N1) virus beforehand. (biomedcentral.com)
The results showed that pre-exposure to H1N1 virus could offer mice partial protection against lethal H5N1 challenge and that single-dose injection with NP DNA or NP + M1 DNAs provided significantly improved protection against lethal H5N1 challenge in mice pre-exposed to H1N1 virus, as compared with those in unexposed mice. (biomedcentral.com)
Seasonal influenza A subtypes H1N1 and H3N2 have globally circulated in humans for a few decades. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, a single dose of vaccination with NP, M1 or NP + M1 DNAs from A/chicken/Henan/12/2004(H5N1) virus strain was evaluated in mice pre-exposed to A/PR8(H1N1) virus, which showed that DNA vaccination might be a quick and effective strategy against H5N1 infection in individuals innaive to influenza A virus. (biomedcentral.com)
Sera were collected and pooled from mice infected with A/PR8 (H1N1) influenza virus six weeks before. (biomedcentral.com)
The ELISA method was used to detect the anti-H1N1 IgG Ab titers, while the HI assay to detect HI Ab titers against either H1N1 or H5N1 influenza viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
By immortalizing IgG-expressing B cells from 4 individuals, we isolated 20 heterosubtypic mAbs that bound and neutralized viruses belonging to several HA subtypes (H1, H2, H5, H6, and H9), including the pandemic A/California/07/09 H1N1 isolate. (jci.org)
These findings reveal that seasonal influenza vaccination can induce polyclonal heterosubtypic neutralizing antibodies that cross-react with the swine-origin pandemic H1N1 influenza virus and with the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus. (jci.org)
In this study the host transcriptomic response to emerging H7N9 influenza virus is characterized in mice and compared it with the responses to H7N7, H5N1 and H1N1 viruses. (usda.gov)
To this end, we characterized the transcriptomic response of BALB/c mice infected with H7N9 (A/Anhui/1/2013) virus and compared it to the responses induced by H5N1 (A/Vietnam/1203/2004), H7N7 (A/Netherlands/219/2003) or H1N1 (A/Mexico/4482/2009) viruses. (usda.gov)
We found that responses to the H7 subtype viruses were intermediate to those elicited by H5N1 and H1N1 early in infection, but that they evolved to resemble the H5N1 response as infection progressed. (usda.gov)
This three-pronged signature has previously been observed in mice infected with pathogenic H1N1 strains such as the 1918 virus, indicating that it may be predictive of pathogenicity across multiple influenza strains. (usda.gov)
Scientists at Emory and the University of Chicago have discovered that the 2009 H1N1 flu virus provides excellent antibody protection. (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
Some of the antibodies were broadly protective and could provide protection from the H1N1 viruses that circulated over the past 10 years in addition to the 1918 pandemic flu virus and even avian influenza or bird flu (H5N1). (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
Some of the antibodies stuck to the â€œstalkâ€ region, or hemagglutinin (H in H1N1) protein part of the virus. (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
Exposure of mice to flu strains that circulated in 1947 or 1934 induced "robust cross-protective immune responses" and can protect them against a lethal challenge with 2009 H1N1 virus, they report in Journal of Immunology . (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
The fact that the 2009 H1N1 virus can induce such cross-reactive Abs raises the intriguing possibility that viruses such as A/California/04/2009 can be used for vaccines to induce broadly cross-reactive humoral immune responses against influenza viruses. (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
Furthermore, we describe its protective activity in mice after lethalchallenge with H1N1 and H5N1 viruses suggesting a potential application in the treatment of influenza virus infections. (uninsubria.it)
Notably, infection with a highly-pathogenic strain of influenza - the "bird flu," H5N1 - proceeds more quickly and causes more damage than infection with a milder, mouse-adapted human strain - H1N1. (takethehealth.com)
For the study, the researchers infected mice with either fluorescently-labeled H5N1 or H1N1. (takethehealth.com)
Blood flow in the capillaries of influenza-infected lungs slowed down after infection with either virus, though to a lesser extent in H1N1-infected mice. (takethehealth.com)
The intranasal administration of the identified compounds enhanced survival rates and reduced lung viral loads in BALB/c mice infected with H1N1 virus. (hku.hk)
Burioni, Roberto title: A Non-VH1-69 Heterosubtypic Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Protects Mice against H1N1 and H5N1 Viruses date: 2012-04-04 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034415 sha: 6b51562f63de5739f2b7ebf5f9c34365ac6ee545 doc_id: 807 cord_uid: fcffl6m4 Influenza viruses are among the most important human pathogens and are responsible for annual epidemics and sporadic, potentially devastating pandemics. (distantreader.org)
Enteric absorption and pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir in critically ill patients with pandemic (H1N1) influenza. (cdc.gov)
Clinical aspects of pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. (cdc.gov)
Rapid-test sensitivity for novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in humans. (cdc.gov)

Is it possible to formulate an influenza vaccine that protects against all virus strains for life? (virology.ws)
They scanned tens of billions of monoclonal antibodies produced in bacterial viruses, or bacteriophages, and found 10 antibodies active against the four major strains of H5N1 avian influenza viruses. (science20.com)
Encouraged by these findings, they collaborated with Ruben O. Donis, Ph.D., of the CDC Influenza Division, and found that three of these monoclonal antibodies had broader neutralization capabilities when tested in cell cultures and in mice against representative strains of other known influenza A viruses. (science20.com)
A study headed by a University of Wisconsin-Madison virologist claims that a new compound could be extremely effectual against the pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus, counting a few drug-resistant strains. (healthjockey.com)
CS-8958 was also believed to be effectual against extremely pathogenic and oseltamivir-resistant strains of H5N1 virus. (healthjockey.com)
Alam G, Miller DB, O'Callaghan JP, Lu L, Williams RW, Jones BC 2016 MPTP neurotoxicity is highly concordant between the sexes among BXD recombinant inbred mouse strains. (genenetwork.org)
Xue Y, Li J, Yan L, Lu L, Liao FF 2015 Genetic variability to diet-induced hippocampal dysfunction in BXD recombinant inbred (RI) mouse strains. (genenetwork.org)
Thus the development of an effective and safe vaccine against divergent influenza A virus strains is urgently needed for the prevention of future outbreaks of influenza. (justia.com)
Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), particularly those having cross-clade neutralizing activity, play a critical role in immunoprotection against various influenza A virus (IAV) infections, particularly those caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus and any future unpredictable virus strains. (justia.com)
Furthermore, these vaccines are limited to one or just a few strains and don't produce highly potent neutralizing antibodies or cross-reactive immunity against divergent influenza viruses. (justia.com)
However, it has been difficult to obtain MAbs which neutralize divergent strains of influenza viruses with sufficient cross-protective immunity. (justia.com)
The MAbs recognize the highly conserved HA1 region of H5N1 hemagglutinin and inhibit multiple strains of the H5N1 virus, as well as treated mice infected with a lethal dose of H5N1 viruses of two divergent strains, demonstrating their potential as therapeutic agents for multivalent prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (justia.com)
A study led by St. Jude Children's Research Hospital scientists highlights a new approach for developing a universal influenza vaccine that could protect against multiple flu strains, including deadly pandemic strains. (stjude.org)
The findings highlight a novel way to generate antibodies that recognize and target proteins shared by most influenza A strains rather than those unique to each strain. (stjude.org)
Investigators showed the new strategy protected mice - vaccinated against the H3N2 influenza A flu strain, which causes mild disease - from succumbing to the more dangerous H5N1 and H7N9 strains weeks later. (stjude.org)
Influenza - particularly pandemic strains that emerge periodically as flu viruses mix and form novel strains - remains a global health threat. (stjude.org)
The high genetic variability of influenza A viruses poses a continual challenge to seasonal and pandemic vaccine development, leaving antiviral drugs as the first line of defense against antigenically different strains or new subtypes. (frontiersin.org)
Over the last 20 years, there have been regular introductions of H5N1 strains and occasional cases of H7N1 and H9N2 infections, mostly associated with outbreaks in poultry ( 6 , 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
Recent human infections caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 strains emphasize an urgent need for assessment of factors that allow viral transmission, replication, and intra-airway spread. (elsevierpure.com)
Important determinants for virus infection are epithelial cell receptors identified as glycans terminated by an α2,3-linked sialic acid (SA) that preferentially bind avian strains and glycans terminated by an α2,6-linked SA that bind human strains. (elsevierpure.com)
The α2.6-linked SA receptor was not expressed in the mouse, a factor that may contribute to the inability of some human strains to efficiently infect the mouse lung. (elsevierpure.com)
Differences in receptor and cell-specific expression in these species suggest that differentiated human airway epithelial cell cultures may be superior for evaluation of some human strains, while the mouse can provide a model for studying avian strains that preferentially bind only the α2,3-linked SA receptor. (elsevierpure.com)
Further understanding and determining host tropism would be important in identifying zoonotic influenza virus strains capable of crossing species barrier and infecting humans. (springer.com)
In addition, features from all 11 proteins were used to construct a combined model to predict host tropism of influenza virus strains. (springer.com)
Current understanding of influenza zoonotic transmission potential of novel strains still remains poorly understood. (springer.com)
Similar to H5N1 strains, this further affirms the potential of avian influenza strains capable of directly infecting human, causing severe illnesses. (springer.com)
Species barrier limits influenza strains from freely infecting different host organisms as they must overcome host range restriction to adapt to a new host. (springer.com)
The detection and evaluation of concentration of influenza virus proteins in biological samples is critical in a broad range of medical and biological investigations regarding the concern over potential outbreaks of virulent influenza strains in animals and humans. (omicsonline.org)
The World Health Organization is concerned about the highly virulent strains of IAV, such as H5N1 avian viruses which has about 60% lethality rate [ 1 ]. (omicsonline.org)
Although it is necessary to annually update vaccine strains to ensure effective protection against seasonal influenza infection in humans due to the frequent antigenic drift of the virus strains, seasonal human influenza-specific CTLs, mostly targeting conserved internal proteins, e.g. (biomedcentral.com)
In so doing, the scientists have documented differences in the action of two different strains of flu, witnessed influenza viruses as they spread in the lungs, showed a reduction in blood flow speed in infected areas of the lungs, watched the activation and behavior of immune cells called neutrophils, and revealed some of the damage that can be caused by infection with a highly-pathogenic flu strain. (takethehealth.com)
袁碩峰 Abstract: The rapid mutability of influenza virus in conjunction with genomic reassortment between viral strains promotes the virus' ability to evade vaccines and to become resistant to antiviral drugs. (hku.hk)
For this reason, seasonal vaccines need to be annually reformulated based upon the forecasting of viral strains that will circulate in the coming influenza season. (distantreader.org)
Within the influenza division, we have a branch, and it's focused on surveillance for all influenza viruses, and that includes both human seasonal strains, as well as influenza viruses that circulate in animal hosts. (cdc.gov)
And I'm the team lead of a laboratory that focuses only on the zoonotic influenza viruses, or those strains that are typically found only in animals, but occasionally can infect humans. (cdc.gov)

The key result is that the monoclonal antibodies neutralize infectivity not only of H5 viruses, but also viruses of 9 other HA subtypes. (virology.ws)
Influenza A viruses can include any one of the 16 known subtypes of HA proteins, which fall into two groups, Group 1 and Group 2. (science20.com)
Their monoclonal antibodies neutralized all testable viruses containing the 10 Group 1 HAs-which include the seasonal H1 viruses, the H1 virus that caused the 1918 pandemic and the highly pathogenic avian H5 subtypes-but none of the viruses containing the six Group 2 HAs. (science20.com)
The virus can be classified into different subtypes based on their surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (justia.com)
Based on the antigenic properties of these viral glycoproteins, influenza A viruses are classified into different subtypes. (frontiersin.org)
With the exception of bat-associated subtypes ( 4 ), all influenza A virus subtypes can be found in wild aquatic birds, which are their natural reservoir. (frontiersin.org)
A goal of many research works is to produce universal vaccines that can induce protective immunity to influenza A viruses of various subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
Genetic and antigenic variation in HA has been used to classify influenza viruses into subtypes (H1-H16). (jci.org)
However, while heterosubtypic antibodies capable of neutralizing multiple influenza virus subtypes have been recently isolated from phage display libraries, it is not known whether such antibodies are produced in the course of an immune response to influenza virus infection or vaccine. (jci.org)
Here we report that, following vaccination with seasonal influenza vaccine containing H1 and H3 influenza virus subtypes, some individuals produce antibodies that cross-react with H5 HA. (jci.org)
Four mAbs were evaluated in vivo and protected mice from challenge with influenza viruses representative of different subtypes. (jci.org)
In this study, we describe a human monoclonal antibody (PN-SIA49) that recognizes a highlyconserved epitope located on the stem region of the HA and able to neutralize a broad spectrum of influenza virusesbelonging to different subtypes (H1, H2 and H5). (uninsubria.it)
Clinical merits of selected inhibitors were further evaluated, focusing mainly on their cross-protection abilities among influenza virus subtypes and their potential synergetic antiviral effects when used in combination with other drugs. (hku.hk)
This study underscores the medical importance of polymerase functional domains as druggable targets, which may be due to the fact that these targeted areas are not only highly conserved among virus subtypes but also key to viral fitness. (hku.hk)
In contrast, the stem region of HA, formed mostly by the HA2 subunit, is relatively conserved among different influenza A subtypes [19] and indeed could represent an universal target for the development of cross-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. (distantreader.org)

The HA is also the primary target of neutralizing antibodies elicited by infection or vaccination, and the HA of virus from this specimen is very closely related (99% identity) to the A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like pre-pandemic candidate vaccine viruses (e.g. (cdc.gov)
L104M, L115Q, V210A) between the HA of the virus from the Chilean case and A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like candidate vaccine, and they are not in major antigenic epitopes strongly suggesting that antibodies elicited by the A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like vaccine would be expected to have good cross-reactivity - and therefore protection - against this virus. (cdc.gov)
Influenza vaccine for life? (virology.ws)
Unlike vaccines for polio and measles, which confer life-long immunity, the influenza vaccine protects for only one year. (virology.ws)
Influenza virus undergoes antigenic variation, necessitating annual production of a new vaccine. (virology.ws)
A number of significant hurdles remain to be overcome before these findings translate into an influenza vaccine. (virology.ws)
If the globular head of the HA is removed, the virus will not be infectious and cannot be propagated for vaccine production. (virology.ws)
The problem is not insurmountable, but will require some new and innovative approaches in influenza vaccine development. (virology.ws)
These are very exciting findings, and in my opinion, bode well for a universal influenza vaccine within the next decade. (virology.ws)
1 thought on "Influenza vaccine for life? (virology.ws)
Headless HA: universal influenza vaccine? (virology.ws)
This is an elegant research finding that holds considerable promise for further development into a medical tool to treat and prevent seasonal as well as pandemic influenza," notes NIAID Director Anthony S. Fauci, M.D. "In the event of an influenza pandemic, human monoclonal antibodies could be an important adjunct to antiviral drugs to contain the outbreak until a vaccine becomes available. (science20.com)
Using standard methods of production, initial doses of a new influenza vaccine to fight pandemic influenza would be expected to take four to six months to produce. (science20.com)
These data indicate that the pseudotype baculovirus-mediated vaccine could be utilized as an alternative strategy against the pandemic spread of H5N1 influenza virus. (unboundmedicine.com)
Even though the production of influenza vaccines is well established, and the regulatory process allows for rapid strain update or exchange, it takes 4-6 months until a vaccine against a newly emerging subtype is available in sufficient quantities ( 2 , 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
In this study, mice were vaccinated with recombinant virus vaccine (rL H5), in which the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of influenza A/H5N1 virus was inserted into the LaSota Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine strain. (biomedcentral.com)
In one of the study from our laboratory, we have shown that a DNA vaccine expressing α-crystallin provides considerable protection to guinea pigs against M. tuberculosis infection 12 . (nature.com)
In addition, a previous study from our laboratory based on BCG priming followed by boosting with the DNA vaccine expressing α-crystallin imparted markedly better protection against M. tuberculosis in comparison to BCG in both guinea pigs and mice 13 . (nature.com)
Severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreaks in nursing homes involving residents who had completed a primary coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine series-13 US jurisdictions, July-November 2021. (cdc.gov)
Vaccine-binding and H5 pseudotype-neutralizing antibodies in plasma samples collected before and after seasonal influenza vaccination. (jci.org)
Volunteers (A to X) were immunized with seasonal influenza vaccine in 2 consecutive seasons. (jci.org)
E and F ) Correlation between the increase of vaccine binding titers ( E ) and H5-neutralizing titers ( F ) following vaccination in 2007 ( x axis) and 2008 ( y axis) in the 9 donors that received the seasonal influenza vaccine for the 2 consecutive years. (jci.org)
Because this part of the virus doesnâ€™t change as much as other regions, scientists have proposed to make it the basis for a vaccine that could provide broader protection. (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
The antibodies could guide researchers in designing a vaccine that gives people long-lasting protection against a wide spectrum of flu viruses. (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
These findings show that these types of antibodies can be induced in humans, if the immune system has the right stimulation, and suggest that a pan-influenza vaccine might be feasible. (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
In this review we use influenza vaccine as a model in a discussion of the different mechanisms of action of the available adjuvants. (smw.ch)
Influenza vaccine immunology. (smw.ch)
Chiu C, Wrammert J, Li GM, McCausland M, Wilson PC, Ahmed R. Cross-reactive humoral responses to influenza and their implications for a universal vaccine. (smw.ch)

Viral RNA obtained from a bronchoalveolar lavage specimen from the patient has been sequenced and genetically analyzed by the National Influenza Centre in Chile (Instituto de Salud Pública) and by the Influenza Division/CDC. (cdc.gov)
Analysis of this HA gene shows that it is closely related to avian A(H5) viruses in HA clade 2.3.4.4b and lacked amino acid changes that improve recognition of mammalian receptors or fusion of the viral membrane with the host endosomal membranes. (cdc.gov)
In research starting in 2007 ( 3 , 4 ) we developed a mouse model system to infuse synthetic viral RNA (Poly I:C) in brain regions that typically are vulnerable in PD ( 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
It may be of importance to revisit these findings in the context of how brain immune microglia and neurons can be activated in specific ways by viral RNA, independently or in the context of an infection that causes the flu like symptoms and disease ( 1 , 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
Dissemination was not due to virus growth, as evidenced by the similarity in viral titers. (usda.gov)
Mice succumbed to both viral infections, but VN/1203-infected mice died faster than 1918-infected animals. (usda.gov)
Considering the anatomic proximity and connection between the nasopharynx and periocular tissues, there is a need to understand the dynamics of virus spread between these sites following both respiratory and nonrespiratory viral transmission. (cdc.gov)
Ocular and intranasal inoculations with IAV caused comparable viral antigen distribution and inflammation in the nasal passages, though infection kinetics and magnitude differed by inoculation route. (cdc.gov)
Efficacy assessment in mice revealed that dextromethorphan consistently resulted in a significant reduction of viral lung titers and also enhanced the efficacy of oseltamivir. (frontiersin.org)
Two classes of approved drugs against influenza A virus infections have been available for years: adamantane-based M2 ion channel blockers, which prevent acidification of the endosome and therefore release of the viral particles into the cytosol ( 10 ), and neuraminidase inhibitors, which prevent the release of newly formed viral particles from infected cells ( 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
We also found that rIL-2 co-administered with the rL H5 could increase the survival rate of mice, reduce viral replication in lung and improve the IFN-γ production. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza virus was isolated from lung, liver, kidney, and urine specimens, and the viral subtype was determined to be H5N1 by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR ( 6 ). (flu.org.cn)
Aberrant Cellular Glycosylation May Increase the Ability of Influenza Viruses to Escape Host Immune Responses through Modification of the Viral Glycome. (cdc.gov)
The immunosensor was successfully applied in the detection and quantification of PB1-F2 in infected mouse lungs and cell lines, providing temporal expression profiles of PB1-F2 during viral infection. (omicsonline.org)
The target of neutralizing antibodies that protect against influenza virus infection is the viral protein HA. (jci.org)
The antibodies protected mice from a lethal viral dose, even 60 hours post-infection. (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
Studies on therapeutic administration of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in ALI caused by the viral infection have been limited in number and have shown conflicting results. (unair.ac.id)
Conclusion: The administration of MSCs prevented further lung injury and inflammation, and enhanced alveolar cell type II and I regeneration, while it did not significantly affect viral proliferation and mouse morbidity and mortality. (unair.ac.id)
The results suggested that MSC administration was a promissing strategy for treatment of acute lung injuries caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus, although further optimization and combination use of anti-viral drugs will be obviously required to achieve the goal of reducing mortality. (unair.ac.id)
The influenza viruses are the most common viral cause of pneumonia. (medscape.com)
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children and the second most common viral cause of pneumonia in adults. (medscape.com)
Their efficacy in patients with influenza viral pneumonia or severe influenza is unknown. (medscape.com)
Importantly, the established screening platforms for PA endonuclease inhibitors, PB2 cap-binding inhibitors, and PA-PB1 interaction disrupters should advance the development of a category of anti-influenza drugs that target viral polymerase. (hku.hk)
Additionally, heat shock proteins can directly inhibit influenza viral replication [10-12] and make our cells more resistant to death from external stressors. (healwithheat.com)

The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? (nationalacademies.org)
2003. Are we ready for pandemic influenza? (nationalacademies.org)
The paperâ€™s first author, Emory School of Medicineâ€™s Jens Wrammert, PhD, says â€œOur data shows that infection with the 2009 pandemic influenza strain could induce broadly protective antibodies that are very rarely seen after seasonal flu infections or flu shots. (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
This work was funded by the Italian Ministry of Health project "Virological surveillance of epidemic and pandemic influenza" (grant no. 4M13) and by the Emilia-Romagna Region. (blogspot.com)
EMRO) organized the first regional consultation of a team of experts on avian and pandemic influenza in Cairo, Egypt, from 3 to 7 June 2007. (who.int)

The most effective influenza vaccines are whole or split virus preparations, but how can these be prepared so that the membrane-proximal HA epitope is immunodominant? (virology.ws)
Although vaccination is an important strategy to prevent influenza infection, most of the current vaccines cannot provide immediate protection in the event of influenza pandemics and epidemics due to the length of time required for producing effective vaccines. (justia.com)
Mice immunized with 1 x 10(9)PFU of BV-G-HA developed significantly higher levels of H5-specific antibodies and cellular immunity than those that received 100 microg of DNA vaccines expressing HA, and were completely protected from lethal challenge with HB/327. (unboundmedicine.com)
The same strategy might aid efforts to design vaccines against other viruses, researchers said. (stjude.org)
Influenza virus undergoes constant antigenic evolution, and therefore influenza vaccines must be reformulated each year. (biomedcentral.com)
Due to the constant antigenic evolution of IAV, influenza vaccines must be reformulated each year. (biomedcentral.com)
Heterosubtypic immunity (HSI) is the basis of creating universal influenza vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
Inactivated H5N1 influenza vaccines have been proved to be effective in eliciting neutralizing antibodies against the virus in clinic trials, but proved to have poor immunogenicity [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Novel strategies, including DNA vaccines, should be developed to cope with the H5N1 influenza virus that may cause potential pandemics. (biomedcentral.com)
Identifying the mechanism behind this broad reactivity may enable us to design broadly cross-reactive universal influenza vaccines. (emoryhealthsciblog.com)
The humoral immune response plays an important role in the defense against theseviruses, providing protection mainly by producing antibodies directed against the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein.However, their high genetic variability allows the virus to evade the host immune response and the potential protectionoffered by seasonal vaccines. (uninsubria.it)
However, their high genetic variability allows the virus to evade the host immune response and the potential protection offered by seasonal vaccines. (distantreader.org)
To create better tests - including rapid tests - and develop vaccines, scientists need to conduct research with the virus in their labs. (cdc.gov)

The overall risk to human health associated with the ongoing A(H5N1) outbreaks in wild birds and poultry has not changed and remains low at this time. (cdc.gov)
In previous A(H5N1) outbreaks and zoonosis the NA stalk region often had deletions (e.g., a 20 amino acid deletion at positions 49-68 relative to A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996) that enhances replication and/or pathogenesis in terrestrial poultry and mice ( 4-6 ). (cdc.gov)
With new reports of H5N1 virus continuing across Asia, Europe, and Africa, this finding highlights the need for monitoring of domestic animals during outbreaks. (flu.org.cn)
In Europe, avian influenza viruses of subtype H7 have been responsible for several disease outbreaks among poultry, which resulted in human infections ( 1 , 2 ). (blogspot.com)
Notably, since 2000, outbreaks of avian influenza caused by high and low pathogenicity influenza A(H7N1) viruses and low pathogenicity A(H7N3) viruses occurred on poultry farms located mainly in northeastern Italy ( 3 ). (blogspot.com)

Mice immunized with influenza A nucleoprotein and matrix DNA (A/NP+A/M DNA) are protected against lethal A/Hong Kong/156/97 (HK/156) challenge. (cdc.gov)
The antibodies also protected mice against lethal H5N1 influenza even when administered after infection. (virology.ws)
Six weeks after the vaccination, the mice were challenged with a lethal dose of H5N1 influenza virus. (biomedcentral.com)

Of these viruses, only two have been identified in the United States: Aransas Bay virus (on the southern gulf coast of Texas), from soft ticks found in the nests of seabirds, and Bourbon virus, as a cause of human infection in Kansas and, more recently, in Missouri (although the pathogenesis remains undefined). (medscape.com)
Molecular determinants of influenza virus pathogenesis in mice. (cdc.gov)
Because influenza pathogenesis is determined in part by the host response, targeting the host response is a promising approach to treating influenza. (usda.gov)
Now, researchers at Emory's Influenza Pathogenesis & Immunology Research Center have directly tested that hypothesis in mice, and it holds up. (emoryhealthsciblog.com)

Two studies of newly isolated monoclonal antibodies against influenza virus suggest that the answer could be yes. (virology.ws)
The authors of one study identified human antibodies against influenza virus by phage display. (virology.ws)
Ten antibodies were identified that neutralized the infectivity of H5 influenza viruses in cell culture. (virology.ws)
When animals are immunized with influenza virus, most of the antibodies that are produced are directed against the membrane-distal, globular head of the HA molecule (top of image). (virology.ws)
As noted above, another epitope must still be identified that elicits neutralizing antibodies against viruses of the 6 other HA types. (virology.ws)
These human monoclonal antibodies, identical infection-fighting proteins derived from the same cell lineage, also were found to protect mice from illness caused by H5N1 and other influenza A viruses. (science20.com)
Because large quantities of monoclonal antibodies can be made relatively quickly, after more testing, these influenza-specific monoclonal antibodies potentially could be used in combination with antiviral drugs to prevent or treat the flu during an influenza outbreak or pandemic. (science20.com)
Key to their research, Dr. Marasco and his colleagues discovered and described the atomic structure of an obscure but genetically stable region of the influenza virus to which their monoclonal antibodies bind. (science20.com)
Simultaneously, Dr. Marasco's group teamed up with Robert C. Liddington, Ph.D., professor and chair of the Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center at Burnham, to determine the atomic structure of one of their monoclonal antibodies bound to the H5N1 HA. (science20.com)
This could also explain why they did not detect so-called escape mutants, viruses that elude the monoclonal antibodies through genetic mutation. (science20.com)
Disclosed herein are neutralizing antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity and cross-protective effects against divergent stains of influenza virus, which are specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
The present application is drawn to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for preventing and treating influenza virus infection and methods of treating influenza virus infection. (justia.com)
Neutralizing antibodies can provide a first line of defense against influenza pathogens and passive immunization with neutralizing MAbs can provide immediate effects to prevent the spread of influenza infection and mortality. (justia.com)
Disclosed herein are neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the surface hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the influenza H5N1 strain. (justia.com)
Researchers used the immune suppressing drug rapamycin to shift the immune response following flu vaccination to favor production of antibodies that broadly target flu viruses. (stjude.org)
Antibodies are produced by B cells to recognize and defend against viruses. (stjude.org)
When researchers transferred antibody-rich serum from vaccinated to unvaccinated mice, the unvaccinated animals were also protected from later H5N1 infection, an indication that the protection came from antibodies rather than from other immune system components. (stjude.org)
Unlike antibodies, the T cells recognize flu viruses based on shared internal proteins. (stjude.org)
The antibodies to influenza virus were detected using hemagglutination inhibition (HI). (biomedcentral.com)
The humoral immune response plays an important role in the defense against these viruses, providing protection mainly by producing antibodies directed against the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. (distantreader.org)
And so, when they do get infected, they don't have any antibodies at all to protect them from infection, and sometimes, even severe or fatal disease. (cdc.gov)

Epidemiology, production losses, and control measures associated with an outbreak of avian influenza subtype H7N2 in Pennsylvania (1996-98). (nationalacademies.org)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 infects humans with a high fatality rate and has pandemic potential. (biomedcentral.com)
Probable limited human-to-human spread of H5N1 subtype virus is believed to have occurred as a result of prolonged and very close contact [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The neutralizing antibody response to influenza virus is thought to be specific for a few antigenically related isolates within a given subtype. (jci.org)
Past, present, and possible future human infection with influenza virus A subtype H7. (blogspot.com)
But in the United States, and especially in the Northeastern United States, back in the late 1990s and early 2000s, there were quite a bit of these avian influenza viruses, known as the H7N2 subtype. (cdc.gov)
But they couldn't use any of their other detection methods to subtype the virus, so it looked like it wasn't a typical seasonal strain. (cdc.gov)

The hemagglutinin (HA) gene codes for one of the two surface glycoproteins and is central to species specificity because it is responsible for virus attachment and fusion with host cells. (cdc.gov)
Ribbon diagram of the influenza virus H5 hemagglutinin (HA) surface protein bound by the F10 monoclonal antibody (red). (science20.com)
The hidden part of the influenza virus is in the neck below the peanut-shaped head of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein. (science20.com)
In one embodiment disclosed herein, a neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin is provided. (justia.com)
In another embodiment, the epitope has at least 95% or at least 98% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
Also disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical formulation for neutralizing influenza virus comprising an antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
Also disclosed herein is a method of treating influenza virus infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin and thereby treating said influenza virus infection in said subject. (justia.com)
In this study, baculovirus pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein was used as a vector to express the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus, A/Chicken/Hubei/327/2004 (HB/327). (unboundmedicine.com)
They target and bind tightly to strain-specific regions of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins on the virus. (stjude.org)
Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (A) and neuraminidase (B) gene sequences of the H5N1 influenza virus isolated from a dog´s lung. (flu.org.cn)
2004. Structure of the uncleaved human H1 hemagglutinin from the extinct 1918 influenza virus. (nationalacademies.org)

Since March 2013, human infections with a previously undescribed H7N9 virus were observed, which also circulates in domestic birds without causing severe disease ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
On March 29, 2013, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention completed laboratory confirmation of three human infections with an avian influenza A(H7N9) virus not previously reported in humans ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
No evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission has been found, and no human cases of H7N9 virus infection have been detected outside China, including the United States. (cdc.gov)
Clinicians should consider the diagnosis of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection in persons with acute respiratory illness and relevant exposure history and should contact their state health departments regarding specimen collection and facilitation of confirmatory testing. (cdc.gov)
As of April 29, 2013, China had reported 126 confirmed H7N9 infections in humans, among whom 24 (19%) died ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Seasonal influenza A(pH1N1) and influenza B viruses continue to circulate among persons in areas where H7N9 cases have been detected, and the Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported that rates of influenza-like illness are consistent with expected seasonal levels. (cdc.gov)
With the huge influenza A virus reservoir in wild birds, it is a cause for concern when a new influenza strain emerges with the ability to cross host species barrier, as shown in light of the recent H7N9 outbreak in China. (springer.com)
This is highlighted by confirmed cases of human infections by highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses, and more recently, the H7N9 outbreak in China [ 5 ]. (springer.com)
This work identifies host responses that could be targeted to treat severe H7N9 influenza and identifies two FDA-approved drugs that could potentially be repurposed as H7N9 influenza therapeutics. (usda.gov)
Though the pathogenicity of emerging H7N9 influenza virus has been reported in several animal models, these studies have not included a detailed characterization of the host response following infection. (usda.gov)
H5N1, H7N7 and H7N9 viruses were pathogenic in mice, and this pathogenicity correlated with increased cytokine response, decreased lipid metabolism and decreased coagulation signaling. (usda.gov)
Finally, we used host transcriptomic profiling to computationally predict drugs that reverse the host response to H7N9 infection, and identified two FDA-approved drugs that could potentially be repurposed to treat H7N9 and other pathogenic influenza viruses. (usda.gov)

Vaccination is the most effective strategy to combat the infection. (stjude.org)
Researchers used the drug to track how blocking mTOR affected the immune response of mice following H3N2 vaccination. (stjude.org)
McGargill and her colleagues showed that memory CD8+ T cells were not required for enhanced protection in rapamycin-treated mice following vaccination and that the CD4+ cells played an indirect role. (stjude.org)
acr was able to efficiently boost the BCG induced protection against M. tuberculosis infection in guinea pigs by significantly reducing the pulmonary bacillary load (1.27 log 10 fewer bacilli) in comparison to BCG vaccination alone. (nature.com)
Vaccination is the preferred approach for prevention of H5N1 infection. (biomedcentral.com)
DNA vaccination may be a quick and effective strategy for persons innaive to influenza A virus during H5N1 pandemic. (biomedcentral.com)
Preventive vaccination has historically been the most efficient measure of influenza control, but this approach presents important limitations due to the accumulation of antigenic mutations in the virus, known as antigenic drift. (distantreader.org)
Routine vaccination has fundamentally altered the natural history of many frequently observed and serious infections. (smw.ch)
Systems biology of vaccination for seasonal influenza in humans. (smw.ch)

An alternative approach is to split the dimeric variable domains from common immunoglobulin G (IgG) from humans or mice into monomers. (wikipedia.org)
Dhori virus, another species of the Thogotovirus genus, also infects humans. (medscape.com)
The Influenza A virus, which belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, can cause influenza in humans, birds or domesticated food animals. (justia.com)
From these animals the virus can spread to domestic poultry or directly to humans and other mammalian hosts ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
Avian influenza H5N1 virus is known to cross the species barrier and infect humans and felines. (flu.org.cn)
Not limited to poultry, the virus has also been shown to cross the species barrier infecting humans ( 1 ) and felines, including domestic cats ( 2 ) and tigers ( 3-5 ). (flu.org.cn)
Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the hemaggluttinin (HA) and neuraminadase (NA) genes of the dog´s virus showed that they were similar to those of H5N1 viruses isolated from tigers, chickens, ducks, and humans infected in Thailand during the same time that the dog was infected ( Figure 2A and B ). In addition, analysis of 6 other genes from KU-08 showed similar results (data not shown). (flu.org.cn)
Majority of influenza A viruses reside and circulate among animal populations, seldom infecting humans due to host range restriction. (springer.com)
Clinical evidence in humans suggests that sauna therapy reduces the incidence of the common cold and may reduce the incidence of influenza, pneumonia and respiratory diseases. (healwithheat.com)
Genetic analyses revealed that the viruses from the humans were closely related to those from chickens on affected farms. (blogspot.com)
We know that there is a lot of different infectious diseases that are caused by viruses, parasites, bacteria that are typically found in animal hosts, but when humans get infected, they can cause disease, and influenza's no exception. (cdc.gov)
Most of the time those influenza viruses don't infect people, but when they do, we're especially concerned because humans don't have immunity to the viruses that typically circulate in those other animals that I mentioned. (cdc.gov)

This is relevant to understanding the current coronavirus outbreak, in particular as it has been reported that individuals who have been cleared of coronavirus infection (COVID-19) then die several days later in what appears to be a fulminant systemic inflammation in part caused by excessive cytokine elevations. (frontiersin.org)
Over a 3-week period in late June/early July 2023, Poland experienced an outbreak caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in cats. (eurosurveillance.org)
We report a fatal H5N1 infection in a dog following ingestion of an H5N1-infected duck during an outbreak in Thailand in 2004. (flu.org.cn)
Owing to the universal lack of pre-existing immunity to H5N1 virus in the population, pandemic caused by the virus may outbreak. (biomedcentral.com)
S ince SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, was first recognized as a close cousin of the virus that caused the SARS outbreak of 2003, scientists have looked to the experience of that earlier epidemic to glean insight into the current global health crisis. (the-scientist.com)
During an influenza A(H7N7) virus outbreak among poultry in Italy during August-September 2013, infection with a highly pathogenic A(H7N7) avian influenza virus was diagnosed for 3 poultry workers with conjunctivitis. (blogspot.com)
Koopmans M , Wilbrink B , Conyn M , Natrop G , van der Nat H , Vennema H , Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. (blogspot.com)
An outbreak of H5N1 flu threatened the country, and it was up to Dr. Abah to lead the response. (cdc.gov)

Influenza pneumonia: Amantadine hydrochloride and rimantadine hydrochloride are approved for the prevention and treatment of influenza A virus infection. (medscape.com)

The enzymatic activity of NA is inhibited by one class of antiviral drugs that are FDA-approved for treatment of influenza (i.e. (cdc.gov)
Antiviral drugs are claimed to be a vital countermeasure against human influenza viruses, as well as the extremely pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus, which seems to cause bird flu. (healthjockey.com)
Thus, antiviral drugs are an essential component of pandemic response scenarios and play an important role in reducing disease severity during seasonal influenza epidemics. (frontiersin.org)
2004. NISN statement on antiviral resistance in influenza viruses. (nationalacademies.org)
The emergence of resistance to antiviral drugs in recent years further limits the optionsavailable for the control of influenza. (uninsubria.it)
Her primary research interests include molecular mechanisms of genetic variability of influenza viruses and antiviral susceptibility. (blogspot.com)
Effectiveness of antiviral treatment in human influenza A(H5N1) infections: analysis of a Global Patient Registry. (cdc.gov)
Impact of Prompt Influenza Antiviral Treatment on Extended Care Needs After Influenza Hospitalization Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults. (cdc.gov)

2000. The impact of influenza epidemics on hospitalizations. (nationalacademies.org)
Influenza viruses are among the most important human pathogens and are responsible for annual epidemics and sporadic,potentially devastating pandemics. (uninsubria.it)

Influenza virus undergoes rapid antigenic evolution by accumulation of mutations and through genetic reassortments of segments. (biomedcentral.com)

This has led to a growing concern regarding the pandemic potential of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses. (justia.com)
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has spread across Asia, Europe, and Africa. (flu.org.cn)
Gross and microscopic lesions from dog infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1. (flu.org.cn)
Emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus PB1-F2 Variants and Their Virulence in BALB/c Mice. (cdc.gov)
Human infection of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus was first reported in Hong Kong in 1997, causing six deaths [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Background: The highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus is one of the causative agents of acute lung injury (ALI) with high mortality rate. (unair.ac.id)
On August 14, 2013, infection caused by a highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N7) virus was initially detected on a layer farm in Ostellato, Ferrara Province, Italy, representing the start of an epizootic that affected another 5 poultry farms in Ferrara and Bologna Provinces (Emilia-Romagna Region) during the next 3 weeks. (blogspot.com)

HA and neuraminidase are the two main surface proteins on the influenza virus. (science20.com)
The process hones their focus and primes them to target flu viruses based on the unique, rather than shared, surface proteins. (stjude.org)
Several influenza proteins have been shown to be major determinants in host tropism. (springer.com)
In this study, computational models for 11 influenza proteins have been constructed using the machine learning algorithm random forest for prediction of host tropism. (springer.com)
0.916) capable of determining host tropism of individual influenza proteins. (springer.com)
Understanding and predicting host tropism of influenza proteins lay an important foundation for future work in constructing computation models capable of directly predicting interspecies transmission of influenza viruses. (springer.com)
This parallel detection of PB1-F2 and NP suggests that applied sensor chip technology may be amenable to an arrow immunosensor for simultaneous detection of all known influenza virus proteins in infected tissues and cells. (omicsonline.org)
Non-structural proteins are involved in the transcription and replication of the virus. (medsci.org)

The H5N1 HPAI caused more severe illness and earlier death than 1918 virus and spread throughout the body causing infections. (usda.gov)
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection swept through Wuhan and spread across China and overseas beginning in December 2019. (researchsquare.com)
This virus causes a severe respiratory tract infection in high-risk populations such as elderly people, young children and patients with chronic lung and heart diseases. (omicsonline.org)
The authors concluded that children are at a similar risk of infection as the general population, though less likely to have severe symptoms. (the-scientist.com)
Populations at risk for severe or complicated influenza illness: systematic review and meta-analysis. (smw.ch)

These findings suggest a remarkable difference in the pathogenicity of these viruses. (usda.gov)
Studies of influenza A virus (IAV) pathogenicity, transmissibility, and tropism in ferrets have revealed critical roles for upper respiratory tract tissues (URT, including the nasal respiratory epithelium and the soft palate) in virus reassortment, transmission, and elicitation of host responses following IAV infection. (cdc.gov)
there is a need to evaluate multiple exposure modalities to understand how nontraditional inoculation routes can modulate virus pathogenicity and induction of host responses. (cdc.gov)
Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus. (nationalacademies.org)
PB1-F2 is a small, 90 amino acid long polypeptide expressed in influenza A viruses, which generally exacerbate virus pathogenicity. (omicsonline.org)
Pathogenicity refers to the ability of a virus to cause disease. (takethehealth.com)

The neuraminidase (NA) gene encodes the other surface protein of the virus. (cdc.gov)
Murine models of Dhori virus infection, which belongs to the Thogotovirus genus, demonstrate an exaggerated cytokine response, including tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, macrophage inflammatory protein 1, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and interferon (IFN). (medscape.com)
Influenza A(H5N1) viruses from cats possessed two amino acid substitutions in the PB2 protein (526R and 627K) which are two molecular markers of virus adaptation in mammals. (eurosurveillance.org)
Their detailed picture shows one arm of the antibody inserted into a genetically stable pocket in the neck of the HA protein, an interaction that blocks the shape change required for membrane fusion and virus entry into the cell. (science20.com)
AIM OF THE STUDY: We aimed to investigate the role of the mouse Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor B2 (Mrgprb2) (the orthologous gene of human MRGPRX2) in anaphylactoid reactions induced by HC injection. (bvsalud.org)
C-reactive protein (CRP) measurement in geriatric patients hospitalized for acute infection. (pearls4peers.com)
HspX or α-crystallin, a 16 kDa protein, is one of the dominant antigens expressed during the latent stages of M. tuberculosis infection and under various other conditions like low oxygen tension, nutrient starvation or hypoxia 7 , 8 . (nature.com)
The prediction models were trained on influenza protein sequences isolated from both avian and human samples, which were transformed into amino acid physicochemical properties feature vectors. (springer.com)
Results: The administration of MSCs lowered the level of lung damage in the virus-infected mice, as shown by measuring lung alveolar protein, PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio, and histopathological score. (unair.ac.id)
13 , 14 However, the amino acid perfectly maintains the stability of the mutual structural conformation of the virus S-protein and the ACE2 receptor in a holistic manner. (medsci.org)

Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System? (mdpi.com)
This work underscores the importance of investigating extrapulmonary tissues following mammalian infection with respiratory pathogens, even after intranasal inoculation. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A viruses are one of the most important respiratory pathogens. (frontiersin.org)

Kawaoka and a group of study authors from Japan, Vietnam, and Indonesia apparently examined a new neuraminidase inhibitor R-125489 and its prodrug CS-8958, which had formerly exhibited powerful activity against seasonal influenza viruses in laboratory animals. (healthjockey.com)
Pre-existing immunity against seasonal influenza viruses is useful in offering protection against H5N1 infection. (biomedcentral.com)

The influenza A H5N1 avian pandemic strain has a mortality rate of nearly 60 percent. (stjude.org)

Here, we inoculated ferrets with IAV by either intranasal or ocular routes and performed histopathologic assessments of the URT (nasal passages, sinuses, and soft and hard palates) and periocular tissues (conjunctiva, lacrimal glands, and nasolacrimal ducts) through the acute phase of infection, to more clearly identify the dynamic processes involved in virus spread throughout these tissues. (cdc.gov)
Increased susceptibility of the elderly to acute infections is in part caused by poorer T helper cell function and suboptimal B cell humoral response to neoantigens. (pearls4peers.com)
Intestinal barrier integrity is impaired early in acute retroviral infection, but levels of plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a marker of bacterial translocation, increase only later. (prelekara.sk)
1994 Primary acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection of intestinal lymphoid tissue is associated with gastrointestinal dysfunction. (prelekara.sk)

We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a patient with 2019-nCoV infection and compared it with other related coronavirus genomes. (hku.hk)
There is good evidence that children get infected and have a fairly high titre of virus but just don't have serious disease," agrees Ralph Baric , a coronavirus researcher at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. (the-scientist.com)
He saw a similar phenomenon in his mouse studies with the original SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). (the-scientist.com)

Respiratory viruses infect the human upper respiratory tract, mostly causing mild diseases. (mdpi.com)
Respiratory viruses can also exacerbate asthma and lead to various types of respiratory distress syndromes. (mdpi.com)
Importantly, ocular (conjunctival) exposure to IAV represents another route of infection that can lead to replication in the respiratory tract and tissue-specific host responses. (cdc.gov)
however, the selectivity for infection of specific respiratory cell populations is not well described, and any relationship between receptors in the mouse and human lungs is incompletely understood. (elsevierpure.com)
Parainfluenza virus (PIV) is second in importance only to RSV as a cause of lower respiratory tract disease in children and pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants younger than 6 months. (medscape.com)
Among the workers, infection with highly pathogenic A(H7N7) avian influenza virus was confirmed for 3 who had conjunctivitis but no respiratory symptoms. (blogspot.com)

Immunohistochemical tests were performed on paraffin-embedded tissues by using a mouse monoclonal antibody anti-nucleoprotein of influenza A H5N1 (B.V. European Veterinary Laboratory, Woerden, the Netherlands) as a primary antibody and a polyclonal goat antimouse immunoglobulin G tagged with peroxidase as a secondary antibody (DAKO A/S, Glostrup, Denmark). (flu.org.cn)
CDC, along with state and local health departments, is continuing epidemiologic and laboratory surveillance for influenza in the United States. (cdc.gov)
Since then, human cases of H5N1 virus infection have been continually laboratory-confirmed in many countries, with approximately 60% death rate [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The virus was identified as having a clade 2.3.4.4b HA and was determined to be the same genotype that has been detected in the majority of wild birds in South America, indicating no evidence for genetic reassortment compared to A(H5N1) viruses predominating in birds in South America. (cdc.gov)
The virus was 99% identical to many viruses identified in A(H5N1) virus-infected wild birds in Chile. (cdc.gov)
Furthermore, the NA has a full-length stalk which is consistent with viruses that naturally circulate in wild birds. (cdc.gov)
A method to preserve, detect and sequence RNA from Avian Influenza Viruses was validated and extended using natural faecal samples from birds. (jove.com)
Campitelli L , Mogavero E , De Marco MA , Delogu M , Puzelli S , Frezza F , Interspecies transmission of an H7N3 influenza virus from wild birds to intensively reared domestic poultry in Italy. (blogspot.com)
And so we do quite a bit of surveillance in birds, in pigs, and even some pets, like dogs and cats, and other companion animals, like horses, and all of those animals have their own variety of influenza species. (cdc.gov)
Todd Davis] So, I have to go back in history a little bit to explain what we know about influenza virus circulation in birds, and even a little bit in cats. (cdc.gov)
Sometimes cats can get infected with avian viruses because they're eating infected bird meat, where they might be exposed to feces or even water that might be contaminated with feces from birds. (cdc.gov)
But cats typically aren't expected to get influenza viruses from birds. (cdc.gov)

We describe the clinical and virologic findings of the investigation conducted with regard to these 3 human cases of influenza A(H7N7) virus infection. (blogspot.com)
Bonfanti L , Monne I , Tamba M , Santucci U , Massi P , Patregnani T , Highly pathogenic H7N7 avian influenza in Italy. (blogspot.com)

The scale of HPAI H5N1 virus infection in cats in Poland is worrying. (eurosurveillance.org)
Here, we report a case of HPAI H5N1 infection in a domestic dog following ingestion of the carcass of an infected duck. (flu.org.cn)
The dog´s owner stated that the dog had eaten duck carcasses from an area with reported HPAI H5N1 infections in ducks. (flu.org.cn)

Seasonal influenza virus infection has been reported to provide heterosubtypic immunity against influenza A virus infection to some extend. (biomedcentral.com)

On March 29, 2023, Chile reported its first human infection with HPAI A(H5N1) virus. (cdc.gov)
This is the second human case of A(H5N1) ever reported in South America, which includes a January 2023 case reported by Ecuador ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Close contacts of the patient have been asymptomatic and have tested negative for influenza viruses, indicating that no known human-to-human transmission occurred ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
In Systems Genetics , Methods in Molecular Biology 1488:75-120 [An updated primer in using GeneNetwork for molecular analysis of mouse and human cohorts. (genenetwork.org)
Joint mouse-human phenome-wide association to test gene function and disease risk. (genenetwork.org)
The source of the human infections remains under investigation. (cdc.gov)
Here, using in vitro human and mouse airway epithelial cell models and in vivo mouse infection, we found that the α2.3-linked SA receptor was expressed in ciliated airway and type II alveolar epithelial cells and was targeted for cell-specific infection in both species. (elsevierpure.com)
Increasing numbers of confirmed human cases for avian influenza A (H5N1) were reported to WHO between 2003 and 2011. (omicsonline.org)
The memory T cells established by seasonal human influenza A infection could not provide adequate protection, but could alleviate symptoms of influenza H5N1 virus infection [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Emerging avian influenza viruses are of global concern because the human population is immunologically naïve to them. (usda.gov)
So, there was a human infection back in 2002 in Virginia, and then another human case that was detected in New York in a person that visited these live poultry markets. (cdc.gov)

The H5N1 HPAI virus induced early host gene response than the 1918 virus with many of the responses being involved in early and sustained inflammatory processes, and the ability to spread to multiple organs. (usda.gov)
In the mouse model, VN/1203 was more pathogenic than the 1918 virus and was able to disseminate to brain and spleen, however 1918 virus did not disseminate. (usda.gov)

Potential explanations for more fatal outcomes among males with Covid-19 include more robust innate and humoral immune responses to infections among females. (pearls4peers.com)

The detection of these cases initiated a cascade of activities in China, including diagnostic test development, enhanced surveillance for new cases, and investigations to identify the source(s) of infection. (cdc.gov)
In addition, influenza surveillance systems in China have identified no sign of increased community transmission of this virus. (cdc.gov)

A large number of influenza A viruses naturally reside in avian species where they constantly circulate and evolve. (springer.com)

Intravenous Zanamivir in Hospitalized Patients With Influenza. (cdc.gov)

All three avian viruses were pathogenic in mice, and elicited a host transcriptomic signature that also occurs in response to the legendary 1918 influenza virus. (usda.gov)

Cellular immune responses may play an important role in HSI against influenza virus. (biomedcentral.com)
Ichinohe T, Lee HK, Ogura Y, Flavell R, Iwasaki A. Inflammasome recognition of influenza virus is essential for adaptive immune responses. (smw.ch)
Immune responses to influenza virus infection. (smw.ch)

Such prophylaxis would be highly desirable for seasonal influenza as well as a potential pandemic situation. (healthjockey.com)
CS-8958 is highly effective for the treatment and prophylaxis of infection with H5N1 influenza viruses, including oseltamivir-resistant mutants. (healthjockey.com)
The development of alternative strategies for influenza prophylaxis and therapy istherefore urgently needed. (uninsubria.it)
The development of alternative strategies for influenza prophylaxis and therapy is therefore urgently needed. (distantreader.org)

Mice were vaccinated as in Figure 1 with A/NP+A/M DNA, with influenza B nucleoprotein DNA (B/NP+blank DNA), or with 100 mouse infectious dose (MID) 50 of influenza A/Puerto Rico8/34 (A/PR/8) live virus. (cdc.gov)
Furthermore, recovery of infectious virus in periocular tissues and swabs from ferrets intranasally inoculated with IAV supports the capacity for fluid exchange between periocular and URT tissues. (cdc.gov)
In addition to identifying dextromethorphan as a potential influenza treatment option, our study illustrates the feasibility of a bioinformatics-driven rational approach for repurposing approved drugs against infectious diseases. (frontiersin.org)
Influenza is one of the most well-known infectious diseases attracting attention worldwide. (springer.com)
This technique removes the necessity of maintaining a cool chain and handling of infectious viruses and can be applied in a 96-well high-throughput setup. (jove.com)

The protective efficacy was judged by survival rate, body weight loss and residue virus titer in lungs after the challenge. (biomedcentral.com)
The most important protective antigen on the surface of influenza virus is HA, whose structure can be divided in two distinct regions: the globular head, responsible for the binding to the sialic acid, and the stem region that contains the fusion peptide and the membrane anchor domain. (distantreader.org)

The scientists also identified a new mechanism of antibody action against influenza: Once the antibody binds, the virus cannot change its shape, a step required before it can fuse with and enter the cell it is attempting to infect. (science20.com)
Most influenza A viruses are restricted to their host species, having limited capability to cross species barrier and infect a new host. (springer.com)
Kawaoka's team also had to create fluorescently-labeled viruses that could be used to infect the mice and viewed with the laser under the microscope, but which also functioned similarly to viruses found in nature. (takethehealth.com)

In another embodiment, the neutralizing antibody is a monoclonal antibody such as a mouse antibody, a humanized antibody, a chimeric antibody, or a fragment thereof. (justia.com)
Positive lung tissue from the dog that was incubated with phosphate-buffered saline instead of the mouse monoclonal antibody antinucleoprotein of influenza A H5N1, and tissue from the liver and lung of a cat killed by a car served as negative control ( 2 ). (flu.org.cn)
In lungs of infected mice, the influenza virus structural nucleoprotein NP was detected in parallel using a specific anti-NP antibody. (omicsonline.org)

Both VN/1203 and 1918 infections elicited the expression of type I interferon related genes in wild-type, interferon-a/ß receptor-deficient (IFNR1-/-) mice and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), although expression with VN/1203 was more robust. (usda.gov)
Garcia-Sastre A. Induction and evasion of type I interferon responses by influenza viruses. (smw.ch)

can also influence virus replication and dissemination. (cdc.gov)

Chaum E, Winborn CS, Bhattacharya S 2015 Multilayered genetic and omics dissection of mitochondrial activity in a mouse reference population. (genenetwork.org)
Harenza JL, Muldoon PP, De Biasi M, Damaj MI, Miles MF (2014) Genetic variation within the Chrna7 gene modulates nicotine reward-like phenotypes in mice. (genenetwork.org)
Genetic analysis was used to characterize the dog´s virus (KU-08), and the sequences were deposited at GenBank under accession number DQ530170-7. (flu.org.cn)

Avian influenza overview March - April 2023. (eurosurveillance.org)

Anatomy28

Organisms65

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Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment31

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Pandemic influenza5

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Subtype7

Hemagglutinin11

H7N912

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H7N72

HPAI H5N13

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