• However, a HPAIV of the H5N1 subtype killed thousands of bar-headed geese ( Anser indicus ), great black-headed gulls ( Larus ichthyaetus ) and brown-headed gulls ( Larus brunnicephalus ) in Qinghai Lake, China during May 2005 9 , 12 . (nature.com)
  • Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 (A/H5N1) is a subtype of the influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Possible sources and spreading routes of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 infections in poultry and wild birds in Central Europe in 2007 inferred through likelihood analyses. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The team performed two tests for influenza A virus H5 subtyping: IAV and H5 subtype hemagglutinin gene targeted-RT-PCR and the H5 subtype clade 2.3.4.4b-targeted RT-PCR for the North American, Eurasian, and Mexican lineages of the virus. (news-medical.net)
  • So, for example, a virus with version 1 of the HA protein and version 2 of the NA protein would be called influenza A subtype H1N2 (A H1N2, for short). (bcm.edu)
  • Influenza virus was isolated from lung, liver, kidney, and urine specimens, and the viral subtype was determined to be H5N1 by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR ( 6 ). (flu.org.cn)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1 virus infections are constantly monitored worldwide because of their devastating effects on poultry. (usda.gov)
  • An influenza pandemic occurs when there is emergence of a new subtype that has not previously circulated in humans. (who.int)
  • So far, the majority of the human H5N1 (haemagluttinin type 5 and neuraminidase subtype 1) infections have been linked to close contact with infected domestic birds during home slaughtering, de-feathering, butchering and preparation for cooking. (who.int)
  • According to wikipedia H5N1 is an avian influenza virus subtype. (theos.in)
  • Re-emergence of fatal human influenza A subtype H5N1 disease. (medscape.com)
  • All cases of human infection with an influenza A subtype other than H1 or H3 must be reported. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The fact that the H1N1 candidate vaccine was effective against H5N1 infection - a different influenza subtype - suggests the antibodies the vaccine induces can be protective against other "group 1" influenza subtypes, including H1 and H5. (medscape.com)
  • We report and describe infections by HPAI H5N1 virus in 2 black bears (Ursus americanus) found in Quebec, Canada, during the summer of 2022. (flutrackers.com)
  • HPAI H5N1 viruses that have caused human infections with high mortality in other countries). (cdc.gov)
  • The scale of HPAI H5N1 virus infection in cats in Poland is worrying. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • In the present study, researchers presented a series of cases to highlight the pathophysiology of spontaneous HPAI H5N1 infections among terrestrial wild animals in the US, which coincided with elevated levels of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in circulation among non-domesticated avian species during summer and spring of 2022. (news-medical.net)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has spread across Asia, Europe, and Africa. (flu.org.cn)
  • Here, we report a case of HPAI H5N1 infection in a domestic dog following ingestion of the carcass of an infected duck. (flu.org.cn)
  • The dog´s owner stated that the dog had eaten duck carcasses from an area with reported HPAI H5N1 infections in ducks. (flu.org.cn)
  • Gross and microscopic lesions from dog infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1. (flu.org.cn)
  • Since its first detection in 1997, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has devastated the poultry industry of numerous countries of the Eastern Hemisphere. (flutrackers.com)
  • As of January 2012, HPAI H5N1 virus caused 577 laboratory-confirmed human cases of infection, of which 340 were fatal. (flutrackers.com)
  • Since the first occurrence of HPAI H5N1 human cases in Hong Kong in 1997, the public health threat of high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has been a major global issue [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, HPAI H5N1 viruses reappeared in 2003, spread across continents, and sickened 826 patients from 2003 to March 31, 2015 [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In recent years, wildfowl have been suspected of contributing to the rapid geographic spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • We evaluate the dispersive potential of HPAI H5N1 viruses by wildfowl through an analysis of the movement range and movement rate of birds monitored by satellite telemetry in relation to the apparent asymptomatic infection duration (AID) measured in experimental studies. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • We analysed the first large-scale data set of wildfowl movements, including 228 birds from 19 species monitored by satellite telemetry in 2006-2009, over HPAI H5N1 affected regions of Asia, Europe and Africa. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • Our results indicate that individual migratory wildfowl have the potential to disperse HPAI H5N1 over extensive distances, being able to perform movements of up to 2900 km within timeframes compatible with the duration of asymptomatic infection. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • However, the likelihood of such virus dispersal over long distances by individual wildfowl is low: we estimate that for an individual migratory bird there are, on average, only 5-15 days per year when infection could result in the dispersal of HPAI H5N1 virus over 500 km. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • Our results provide a detailed quantitative assessment of the dispersive potential of HPAI H5N1 virus by selected migratory birds. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • Despite measures to prevent HPAIV spread by vaccination or the culling of infected birds, several H5 influenza subtypes are already prevalent in Asia, Europe and Africa 4 . (nature.com)
  • Influenza pandemics from its genetic offspring may include influenza A virus subtypes other than H5N1. (wikipedia.org)
  • The authors found antibodies to a variety of influenza subtypes, like H10N7, H4N6, H4N2, H3, and H1 viruses, these with wide geographic variation in seroprevalence. (cdc.gov)
  • The potential exists for coinfection of multiple subtypes of influenza virus and with genetic reassortment and the creation of possible new strains of influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. (bcm.edu)
  • The influenza A subtypes are further classified into strains, and the names of the virus strains include the place where the strain was first found and the year of discovery. (bcm.edu)
  • The key result is that the monoclonal antibodies neutralize infectivity not only of H5 viruses, but also viruses of 9 other HA subtypes. (virology.ws)
  • Nevertheless, we are still monitoring other subtypes such as H7 and H9 viruses "continues Dr. Dussart. (pasteur.fr)
  • Influenza A viruses have 16 H subtypes and 9 N subtypes. (citizen-news.org)
  • Only viruses of the H5 and H7 subtypes are known to cause the highly pathogenic form of the disease. (citizen-news.org)
  • However, not all viruses of the H5 and H7 subtypes are highly pathogenic and not all will cause severe disease in poultry. (citizen-news.org)
  • Since 2003, multiple highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI) H5 subtypes, including H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, and H5N8, have generated severe epidemics and thus not only tremendous economic losses in the domestic poultry industry, but also serious threats to human health worldwide ( Jhung and Nelson, 2015 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Influenza A viruses can include any one of the 16 known subtypes of HA proteins, which fall into two groups, Group 1 and Group 2. (science20.com)
  • Their monoclonal antibodies neutralized all testable viruses containing the 10 Group 1 HAs-which include the seasonal H1 viruses, the H1 virus that caused the 1918 pandemic and the highly pathogenic avian H5 subtypes-but none of the viruses containing the six Group 2 HAs. (science20.com)
  • Furthermore, we recently hypothesized that annual vaccination may hamper the development of cross-reactive immunity against influenza A viruses of novel subtypes, that would otherwise be induced by natural infection. (blogspot.com)
  • An age-related increase of the virus-specific CD8+ T cell response was observed in unvaccinated children that was absent in vaccinated children with CF. These findings highlight the importance of the development of vaccines that provide protection against influenza A viruses of all subtypes. (blogspot.com)
  • Most subtypes of avian influenza that have caused human infections are H5, H7, and H9 viruses. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The vaccine stimulates protective immune responses against very different influenza subtypes by homing in on an area of the virus that remains relatively constant from strain to strain. (medscape.com)
  • The vaccine candidate development is part of a larger initiative to develop a universal vaccine candidate that can provide durable protection for individuals of all ages and against multiple influenza subtypes, including those with the potential to cause a pandemic. (medscape.com)
  • The overall risk to human health associated with the ongoing A(H5N1) outbreaks in wild birds and poultry has not changed and remains low at this time. (cdc.gov)
  • In previous A(H5N1) outbreaks and zoonosis the NA stalk region often had deletions (e.g., a 20 amino acid deletion at positions 49-68 relative to A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996) that enhances replication and/or pathogenesis in terrestrial poultry and mice ( 4-6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Eleven outbreaks of H5N1 were reported worldwide in June 2008, in five countries (China, Egypt, Indonesia, Pakistan and Vietnam) compared to 65 outbreaks in June 2006, and 55 in June 2007. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recurrent outbreaks of H5N1 HPAIV occurred in several Central European countries in 2007. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
  • With new reports of H5N1 virus continuing across Asia, Europe, and Africa, this finding highlights the need for monitoring of domestic animals during outbreaks. (flu.org.cn)
  • The outbreaks in Chilliwack and Abbotsford come out of step with the seasonal migration of wild birds, which have been found to carry and pass on the virus to domestic flocks. (prpeak.com)
  • Outbreaks of low and high pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI, HPAI) H5N2 in chickens have occurred in Taiwan since 2003 and 2012, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This was quite different from the avian influenza (AI) outbreaks in Europe and Africa, which occurred mostly in poultry farms where migratory birds played an important role [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The current outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza, which began in South-East Asia in mid-2003, are the largest and most severe on record. (citizen-news.org)
  • The current strain of avian H5N1 circulating 2021-2022 is different than strains circulating in previous H5N1 outbreaks. (illinois.gov)
  • 1 Numerous outbreaks of influenza A(H5N1) viruses have occurred, with limited transmission to humans and as of yet unclear potential for sustained human-to-human transmission. (who.int)
  • H5N1 and H7N9 as well as other strains have caused a few lethal outbreaks and could potentially cause a pandemic if they become able to spread more easily. (medscape.com)
  • Investigators showed the new strategy protected mice - vaccinated against the H3N2 influenza A flu strain, which causes mild disease - from succumbing to the more dangerous H5N1 and H7N9 strains weeks later. (stjude.org)
  • Seit März 2013 wurden aus der VR China die ersten Fälle einer aviären Influenza-Infektion beim Menschen durch Influenza A(H7N9) der Weltgesundheitsorganisation gemeldet. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Schon bei Verdacht auf eine Influenza A(H7N9)-Infektion sollte eine Therapie mit Neuraminidase-Inhibitoren eingeleitet werden, selbst wenn schon mehr als 48 h seit Symptombeginn vergangen sind. (thieme-connect.de)
  • This influenza A(H7N9) virus comprises genes of at least four different avian influenza viruses, some segments mimicking human-like influenza-signatures. (thieme-connect.de)
  • The detection of influenza A(H7N9) is based on real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (thieme-connect.de)
  • Number of confirmed cases of avian influenza A(H7N9) reported to WHO. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Preliminary report: epidemiology of the avian influenza A (H7N9) outbreak in China. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Origin and diversity of novel avian influenza A H7N9 viruses causing human infection: phylogenetic, structural, and coalescent analyses. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Human infections with the emerging avian influenza A H7N9 virus from wet market poultry: clinical and characterisation of viral genome. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Global concerns regarding novel Influenza A (H7N9) virus infections. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Genomic signature and protein sequence analysis of a novel influenza A (H7N9) virus that causes an outbreak in humans in China. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Clinical findings in 111 cases of influenza A (H7N9) virus infections. (thieme-connect.de)
  • And for good reason, since 2013, China has suffered five successive epidemic waves of A (H7N9) virus. (pasteur.fr)
  • On March 29, 2013, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention completed laboratory confirmation of three human infections with an avian influenza A(H7N9) virus not previously reported in humans ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • No evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission has been found, and no human cases of H7N9 virus infection have been detected outside China, including the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Clinicians should consider the diagnosis of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection in persons with acute respiratory illness and relevant exposure history and should contact their state health departments regarding specimen collection and facilitation of confirmatory testing. (cdc.gov)
  • As of April 29, 2013, China had reported 126 confirmed H7N9 infections in humans, among whom 24 (19%) died ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Seasonal influenza A(pH1N1) and influenza B viruses continue to circulate among persons in areas where H7N9 cases have been detected, and the Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported that rates of influenza-like illness are consistent with expected seasonal levels. (cdc.gov)
  • Most cases of avian influenza in humans have been caused by Asian strains H5N1 and H7N9, but other types have also caused some human infections. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In early 2013, an extensive outbreak of H7N9 avian influenza in humans occurred in several provinces of southeastern China. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The HA is also the primary target of neutralizing antibodies elicited by infection or vaccination, and the HA of virus from this specimen is very closely related (99% identity) to the A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like pre-pandemic candidate vaccine viruses (e.g. (cdc.gov)
  • L104M, L115Q, V210A) between the HA of the virus from the Chilean case and A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like candidate vaccine, and they are not in major antigenic epitopes strongly suggesting that antibodies elicited by the A/Astrakhan/3212/2020-like vaccine would be expected to have good cross-reactivity - and therefore protection - against this virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Full-scale production of a vaccine that could prevent any illness at all from the strain would require at least three months after the virus's emergence to begin, but it is hoped that vaccine production could increase until one billion doses were produced by one year after the initial identification of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Of 23 influenza A (H1) viruses that were collected during May 21--September 9 (three from Asia, 18 from Latin America, and two from the United States) and analyzed at CDC, 17 (74%) were antigenically similar to A/New Caledonia/20/99, the H1N1 component of the 2006--07 influenza vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • Of the 19 influenza A (H3) viruses (one from Europe, 12 from Latin America, three from Asia, two from Oceania, and one from the United States) that were characterized, 18 (95%) were antigenically similar to A/Wisconsin/67/2005, the H3N2 component of the 2006--07 influenza vaccine, whereas one (5%) had reduced titers to A/Wisconsin/67/2005. (cdc.gov)
  • The B component of the 2006--07 influenza vaccine belongs to the B/Victoria lineage. (cdc.gov)
  • Ten (43%) of the B/Victoria-lineage viruses were similar to B/Ohio/01/2005, the B component of the 2006--07 influenza vaccine, whereas 13 (57%) had reduced titers to B/Ohio. (cdc.gov)
  • elivaldogene autotemcel, influenza A (H5N1) vaccine. (medscape.com)
  • teplizumab decreases effects of influenza A (H5N1) vaccine by Other (see comment). (medscape.com)
  • A study led by St. Jude Children's Research Hospital scientists highlights a new approach for developing a universal influenza vaccine that could protect against multiple flu strains, including deadly pandemic strains. (stjude.org)
  • Influenza vaccine for life? (virology.ws)
  • Unlike vaccines for polio and measles, which confer life-long immunity, the influenza vaccine protects for only one year. (virology.ws)
  • Influenza virus undergoes antigenic variation, necessitating annual production of a new vaccine. (virology.ws)
  • Is it possible to formulate an influenza vaccine that protects against all virus strains for life? (virology.ws)
  • A number of significant hurdles remain to be overcome before these findings translate into an influenza vaccine. (virology.ws)
  • If the globular head of the HA is removed, the virus will not be infectious and cannot be propagated for vaccine production. (virology.ws)
  • The problem is not insurmountable, but will require some new and innovative approaches in influenza vaccine development. (virology.ws)
  • These are very exciting findings, and in my opinion, bode well for a universal influenza vaccine within the next decade. (virology.ws)
  • 1 thought on "Influenza vaccine for life? (virology.ws)
  • Headless HA: universal influenza vaccine? (virology.ws)
  • This is an elegant research finding that holds considerable promise for further development into a medical tool to treat and prevent seasonal as well as pandemic influenza," notes NIAID Director Anthony S. Fauci, M.D. "In the event of an influenza pandemic, human monoclonal antibodies could be an important adjunct to antiviral drugs to contain the outbreak until a vaccine becomes available. (science20.com)
  • Using standard methods of production, initial doses of a new influenza vaccine to fight pandemic influenza would be expected to take four to six months to produce. (science20.com)
  • then infected ferrets with influenza virus and found that the vaccinated ferrets came down with more severe disease, and had higher viral titres in the lungs, than ferrets who had not received 'appropriate' flu vaccine. (blogspot.com)
  • Researchers are conducting the first-in-human trial of a universal influenza vaccine candidate, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced April 3. (medscape.com)
  • The NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) hopes to develop a vaccine that will overcome the challenges associated with seasonal changes among influenza strains. (medscape.com)
  • This phase 1 clinical trial is a step forward in our efforts to develop a durable and broadly protective universal influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
  • A team of VRC scientists developed the universal influenza vaccine prototype. (medscape.com)
  • It is useful as a vaccine platform because it forms particles that can display multiple influenza HA spikes on its surface, mimicking the natural organization of HA on the influenza virus," according to the news release. (medscape.com)
  • To create the vaccine candidate, researchers used the stem of an H1N1 influenza virus. (medscape.com)
  • Direct or indirect contact with diseased poultry is the primary route of HPAIV infections in humans 3 . (nature.com)
  • A risk factor for contracting the virus is handling of infected poultry, but transmission of the virus from infected birds to humans has been characterized as inefficient. (wikipedia.org)
  • AIV monitoring programmes in place for wild birds and poultry in these countries did not reveal presence of these viruses in either population. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The majority of these infections have occurred in poultry, including backyard and commercial flocks. (cdc.gov)
  • Previous human infections with other avian viruses have most often occurred after unprotected direct physical contact with infected birds or surfaces contaminated by avian influenza viruses, being in close proximity to infected birds, or visiting a live poultry market. (cdc.gov)
  • Human infection with avian influenza viruses has not occurred from eating properly cooked poultry or poultry products. (cdc.gov)
  • All recommended personal protective equipment (PPE) should be worn when in direct or close contact (within about 6 feet) with sick or dead poultry, poultry feces, litter or materials contaminated with suspected or confirmed HPAI H5 viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Dr. King] We've all heard a lot in the news over the last few years about avian influenza in humans, poultry, and in wild birds. (cdc.gov)
  • About a decade ago, scientists and public health officials feared that we might be on the brink of a pandemic caused by the so-called avian or bird H5N1 flu that began circulating among poultry, ducks, and geese in Asia and spread to Europe and Africa. (bcm.edu)
  • Epidemiological investigations into the source of infection indicate that the case had exposure to backyard poultry. (who.int)
  • Not limited to poultry, the virus has also been shown to cross the species barrier infecting humans ( 1 ) and felines, including domestic cats ( 2 ) and tigers ( 3-5 ). (flu.org.cn)
  • The seven commercial Fraser Valley poultry farms hit with the virus since Nov. 16 have come under "intense disease pressure," said B.C. Minister of Agriculture Lana Popham. (prpeak.com)
  • Domestic ducks that are in contact with wild waterfowl and poultry function as key intermediates in the transmission of avian influenza and therefore are included in vaccination programs. (usda.gov)
  • Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. (thieme-connect.de)
  • The increasing number of fatal cases due to H5N1 infections prompted the government of Hong Kong to initiate policies forbidding the slaughtering of live chickens or other poultry in wet markets [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Supported by the Cambodian National Animal Health and Production Research Insititute, the researchers pay frequent visits to the live poultry markets to monitor the circulation of avian influenza viruses, in particular highly pathogenic A(H5N1) viruses. (pasteur.fr)
  • There is a massive influx of poultry to markets and up to 80% of these poultry can be infected with avian influenza," explains Dr. Philippe Dussart, head of the Virology Unit at the Institut Pasteur du Cambodge . (pasteur.fr)
  • Up to 80% of poultry can be infected with avian influenza. (pasteur.fr)
  • Their reasoning is simple: the influenza A(H5N1) virus is highly pathogenic in poultry, meaning once infected they usually die within 24 to 72h. (pasteur.fr)
  • However, it is important to verify that these phenomena remain sporadic and that the viruses that have acquired this ability to cross into mammals are not detected on poultry farms. (anses.fr)
  • Conclusions Processing of frozen poultry products may also cause infection, suggesting that process of unquarantined frozen poultry products can also be risky. (flu.org.cn)
  • In domestic poultry, infection with avian influenza viruses causes two main forms of disease, distinguished by low and high extremes of virulence. (citizen-news.org)
  • On present understanding, H5 and H7 viruses are introduced to poultry flocks in their low pathogenic form. (citizen-news.org)
  • When allowed to circulate in poultry populations, the viruses can mutate, usually within a few months, into the highly pathogenic form. (citizen-news.org)
  • This is why the presence of an H5 or H7 virus in poultry is always a cause for concern, even when the initial signs of infection are mild. (citizen-news.org)
  • The widespread persistence of H5N1 in poultry populations poses two main risks for human health. (citizen-news.org)
  • The first is the risk of direct infection when the virus passes from poultry to humans, resulting in very severe disease. (citizen-news.org)
  • Direct contact with infected poultry, or surfaces and objects contaminated by their faeces, is presently considered the main route of human infection. (citizen-news.org)
  • Since April 2014, new infections of H5N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) in humans and domestic poultry have caused considerable economic losses in the poultry industry and posed an enormous threat to human health worldwide. (frontiersin.org)
  • This virus can cause high mortality in poultry. (illinois.gov)
  • 400 million poultry have been culled since 2003 as a result of efforts to control highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza ( http://www.fao.org/avianflu/en/index.html ), and there are increasing biological and ecological consequences. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) is endemic in poultry in Viet Nam. (who.int)
  • A study in Hanoi in 2001, before the epizootic that was identified in 2003, found influenza A(H5N1) specific antibodies in 4% of poultry market workers (PMWs). (who.int)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses re-emerged in south-eastern Asia in 2003, and these viruses continue to circulate widely among domestic poultry in the region. (who.int)
  • 1,5 Contact with sick or dead poultry has been consistently identified as a risk factor for human influenza A(H5N1) infection, and live poultry markets have been shown to be important locations for amplifying influenza A(H5N1) virus transmission. (who.int)
  • 6,7 An antibody seroprevalence study conducted among 200 poultry market workers (PMWs) in Hanoi in 2001 detected antibodies against influenza A(H5N1) virus in 4% of subjects, 8 suggesting that there were human infections with influenza A(H5N1) before the first case was officially confirmed. (who.int)
  • Live poultry markets were eligible if their regular number of poultry sellers exceeded 100 individuals and they were located in a large city with a history of laboratory-confirmed cases of human influenza A(H5N1) infection. (who.int)
  • Avian influenza is caused by strains of influenza A that normally infect only wild birds and domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Avian influenza infections are often asymptomatic in wild birds but may cause highly lethal illness in domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The virus was identified as having a clade 2.3.4.4b HA and was determined to be the same genotype that has been detected in the majority of wild birds in South America, indicating no evidence for genetic reassortment compared to A(H5N1) viruses predominating in birds in South America. (cdc.gov)
  • Overall, the genomic analysis of the virus in this specimen does not change CDC's risk assessment related to the avian A(H5) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Analysis of this HA gene shows that it is closely related to avian A(H5) viruses in HA clade 2.3.4.4b and lacked amino acid changes that improve recognition of mammalian receptors or fusion of the viral membrane with the host endosomal membranes. (cdc.gov)
  • The viruses, inactivated by 1% propiolactone (BPL), used were: A/Vietnam/HN 30408/2004, A/HN 30850/2005, and A/CM32/2011, representing clade 1, clade 2.3.4, and clade 2.3.2.1, respectively. (cdc.gov)
  • The resulting consensus sequences were analyzed with the blast and H5N1 clade identifier at IRD site ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that this Sanmenxia H5N1 virus was a novel reassortant, possessing a Clade 2.3.2.1c HA gene and a H9N2-derived PB2 gene. (nature.com)
  • Sanmenxia Clade 2.3.2.1c-like H5N1 viruses possess the closest genetic identity to A/Alberta/01/2014 (H5N1), which recently caused a fatal respiratory infection in Canada with signs of meningoencephalitis, a highly unusual symptom with influenza infections in humans. (nature.com)
  • In 2006, a Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus re-emerged in Qinghai Lake and caused more infections in wild birds, including bar-headed geese and great black-headed gulls. (nature.com)
  • The Qinghai-like Clade 2.2 virus was found to possess a high genetic relationship with viruses isolated from other countries on the migratory flyway of wild birds 4 , suggesting that the migration of wild birds played an important role in circulating H5N1 HPAIV viruses between the different avian populations. (nature.com)
  • The identified viruses belong to clade 2.3.4.4b, which is responsible of the ongoing epizootic in Europe . (bvsalud.org)
  • All viruses belonged to a separate subgroup (termed "EMA-3") within clade 2.2, and, thus, were distinct from two lineages of HPAIV H5N1 viruses (termed "EMA-1" and "EMA-2") present in the same geographic area in 2006. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The identified viruses belong to clade 2.3.4.4b, genotype CH (H5N1 A/Eurasian wigeon/Netherlands/3/2022-like). (eurosurveillance.org)
  • In a recent study published in the CDC's Emerging Infectious Diseases journal, researchers characterized the pathophysiology of infection by the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) viral organism belonging to the Eurasian lineage and 2.3.4.4b clade in non-domesticated terrestrial animals across the United States (US) between 1 April and 21 July 2022. (news-medical.net)
  • The team built phylogenetic interpretation trees and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) tables using a reference including six segments from the H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus and two from non-domesticated avian viruses from the northern regions of America. (news-medical.net)
  • The Clade typing of HA gene showed the virus belonged to highly pathogenic avian influenza virus clade 2.3.4.4. (flu.org.cn)
  • A strain of H5N1 avian influenza (Clade 2.3.4.4b) highly capable of causing disease in birds has been identified in wild and domestic birds in Illinois in 2022. (illinois.gov)
  • Once again, severe neurological symptoms were noted, which have been increasingly linked to HPAI H5 infections (see Cell: The Neuropathogenesis of HPAI H5Nx Viruses in Mammalian Species Including Humans ). (flutrackers.com)
  • This virus was highly pathogenic in chickens and humans and posed a significant threat to public health. (nature.com)
  • Still, around 60% of humans known to have been infected with the Asian strain of HPAI A(H5N1) have died from it, and H5N1 may mutate or reassort into a strain capable of efficient human-to-human transmission. (wikipedia.org)
  • H5N1 may cause more than one influenza pandemic, as it is expected to continue mutating in birds regardless of whether humans develop herd immunity to a future pandemic strain. (wikipedia.org)
  • In general, humans who catch a humanized influenza A virus (a human flu virus of type A) usually have symptoms that include fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, conjunctivitis, and, in severe cases, breathing problems and pneumonia that may be fatal. (wikipedia.org)
  • While these recently-identified HPAI H5 viruses are not known to have caused disease in humans, their appearance in North American birds may increase the likelihood of human infection in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • For more information on the origin of the recently-identified HPAI H5 viruses in the United States, their clinical presentation in birds, and their suspected clinical presentation in humans, please see https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/hpai/hpai-background-clinical-illness.htm . (cdc.gov)
  • Until more is known about these newly-identified HPAI H5 viruses, public health recommendations are largely consistent with guidance for influenza viruses associated with severe disease in humans (e.g. (cdc.gov)
  • Rapid detection and characterization of novel influenza A viruses in humans remain critical components of national efforts to prevent further cases, evaluate clinical illness associated with them, and assess any ability for these viruses to spread among humans. (cdc.gov)
  • There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)
  • Type B influenza is normally found only in humans, and type C is mostly found in humans, but has also been found in pigs and dogs. (bcm.edu)
  • Avian influenza H5N1 virus is known to cross the species barrier and infect humans and felines. (flu.org.cn)
  • Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the hemaggluttinin (HA) and neuraminadase (NA) genes of the dog´s virus showed that they were similar to those of H5N1 viruses isolated from tigers, chickens, ducks, and humans infected in Thailand during the same time that the dog was infected ( Figure 2A and B ). In addition, analysis of 6 other genes from KU-08 showed similar results (data not shown). (flu.org.cn)
  • CFIA says there have been no cases of wild birds passing the virus to humans in Canada, but transmission from pet birds to humans is still a risk. (prpeak.com)
  • H5N1 infection in humans can cause severe disease and has a high mortality rate," states the WHO. (prpeak.com)
  • In March 2013, the first cases of avian influenza virus infections in humans were reported by the authorities of the PR of China to the World Health Organization. (thieme-connect.de)
  • On rare occasions, these bird viruses can cross over and infect other species, including cats, pigs and humans and can be a potential cause of pandemics. (who.int)
  • So far, the virus has not acquired the ability to spread effectively among humans. (who.int)
  • The number of humans infected by H5N1 is increasing. (who.int)
  • Contamination of pets such as cats could make it easier for the virus to cross into humans. (anses.fr)
  • This is because simultaneous infection with an avian influenza virus and a human influenza virus could lead to the emergence of a new influenza virus that is potentially highly contagious to humans. (anses.fr)
  • Of the few avian influenza viruses that have crossed the species barrier to infect humans, H5N1 has caused the largest number of cases of severe disease and death in humans. (citizen-news.org)
  • A second risk, of even greater concern, is that the virus - if given enough opportunities - will change into a form that is highly infectious for humans and spreads easily from person to person. (citizen-news.org)
  • An additional study was performed in humans, in which we collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells from annually vaccinated children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and age-matched unvaccinated healthy control children to study the virus-specific T cell response. (blogspot.com)
  • Influenza A H5N1 replication sites in humans. (medscape.com)
  • Avian influenza virus infections in humans. (medscape.com)
  • Infections due to some of these strains have been detected in humans. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Humans can become infected with avian influenza viruses through inhalation of or direct contact with secretions (saliva, mucous, or feces) from infected birds. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It is likely that avian influenza viruses of any antigenic specificity can cause influenza in humans whenever the virus acquires mutations, enabling it to attach to human-specific receptor sites in the respiratory tract. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, in 2003 and 2004, H5N1 infections in humans reappeared, and occasional cases continue to be reported, primarily in Asia and the Middle East. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The neuraminidase (NA) gene encodes the other surface protein of the virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (A) and neuraminidase (B) gene sequences of the H5N1 influenza virus isolated from a dog´s lung. (flu.org.cn)
  • They target and bind tightly to strain-specific regions of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins on the virus. (stjude.org)
  • Kawaoka and a group of study authors from Japan, Vietnam, and Indonesia apparently examined a new neuraminidase inhibitor R-125489 and its prodrug CS-8958, which had formerly exhibited powerful activity against seasonal influenza viruses in laboratory animals. (healthjockey.com)
  • HA and neuraminidase are the two main surface proteins on the influenza virus. (science20.com)
  • Influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors. (medscape.com)
  • Neuraminidase, or NA, is another influenza surface protein. (medscape.com)
  • The causative agent behind this outbreak was identified as H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV). (nature.com)
  • Due to the geographical location of Sanmenxia, these novel H5N1 viruses also have the potential to be imported to other regions through the migration of wild birds, similar to the H5N1 outbreak amongst migratory birds in Qinghai Lake during 2005. (nature.com)
  • On September 29, 2005, David Nabarro, the newly appointed Senior United Nations System Coordinator for Avian and Human Influenza, warned the world that an outbreak of avian influenza could kill anywhere between 5 million and 150 million people. (wikipedia.org)
  • In October 2022, an outbreak in Europe of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) in intensively farmed minks occurred in northwest Spain . (bvsalud.org)
  • Over a 3-week period in late June/early July 2023, Poland experienced an outbreak caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in cats. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Every few decades or so, a new version of the influenza virus emerges in the human population that causes a serious global outbreak of disease called a pandemic . (bcm.edu)
  • This is relevant to understanding the current coronavirus outbreak, in particular as it has been reported that individuals who have been cleared of coronavirus infection (COVID-19) then die several days later in what appears to be a fulminant systemic inflammation in part caused by excessive cytokine elevations. (frontiersin.org)
  • We report a fatal H5N1 infection in a dog following ingestion of an H5N1-infected duck during an outbreak in Thailand in 2004. (flu.org.cn)
  • In the present outbreak, more than half of those infected with the virus have died. (citizen-news.org)
  • Because large quantities of monoclonal antibodies can be made relatively quickly, after more testing, these influenza-specific monoclonal antibodies potentially could be used in combination with antiviral drugs to prevent or treat the flu during an influenza outbreak or pandemic. (science20.com)
  • Since the first avian influenza outbreak, in 1997, there has been concern that the influenza A (H5N1) virus might either mutate and adapt to allow efficient transmission during the infection of mammals or reassort its gene segments with human influenza viruses during the coinfection of a single host, resulting in a new virus that would be both highly lethal and transmissible from person to person. (juicing-for-health.com)
  • 9-11 Similarly, seroprevalence studies have been conducted in Thailand, Cambodia and Indonesia as part of comprehensive outbreak investigations to evaluate key clinical, epidemiological and serological aspects related to human influenza A(H5N1) infections. (who.int)
  • However we were not able to show that these viruses caused the outbreak. (bvsalud.org)
  • The hemagglutinin (HA) gene codes for one of the two surface glycoproteins and is central to species specificity because it is responsible for virus attachment and fusion with host cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Ribbon diagram of the influenza virus H5 hemagglutinin (HA) surface protein bound by the F10 monoclonal antibody (red). (science20.com)
  • The hidden part of the influenza virus is in the neck below the peanut-shaped head of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein. (science20.com)
  • It displays part of hemagglutinin (HA), an influenza protein, on the surface of a microscopic nanoparticle made of nonhuman ferritin. (medscape.com)
  • Marine mammals can also become infected with avian influenza strains (eg, H10N7 in harbor seals), with subsequent human infection reported. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The virus was 99% identical to many viruses identified in A(H5N1) virus-infected wild birds in Chile. (cdc.gov)
  • Furthermore, the NA has a full-length stalk which is consistent with viruses that naturally circulate in wild birds. (cdc.gov)
  • Furthermore, this virus was shown to be highly pathogenic to both birds and mammals and demonstrate tropism for the nervous system. (nature.com)
  • Apart from sporadic cases, widespread infections and deaths of wild birds from HPAIV infection have never been reported before 2005. (nature.com)
  • According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, H5N1 pathogenicity is gradually continuing to rise in endemic areas, but the avian influenza disease situation in farmed birds is being held in check by vaccination, and there is "no evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission" of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Highly-pathogenic avian influenza A H5 viruses have been identified in birds in the United States since December 2014. (cdc.gov)
  • Between December 15, 2014, and May 29, 2015, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) confirmed more than 200 findings of birds infected with highly-pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N2), (H5N8), and (H5N1) [1] viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • These are the first reported infections with these viruses in US wild or domestic birds. (cdc.gov)
  • however, people with close or prolonged unprotected contact with infected birds or contaminated environments may be at greater risk of infection. (cdc.gov)
  • People should avoid unprotected exposure to sick or dead birds, bird feces, litter, or materials contaminated with suspected or confirmed HPAI H5 viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • The virus, comparable to those found in Eurasian strains, was identified in the US in December of 2021 and spread to domesticated animals and non-domestic birds. (news-medical.net)
  • Infection in Red Foxes Fed Infected Bird Carcasses," the authors discuss that eating infected wild birds may put wild carnivores at risk for infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Christmas dinner in British Columbia could look a little different this year as nearly two dozen farms across the province slaughter hundreds of thousands of birds in an attempt to contain the avian influenza virus. (prpeak.com)
  • H5N1 has been identified at over 220 locations across Canada and led to the culling of 3.7 million birds since the start of the latest epidemic. (prpeak.com)
  • The virus this year is different than we've ever seen in the past and it is behaving differently in both wild birds and domestic birds,' said Brittain. (prpeak.com)
  • Avian influenza (also known as "H5N1" and "bird flu") is an infectious disease of birds caused by type A strains of the influenza virus. (acacamps.org)
  • As of mid-June 2006, 54 countries, worldwide, confirmed the presence of H5N1 in domestic and wild birds. (who.int)
  • Within each experimental group, some individuals experienced more severe disease than others but line 15I birds experienced milder disease based on average clinical scores, percentage of birds with gross pathology, average bursal lesion scores and average peak bursal virus titre. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • We hypothesize that a more rapid induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine responses in bursal cells following IBDV infection leads to more severe disease in line W birds than in line 15I. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Staging at stopover sites during migration is typically longer than the period of infection and viral shedding, preventing birds from dispersing a virus over several consecutive but interrupted long-distance movements. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • Intercontinental virus dispersion would therefore probably require relay transmission between a series of successively infected migratory birds. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • Such dispersive potential rests on the assumption that free-living wildfowl will respond analogously to captive, experimentally-infected birds, and that asymptomatic infection will not alter their movement abilities. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • Avian influenza, or "bird flu", is a contagious disease of animals caused by viruses that normally infect only birds and, less commonly, pigs. (citizen-news.org)
  • As infected birds shed large quantities of virus in their faeces, opportunities for exposure to infected droppings or to environments contaminated by the virus are abundant under such conditions. (citizen-news.org)
  • Avian influenza, first identified in Italy more than 100 years ago, affects birds. (illinois.gov)
  • Only one human infection with the current H5N1 strain has occurred, an individual in the United Kingdom who raised birds infected with the virus. (illinois.gov)
  • Although there have been no human cases of this type of avian influenza in the U.S., there is concern it could occasionally spread to individuals who have very close contact with infected live or dead birds. (illinois.gov)
  • The novel virus, commonly called swine flu, is named influenza A (H1N1). (bcm.edu)
  • Unlike the avian H5N1 flu, the H1N1 swine flu is capable of being transmitted easily from person to person. (bcm.edu)
  • Fortunately, however, H1N1 is far less deadly than the H5N1 virus. (bcm.edu)
  • In only a few short weeks after emerging in North America, the new H1N1 virus reached around the world. (bcm.edu)
  • Although the 2009 H1N1 pandemic did not turn out to be as deadly as initially feared, the next pandemic flu virus could emerge at any time, and we must remain vigilant. (bcm.edu)
  • Antiviral therapy and outcomes of patients with pneumonia caused by influenza A pandemic (H1N1) virus. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Scientists have identified a small family of lab-made proteins that neutralize a broad range of influenza A viruses, including the H5N1 avian virus, the 1918 pandemic influenza virus and seasonal H1N1 flu viruses. (science20.com)
  • Many references to "bird flu" and H5N1 in the popular media refer to this strain. (wikipedia.org)
  • From the Interior, to the Fraser Valley and Vancouver Island, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) has identified high-pathogenic strains (HPAI) of H5N1 - the most deadly variety of avian influenza or "bird flu"- in 42 B.C. flocks. (prpeak.com)
  • Since highly pathogenic Asian bird flu strains emerged worldwide in the past two decades, many worried H5N1 would jump to people like the incredibly deadly Spanish Flu 100 years earlier, said Ydenberg. (prpeak.com)
  • As a hub for slaughter and sale as well as transit, this market fuels the circulation of the viruses that cause « bird flu. (pasteur.fr)
  • Antiviral drugs are claimed to be a vital countermeasure against human influenza viruses, as well as the extremely pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus, which seems to cause bird flu. (healthjockey.com)
  • The H5N1 virus was first identified in Hong Kong in 1997 where it infected 18 people and caused six deaths. (who.int)
  • Several lines of evidence indicate that the currently circulating influenza A (H5N1) viruses have in fact evolved to more virulent forms since 1997, with a higher mortality among human cases, different antigenic properties, a different internal gene constellation,and an expanded host range. (juicing-for-health.com)
  • The percentage of deaths attributable to pneumonia and influenza as reported by the 122 Cities Mortality Reporting System remained below the epidemic threshold. (cdc.gov)
  • The influenza A H5N1 avian pandemic strain has a mortality rate of nearly 60 percent. (stjude.org)
  • In order to better understand differences in the outcome of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection, we inoculated a very virulent (vv) strain into White Leghorn chickens of inbred line W that was previously reported to experience over 24% flock mortality, and three inbred lines (15I, C.B4 and 0) that were previously reported to display no mortality. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Results showed that the H5N6 AIVs were highly pathogenic to chickens and caused not only systemic infection in multiple tissues, but also 100% mortality within 3-5 days post-infection. (frontiersin.org)
  • Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States. (medscape.com)
  • This document updates Member States on the current situation and recommends interventions to further enhance pandemic influenza preparedness and response. (who.int)
  • Potential spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 by wildfowl: dispersal ranges and rates determined from large-scale satellite telemetry. (britishecologicalsociety.org)
  • In Africa, South Africa reported predominantly A (H3) viruses, and Madagascar reported a limited number of A (H3) and A (H1) viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Committee for Africa expressed concern about the general lack of preparedness for an influenza pandemic and the need for Member States to draw up and implement national preparedness plans. (who.int)
  • The presence of the H5N1 virus in Africa is of great concern to human and animal health due to several factors requiring urgent action by Member States. (who.int)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in farmed minks, Spain, October 2022. (bvsalud.org)
  • Gross photographs of postmortem lesions from red foxes naturally infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, United States. (news-medical.net)
  • So to determine whether foxes were susceptible to infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, the investigators infected three foxes intratracheally. (cdc.gov)
  • There's always a potential for low-pathogenic avian flu viruses to evolve into highly pathogenic viruses. (prpeak.com)
  • Domestic ducks are key intermediates in the transmission of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, and therefore are included in vaccination programs to control H5N1 HPAI. (usda.gov)
  • Measles is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus. (acacamps.org)
  • 2. With the confirmation of avian influenza in some countries of the African Region early this year, the risk of human infection due to the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 will persist, as will the threats of occurrence of an influenza pandemic. (who.int)
  • The African Region is highly vulnerable given its inadequate transport and other communication infrastructure, underdeveloped general administration and logistics systems, widespread poverty, and disruption of trade due to the socioeconomic impact of avian influenza. (who.int)
  • In late December, a sick cat in the Deux-Sèvres département tested positive for the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1. (anses.fr)
  • ANSES, the national reference laboratory, confirmed the contamination of a cat by the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 in late 2022. (anses.fr)
  • The susceptibility of cats to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses has been known since 2004, and had already been demonstrated in Thailand and Germany in 2006. (anses.fr)
  • Such prophylaxis would be highly desirable for seasonal influenza as well as a potential pandemic situation. (healthjockey.com)
  • CS-8958 is highly effective for the treatment and prophylaxis of infection with H5N1 influenza viruses, including oseltamivir-resistant mutants. (healthjockey.com)
  • In previous research using gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis, we reported that H5N6 AIV isolated in February 2015 (ZH283) in Pallas's sandgrouse was highly similar to that isolated in a human in December 2015 (A/Guangdong/ZQ874/2015), whereas a virus (i.e. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here we summarize our findings in animal models in which we demonstrated that vaccination against influenza A/H3N2 virus reduced the induction of heterosubtypic immunity against highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus, otherwise induced by a prior infection with influenza A/H3N2 virus. (blogspot.com)
  • A highly conserved neutralizing epitope on group 2 influenza A viruses. (medscape.com)
  • H5N1 is one type of avian influenza currently being studied. (springer.com)
  • The Indonesian experts are saying that, that in the above instance, there was a, "common genetic predisposition to infection with H5N1 virus with severe and fatal outcomes. (blessedquietness.com)
  • Fatal outcome of human influenza A (H5N1) is associated with high viral load and hypercytokinemia. (medscape.com)
  • Viral RNA obtained from a bronchoalveolar lavage specimen from the patient has been sequenced and genetically analyzed by the National Influenza Centre in Chile (Instituto de Salud Pública) and by the Influenza Division/CDC. (cdc.gov)
  • It may be of importance to revisit these findings in the context of how brain immune microglia and neurons can be activated in specific ways by viral RNA, independently or in the context of an infection that causes the flu like symptoms and disease ( 1 , 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Clear differences in response to vaccination were observed, with the Muscovy ducks presenting lower viral antibody titers induced by vaccination and higher number of sick and dead ducks after challenge with a H5N1 HPAI virus. (usda.gov)
  • The cat, which lived near a duck farm affected by the virus, suffered severe neurological symptoms due to the viral infection and had to be euthanised. (anses.fr)
  • In response, we examined the viral distribution and mRNA expression profiles of immune-related genes in chickens infected with both viruses. (frontiersin.org)
  • Most URIs are self-limited viral infections that resolve without prescription drugs. (medscape.com)
  • The corona virus (2019-nCoV OR HCOV-19 or CoV2), has emerged in China as the main cause of viral pneumonia (COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease-19). (bvsalud.org)
  • As of 31 March 2015, H5N1 virus caused at least 826 laboratory-confirmed human infections, including 440 deaths across 16 countries 2 . (nature.com)
  • and 4) a national surveillance system that records pediatric deaths associated with laboratory-confirmed influenza. (cdc.gov)
  • By March 2016, laboratory-confirmed cases of infection had been reported to WHO from 26 countries in the Middle East, North America, Europe and Asia. (who.int)
  • virus as the cause and found laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza C virus and human Coronavirus OC 43 for the first time in both Cote d'Ivoire and in a Sub-Saharan African country. (bvsalud.org)
  • Several H5N1 vaccines have been developed and approved, and stockpiled by a number of countries, including the United States (in its National Stockpile), Britain, France, Canada, and Australia, for use in an emergency. (wikipedia.org)
  • At least 12 companies and 17 governments are developing prepandemic influenza vaccines in 28 different clinical trials that, if successful, could turn a deadly pandemic infection into a nondeadly one. (wikipedia.org)
  • Coadministration with live attenuated vaccines may increase infection risk. (medscape.com)
  • The same strategy might aid efforts to design vaccines against other viruses, researchers said. (stjude.org)
  • The most effective influenza vaccines are whole or split virus preparations, but how can these be prepared so that the membrane-proximal HA epitope is immunodominant? (virology.ws)
  • However, LPM-workers protected themselves less from AI viruses (AIVs) and had lower acceptance of human or avian influenza vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, currently used seasonal vaccines provide only limited protection against (potentially) pandemic influenza viruses. (blogspot.com)
  • Sialic acid receptor specificity on erythrocytes affects detection of antibody to avian influenza haemagglutinin. (cdc.gov)
  • Immunohistochemical tests were performed on paraffin-embedded tissues by using a mouse monoclonal antibody anti-nucleoprotein of influenza A H5N1 (B.V. European Veterinary Laboratory, Woerden, the Netherlands) as a primary antibody and a polyclonal goat antimouse immunoglobulin G tagged with peroxidase as a secondary antibody (DAKO A/S, Glostrup, Denmark). (flu.org.cn)
  • Positive lung tissue from the dog that was incubated with phosphate-buffered saline instead of the mouse monoclonal antibody antinucleoprotein of influenza A H5N1, and tissue from the liver and lung of a cat killed by a car served as negative control ( 2 ). (flu.org.cn)
  • When researchers transferred antibody-rich serum from vaccinated to unvaccinated mice, the unvaccinated animals were also protected from later H5N1 infection, an indication that the protection came from antibodies rather than from other immune system components. (stjude.org)
  • The scientists also identified a new mechanism of antibody action against influenza: Once the antibody binds, the virus cannot change its shape, a step required before it can fuse with and enter the cell it is attempting to infect. (science20.com)
  • Their detailed picture shows one arm of the antibody inserted into a genetically stable pocket in the neck of the HA protein, an interaction that blocks the shape change required for membrane fusion and virus entry into the cell. (science20.com)
  • A neutralizing antibody selected from plasma cells that binds to group 1 and group 2 influenza A hemagglutinins. (medscape.com)
  • They will not be exposed to influenza as part of the study but will periodically provide blood samples that will undergo testing to characterize and measure anti-influenza antibody levels. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, professionals exposed to swine and avian influenza viruses are advised to get themselves vaccinated against seasonal flu. (anses.fr)
  • Unlike normal seasonal influenza, where infection causes only mild respiratory symptoms in most people, the disease caused by H5N1 follows an unusually aggressive clinical course, with rapid deterioration and high fatality. (citizen-news.org)
  • 6 months of age against seasonal influenza has been recommended by public health authorities of some countries. (blogspot.com)
  • In South America, influenza A (H1) viruses were most commonly reported, but influenza A (H3) and influenza B viruses also were identified. (cdc.gov)
  • Multiplex PCR assays are commonly used to evaluate CNS and respiratory tract infections. (medscape.com)
  • Two studies of newly isolated monoclonal antibodies against influenza virus suggest that the answer could be yes. (virology.ws)
  • The authors of one study identified human antibodies against influenza virus by phage display. (virology.ws)
  • One strain of HPAI A(H5N1) is spreading globally after first appearing in Asia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Manual for the laboratory diagnosis and virological surveillance of influenza. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza research database: an integrated bioinformatics resource for influenza research and surveillance. (cdc.gov)
  • The global HPAI situation significantly improved in the first half of 2008, but the FAO reports that imperfect disease surveillance systems mean that occurrence of the virus remains underestimated and underreported. (wikipedia.org)
  • The WHO Collaborating Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Control of Influenza located at CDC analyzes influenza virus isolates received from laboratories worldwide. (cdc.gov)
  • a National Influenza Centre of the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network. (who.int)
  • The final objective is to propose prevention and awareness strategies for the most exposed populations," comments Dr. Erik Karlsson, Senior Research Fellow in charge of respiratory virus surveillance and research programs in the Virology Unit. (pasteur.fr)
  • The detection of these cases initiated a cascade of activities in China, including diagnostic test development, enhanced surveillance for new cases, and investigations to identify the source(s) of infection. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, influenza surveillance systems in China have identified no sign of increased community transmission of this virus. (cdc.gov)
  • CDC, along with state and local health departments, is continuing epidemiologic and laboratory surveillance for influenza in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • The continued circulation and evolution of influenza A(H5N1) requires comprehensive surveillance of both human and animal sites throughout the country with follow-up studies on PMWs to estimate the risk of avian-human transmission of influenza A(H5N1) in Viet Nam. (who.int)
  • Genetic analysis was used to characterize the dog´s virus (KU-08), and the sequences were deposited at GenBank under accession number DQ530170-7. (flu.org.cn)
  • The virus detected in this cat had genetic characteristics of adaptation to mammals. (anses.fr)
  • Genetic investigations carried out by ANSES confirmed that only the cat was a carrier of this mutant virus and that this mutation was not present, at this stage, in the ducks on the farm where contamination occurred. (anses.fr)
  • There seems to be a genetic aspect in which the virus like some marker in a particular genetic combination. (blessedquietness.com)
  • This could also explain why they did not detect so-called escape mutants, viruses that elude the monoclonal antibodies through genetic mutation. (science20.com)
  • However, the continuing evolution and genetic diversification of influenza A(H5N1) viruses is worrying since as few as four amino acid changes are necessary to render the viruses transmissible between ferrets, reinforcing the ongoing pandemic threat from these viruses. (who.int)
  • Because all influenza viruses are capable of rapid genetic change, avian strains could possibly acquire the ability to spread more easily from person-to-person via direct mutation or via reassortment of genome subunits with human strains during replication in a human, animal or, avian host. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The tragic losses we've seen in South America, with well over 20,000 sea lion deaths , are a grim reminder that avian H5N1 continues to spillover into mammals, and that given enough time, it could learn to better adapt to non-avian hosts. (flutrackers.com)
  • During November 2014-April 2015, a total of 165 case-patients with influenza virus A(H5N1) infection, including 6 clusters and 51 deaths, were identified in Egypt. (cdc.gov)
  • In Viet Nam, as of July 2014, there have been 127 human cases of influenza A(H5N1) infection with 63 deaths. (who.int)
  • In the spring of 2009, a different influenza virus - one that had never been seen before - suddenly appeared. (bcm.edu)
  • Genomic analysis also showed that both bears had mammalian adaptive mutations ( PB2-D701N) which have been linked to increased severity of infection (see here and here ) . (flutrackers.com)
  • In-depth phylogenetic analyses which included full-length genomic sequences of the viruses involved were performed to elucidate possible origins of incursions and transmission pathways. (ox.ac.uk)
  • As noted previously, the avian influenza virus can occasionally infect mammals due to genomic mutations. (anses.fr)
  • Close contacts of the patient have been asymptomatic and have tested negative for influenza viruses, indicating that no known human-to-human transmission occurred ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • These foxes excreted virus pharyngeally for three to seven days, and they became ill with severe pneumonia, myocarditis, and even encephalitis. (cdc.gov)
  • avian influenza virus (H5N1) can excrete virus while remaining free of severe disease, thereby potentially playing a role in virus dispersal. (cdc.gov)
  • If the H5N1 virus were to change and become easily transmissible from person to person while retaining its capacity to cause severe disease, the consequences for public health could be very serious. (prpeak.com)
  • When comparing the response to infection in non-vaccinated ducks, differences were also observed, with infected Muscovy ducks presenting a lower mean death time and more severe neurological signs than Pekin ducks. (usda.gov)
  • So far, the current H5N1 avian influenza virus does not seem to infect people easily or cause severe illness in people. (illinois.gov)
  • It is indicated for the prophylaxis or treatment of mild to moderately severe upper respiratory tract infections caused by organisms susceptible to low concentrations of penicillin G. (medscape.com)
  • citation needed] Due to the high lethality and virulence of HPAI A(H5N1), its endemic presence, its increasingly large host reservoir, and its significant ongoing mutations, in 2006, the H5N1 virus has been regarded to be the world's largest pandemic threat, and billions of dollars are being spent researching H5N1 and preparing for a potential influenza pandemic. (wikipedia.org)
  • Adlhoch C , Baldinelli F , Fusaro A , Terregino C . Avian influenza, a new threat to public health in Europe? (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Horimoto T, Kawaoka Y. Pandemic threat posed by avian influenza A viruses. (medscape.com)
  • Peiris JS, de Jong MD, Guan Y. Avian influenza virus (H5N1): a threat to human health. (medscape.com)
  • Responding to the avian influenza pandemic threat. (medscape.com)
  • In animal models, H3N2-vaccination prevents heterosubtypic immunity against H5N1. (blogspot.com)
  • The enzymatic activity of NA is inhibited by one class of antiviral drugs that are FDA-approved for treatment of influenza (i.e. (cdc.gov)
  • A possible mechanism of action of elderberry extract in the treatment of influenza is that the flavonoids stimulate the immune system by enhancing production of cytokines by monocytes. (juicing-for-health.com)
  • Most updates concerned Zika virus disease and human cases of MERS or avian influenza. (who.int)
  • State health departments are encouraged to investigate potential human cases of HPAI H5 virus infection as described below and should notify CDC within 24 hours of identifying a case under investigation. (cdc.gov)
  • It also provides a geographical overview of confirmed human cases of infection with the H5N1 influenza virus. (ogleearth.com)
  • The Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population has announced two new human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection. (citizen-news.org)
  • These achievements were considered not affected by the report of limited clusters of cases associated with the resurgence of the virus in a small number of individuals who had previously recovered from the disease. (who.int)
  • In particular, it highlights that recording evidence of excessive cytokine activations in patients in the wake of successful elimination of propagating viruses, such as coronaviruses, could be very informative for anticipating future cases of certain neurological diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • As of October 3, 2016, at least 856 cases of human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in 16 countries had been reported to the World Health Organization, among which 452 had ended in death, for an apparent case fatality rate of 52.8% ( WHO, 2016 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The virus continues to be active in non-domesticated bird reservoirs, and incidences of spillover and clinical disease in numerous animal species occur in European nations in 2021. (news-medical.net)
  • Additionally, differences were also observed in clinical disease after infection with a H5N1 HPAI virus, and the ducks innate immune responses also differed. (usda.gov)
  • Accurately diagnosing influenza A or B infection based solely on clinical criteria is difficult because of the overlapping symptoms caused by the various viruses associated with upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). (medscape.com)