H1n2 and h3n2 swine influenza a viruses. Medical search. Frequent questions

Alice: Co-circulation of pandemic 2009 H1N1, swine H3N2 and H1N2 influenza viruses in pigs in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. (embrapa.br)
Reassortant Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus in pigs, United Kingdom. (cdc.gov)
Novel H1N2 swine influenza reassortant strain in pigs derived from the pandemic H1N1/2009 virus. (cdc.gov)
Analysis of influenza A viruses of subtype H1 from wild birds, turkeys and pigs in Germany reveals interspecies transmission events. (cdc.gov)
Triple-reassortant influenza A virus with H3 of human seasonal origin, NA of swine origin, and internal A(H1N1) pandemic 2009 genes is established in Danish pigs. (cdc.gov)
however, since late August 1998, H3N2 subtypes have been isolated from pigs. (wikipedia.org)
Since the protective ability of influenza vaccines depends primarily on the closeness of the match between the vaccine virus and the epidemic virus, the presence of nonreactive H3N2 SIV variants suggests current commercial vaccines might not effectively protect pigs from infection with a majority of H3N2 viruses. (wikipedia.org)
Avian influenza virus H3N2 is endemic in pigs in China, and has been detected in pigs in Vietnam, contributing to the emergence of new variant strains. (wikipedia.org)
Pigs can carry human influenza viruses, which can combine (i.e. exchange homologous genome subunits by genetic reassortment) with H5N1, passing genes and mutating into a form which can pass easily among humans. (wikipedia.org)
The new subtypes arose in pigs coinfected with avian and human viruses and were soon transferred to humans. (wikipedia.org)
Swine Influenza, or Swine Flu, is a highly contagious respiratory disease that originated with pigs and is caused by one of many strains of the Influenza A virus. (projectswole.com)
Swine Flu is spread among pigs by direct and indirect contact, however, in many parts of the world pigs are vaccinated against Swine Flu. (projectswole.com)
As someone who raises pigs, whether for show (e.g. 4-H or Future Farmers of America [FFA]) or as part of a farming operation (i.e. commercial pork producer), you may have questions about influenza (the flu) in both pigs and people. (cdc.gov)
This document addresses what is known about flu viruses in pigs and people and what people in contact with pigs can do to reduce the risk of getting sick or of getting their pigs sick. (cdc.gov)
There are many causes of respiratory disease in pigs, including influenza. (cdc.gov)
Among influenza types, only type A influenza viruses are known to infect pigs. (cdc.gov)
Although pigs and people now share the H1N1 pandemic virus, other viruses circulating in swine are different from viruses circulating in people. (cdc.gov)
At this time, there are three main flu A viruses that circulate in U.S. pigs: influenza A H1N1, influenza A H1N2 and influenza A H3N2. (cdc.gov)
Also human flu vaccines probably would not offer protection against the viruses that are found in pigs. (cdc.gov)
Flu viruses commonly infect pigs and pig herds and can result in high rates of illness among pigs, but few deaths. (cdc.gov)
However, pigs also may become infected with flu viruses from people, and from birds. (cdc.gov)
Q. How does influenza spread among pigs? (cdc.gov)
A. Flu viruses are thought to spread among pigs in the A. The 2009 H1N1 flu virus was first detected in people same way that human influenza viruses spread among in the United States in April 2009. (cdc.gov)
That is mainly through close contact between influenza virus among humans which was able to infected and uninfected pigs and possibly from spread easily from person-to-person, causing the first contact by an uninfected pig with an object influenza pandemic in more than 40 years. (cdc.gov)
Pigs also can be had two genes from flu viruses that normally circulate infected by flu viruses from their human caretakers. (cdc.gov)
This virus is now in pigs and/or severity of disease by following these considered a human influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
A. Flu vaccines for pigs can help, but are not 100% however, data from the USDA Swine Influenza Virus effective. (cdc.gov)
This was initially the result of pigs becoming infected due to interference from antibodies received from the with the virus when they came in contact with infected sow. (cdc.gov)
The subtypes that infect pigs are H3N2, H1N1 and H1N2. (healthstatus.com)
some data implies that the pigs caught the virus from the humans back then. (healthstatus.com)
Between the years 1997 and 2002, 3 latest viral-strains of the influenza subtypes and five diverse genotypes were discovered as the primary reason for flu among pigs in North America. (healthstatus.com)
Researchers confirmed that the virus infesting these pigs was a blended structure of viral-strains from humans and birds. (healthstatus.com)
The most recent strains of influenza were noticed during the 2009 swine flu endemic in Mexico and some farm pigs in Alberta, Canada. (healthstatus.com)
Swine influenza is a contagious respiratory disease that normally affects only pigs. (dettol.co.in)
However, other strains such as H1N2, H3N1 and H3N2 are also present in pigs. (dettol.co.in)
Although it is not common for people to get swine flu, human infections do occur sometimes, mainly after close contact with infected pigs. (dettol.co.in)
How is swine flu spread between pigs? (dettol.co.in)
Symptoms of swine flu in pigs can be lethargy, fever , cough and difficulty in breathing. (dettol.co.in)
However, many countries routinely vaccinate pigs for swine influenza. (dettol.co.in)
Although there is no indication that current human infections are linked to cases of swine flu in pigs, officials recommend that pig keepers maintain high levels of hygiene. (dettol.co.in)
The emergence of this A(H1N1) 2009 poses a potential global threat for human health and the fact that it can infect other species, like pigs, favours a possible encounter with other influenza viruses circulating in swine herds. (vetres.org)
However, pigs inoculated with SwH1N1 virus and subsequently infected with pH1N1 had very mild lung lesions, apparently attributed to the remaining lesions caused by SwH1N1 infection. (vetres.org)
The mortality of swine influenza virus (SIV) infected pigs is usually low, although morbidity may approach 100% [ 14 ]. (vetres.org)
Swine influenza is caused by those strains of influenza virus that usually infect pigs and are called swine influenza virus (SIV). (rjppd.org)
In Chile, H1N1pdm09 and other lineages H1N2 and H3N2 have been detected in pigs, which are genetically distinct from the strains included in commercial vaccines. (bvsalud.org)
Swine influenza or flu is a respiratory disorder observed in pigs caused by the type A influenza virus. (godigit.com)
A recent study in the US enlightens that the main strain of virus circulating in the pigs were swine triple reassortant (tr) H1N1, (tr) H3N2 and (tr) H1N2. (godigit.com)
As an answer to what H1N1 is, scientists and researchers explained that it is a new strain of virus originating from pigs but spreads from person to person. (godigit.com)
Influenza viruses that normally circulate in pigs are called "variant" viruses when they are found in people. (mn.us)
Pigs are commonly infected with swine influenza viruses that are usually different from human influenza viruses. (mn.us)
While rare, influenza can spread from pigs to people and from people to pigs. (mn.us)
Variant influenza A H3N2 virus ("H3N2v") does not usually infect people but occurs in pigs, and is very different from human seasonal H3N2 viruses. (mn.us)
Most commonly, human infections with variant influenza A occur in people with direct or indirect exposure to infected pigs. (mn.us)
October 22, 2021 -CDC today reported two new U.S. human infections with influenza viruses that usually spread in pigs and not people. (cdc.gov)
Variant virus infections occur rarely, and usually in the context of exposure to pigs when they happen. (cdc.gov)
There are three main groups of influenza viruses that commonly spread among pigs in the United States: H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 viruses. (cdc.gov)
Infected pigs can cough or sneeze and droplets with influenza virus in them can spread through the air. (cdc.gov)
Pigs can be infected by avian influenza and human influenza viruses as well as swine influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
When influenza viruses from different species infect pigs, the viruses can reassort (i.e., swap genes) and new viruses that are a mix of swine, human and/or avian influenza viruses can emerge. (cdc.gov)
Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs. (astrozing.com)
The HA gene segment was part of the classical swine lineage with the virus infecting pigs around 1918 and subsequently circulated in classical swine viruses and triple reassortant swine viruses [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Six of the genes are closest in sequence to those of H1N2 'triple-reassortant' influenza viruses isolated from pigs in North America around 1999-2000. (biomedcentral.com)
Swine influenza (an influenza type A H1N1 virus) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by a type A influenza virus that regularly causes outbreaks of influenza in pig populations. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
Presently there are four main influenza type A virus subtypes that have been isolated in pigs: H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, and H3N1. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
However, sporadic human infections with swine flu have occurred, and more commonly occur in persons with direct exposure to pigs. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
Influenza viruses can be directly transmitted from pigs to people and from people to pigs. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)
Type B influenza is normally found only in humans, and type C is mostly found in humans, but has also been found in pigs and dogs. (bcm.edu)
Transmission of the virus from pigs to humans is not common and does not always lead to human flu, often resulting only in the production of antibodies in the blood. (tellmeproject.eu)
People with regular exposure to pigs are at increased risk of swine flu infection. (tellmeproject.eu)
H1N2- currently endemic in pigs and humans. (atomictherapy.org)
Genetic Characterization of Triple Reassortant H1N1 Influenza Viruses from Pigs in Ohio, unpublished. (scienceblogs.com)
The etiological cause of influenza, the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses, was first discovered in pigs by Richard Shope in 1931. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Abstract: Background: Influenza A virus (IAV) is endemic in pigs globally and co-circulation of genetically and antigenically diverse virus lineages of subtypes H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 is a challenge for the development of effective vaccines. (embrapa.br)
Methods: This study evaluated the immunogenicity of a virosome-based influenza vaccine containing the surface glycoproteins of H1N1 pandemic, H1N2 and H3N2 in pigs. (embrapa.br)
Pigs can be infected with both human and avian influenza viruses in addition to swine influenza viruses. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Because pigs are susceptible to avian, human and swine influenza viruses, they potentially may be infected with influenza viruses from different species (e.g., ducks and humans) at the same time. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Other strains of H1N1 are endemic in pigs (swine influenza) and in birds (avian influenza). (indiatimes.com)

Most commonly, Swine Flu is of the H1N1 Influenza subtype, although they can sometimes come from H1N2, H3N1, and H3N2. (projectswole.com)
[1] Sa taong 2009 ang mga strain na ito ay matatagpuan sa Trangkasong C bayrus at sa mga subtipo Trangkasong A bayrus na tinatawag na H1N1 , H1N2, H3N1, H3N2, at H2N3. (wikipedia.org)
Sampai saat ini sudah berhasil diisolasi sebanyak 4 sub-type A: H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, and H3N1. (web.id)

Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 (A/H3N2) is a subtype of viruses that causes influenza (flu). (wikipedia.org)
H3N2 is a subtype of the viral genus Influenzavirus A, which is an important cause of human influenza. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, public health laboratories also report the influenza A subtype (H1 or H3) and influenza B lineage information of the viruses they test and the age or age group of the persons from whom the specimens were collected. (cdc.gov)
These types of infections are called "variant influenza virus" infections and denoted with the letter "v" after the influenza subtype. (cdc.gov)
So, for example, a virus with version 1 of the HA protein and version 2 of the NA protein would be called influenza A subtype H1N2 (A H1N2, for short). (bcm.edu)
All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are required to be reported under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005).4 This includes any influenza A virus that has demonstrated the capacity to infect a human and its haemagglutinin gene (or protein) is not a mutated form of those, i.e. (who.int)
The most famous and lethal outbreak was the 1918 flu pandemic (Spanish flu pandemic) (type A influenza, H1N1 subtype), which lasted from 1918 to 1919 (see figure 1). (influenzavirusnet.com)
Antigenic shift is the process by which at least two different strains of a virus (or different viruses), especially influenza, combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two original strains. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Influenza A (H1N1) virus is the subtype of influenza A virus that was the most common cause of human influenza (flu) in 2009, and is associated with the 1918 outbreak known as the Spanish Flu. (indiatimes.com)
Azee ałaʼiʼ siʼąąhnigiʼ éí naaki ałʼąąh "atsʼiiʼ honiigaah A" subtype virusígíí bił alyá, áádóó tʼaałaʼiʼ "atsʼiiʼ honiigaah B" subtype virus biłʼalyá. (wikipedia.org)
H2N2 is a subtype of the type influenzavirus A. H2N2 has mutated into various strains including the Asian flu strain (now extinct in the wild), H3N2, and various strains found in birds. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Some believe that the 1889 - 1890 Russian flu was caused by the influenzavirus A virus subtype H2N2, but the evidence is not conclusive. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Asian Flu was of the H2N2 subtype (a notation that refers to the configuration of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins in the virus) of type A influenza, and an influenza vaccine was developed in 1957 to contain its outbreak. (influenzavirusnet.com)
H6 subtype avian influenza viruses are globally distributed and, in recent years, have been isolated with increasing frequency from both domestic and wild bird species as well as infected humans. (biomedcentral.com)

H3N2 evolved from H2N2 by antigenic shift and caused the Hong Kong Flu pandemic of 1968 and 1969 that killed up to 750,000 humans. (wikipedia.org)
The dominant strain of annual flu in humans in January 2006 was H3N2. (wikipedia.org)
Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 in humans had increased to 91% by 2005. (wikipedia.org)
However, other hosts appear capable of similar coinfection (e.g., many poultry species), and direct transmission of avian viruses to humans is possible. (wikipedia.org)
Influenza A viruses circulating in swine that have infected humans are referred to as "variant" influenza viruses and denoted with a letter "v". Human infections with A(H1N1)v, A(H1N2)v, and A(H3N2)v influenza viruses have been detected in the United States. (cdc.gov)
From 1976 until 2005, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) received roughly one report every year or two of humans with Swine Flu. (projectswole.com)
The OIE is developing influenza surveillance guidelines that encompass birds, domestic mammals, wildlife, and humans. (nationalacademies.org)
surveillance focused on the subset of avian influenza viruses that pose significant risk of infecting humans, including certain viruses of low pathogenicity in poultry. (nationalacademies.org)
During March/April 2009, a new strain of swine influenza virus emerged in Mexico, and began to cause disease in humans. (dettol.co.in)
What are the symptoms of influenza A (H1N1) in humans? (dettol.co.in)
Influenza viruses circulating in swine are closely related to the human H1N1 and H3N2 strains and reports of sporadic cross-species transfer of swine and avian influenza viruses to humans have been documented repeatedly during recent decades [ 18 ]. (vetres.org)
But What is Swine Flu in Humans? (godigit.com)
We also found evidence of repeated introductions of pandemic H1N1 viruses from humans into swine in Mexico and Chile since 2009, and incursions of H1 and H3 viruses from North American swine into Mexico. (consensus.app)
Normally the Swine flu virus does not infect humans. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
Symptoms of zoonotic swine flu in humans are similar to those of influenza and of influenza-like illness in general, namely chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing, weakness and general discomfort. (tellmeproject.eu)
Even though small clusters of A(H5) virus infections have been reported previously including those involving healthcare workers, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that influenza A(H5) viruses have not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low. (who.int)
Following are known subtypes of Influenza A virus that can infect humans and are listed as per number of known pandemic human deaths. (atomictherapy.org)
H5N1- Avian Flu-Global influenza pandemic (mid-2000) - with fatality rate of 50% it becomes the most falat virus of all know Influenza virus that infect humans it also causes diarrhoea. (atomictherapy.org)
They all said the California swine virus is most closely related to a swine flu virus from Ohio and very different from other H1N1 viruses that have infected humans. (scienceblogs.com)
I used H1N1 (and a couple of H1N2) protein sequences from Swine and Humans between Jan 1 2006 and today. (scienceblogs.com)
I think you have to use blast to make sure you start with the most similar sequences, you can't restrict yourself to a specific subset (i.e. swine and humans). (scienceblogs.com)
This virus has limited zoonotic potential: only four influenza subtypes have been known to circulate amongst humans, while at least 100 subtypes have been observed in birds. (biomedcentral.com)
However, occasional transmissions of influenza A to humans can have a tremendous impact. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza is considered as one of the deadliest diseases of humans. (zovon.com)
Influenza D viruses infect cattle and are not known to cause any illness in humans. (zovon.com)
This discovery was shortly followed by the isolation of the virus from humans by a group headed by Patrick Laidlaw at the Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom in 1933. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Antigenic drift occurs in all types of influenza including influenza virus A, influenza B and influenza C. Antigenic shift, however, occurs only in influenzavirus A because it infects more than just humans. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Influenza B and C principally infect humans, minimizing the chance that a reassortment will change its phenotype drastically. (influenzavirusnet.com)
The resulting new virus would likely be able to infect humans and spread from person to person, but it would have surface proteins (hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase) not previously seen in influenza viruses that infect humans, and therefore to which most people have little or no immune protection. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Some strains of H1N1 are endemic in humans and cause a small fraction of all influenza-like illness and a small fraction of all seasonal influenza. (indiatimes.com)

Is there a vaccine to protect people from influenza A (H1N1)? (dettol.co.in)
However, the commercial heterologous multivalent vaccine failed to induce hemagglutinin-specific antibody titers against the H1N2 and H3N2 challenge strains. (bvsalud.org)
These findings highlight the importance of regularly updating vaccine strains to match the circulating field strains for effective control of swine influenza. (bvsalud.org)
We contrast that suggestion with the possibility that laboratory errors involving the sharing of virus isolates and cultured cells, or perhaps vaccine production, may have been involved. (biomedcentral.com)
Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
She joined CDC in 1997 and worked in the National Vaccine Office on Adult Immunization and Pandemic Influenza Planning. (cdc.gov)
Dr. Campbell's current projects focus on studies of influenza antiviral treatment and antiviral effectiveness, vaccine effectiveness, pandemic preparedness and development of CDC clinical guidance related to treatment and prevention of seasonal and novel influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
Chikungunya virus vaccine approved by FDA. (internationalsos.com)
The first significant step towards preventing influenza was the development in 1944 of a killed-virus vaccine for influenza by Thomas Francis, Jr. This built on work by Australian Frank Macfarlane Burnet, who showed that the virus lost virulence when it was cultured in fertilized hen's eggs. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Application of this observation by Francis allowed his group of researchers at the University of Michigan to develop the first influenza vaccine, with support from the U.S. Army. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Virosomes are virus-like particles that mimic virus infection and have proven to be a successful vaccine platform against several animal and human viruses. (embrapa.br)
The influenza virosome vaccine elicited hemagglutinin-specific antibodies. (embrapa.br)
Antigenic shift is contrasted with antigenic drift , which is the natural mutation over time of known strains of influenza (or other things, in a more general sense) which may lead to a loss of immunity, or in vaccine mismatch. (influenzavirusnet.com)
This report updates the 2004 recommendations by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) regarding the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (CDC. (cdc.gov)
and 5) the assessment of vaccine supply, timing of influenza vaccination, and prioritization of inactivated vaccine in shortage situations. (cdc.gov)
Dishjį́diʼ éí azee ąąh alʼįʼdiʼ jigáágo éí achʼąąʼ adáʼatsʼiʼ, azee éí "trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV)" wolyé. (wikipedia.org)

However, each variant influenza virus infection that is identified should be fully investigated to determine the source of exposure and infection to prevent and control additional infections of animals and people, and importantly to assess whether such viruses are spreading from person-to-person. (cdc.gov)
While assumed to be similar to seasonal influenza virus infection, the duration of viral replication and possible infectiousness of variant virus infection has not been studied. (cdc.gov)
Although uncommon, severe and fatal illness resulting from variant influenza virus infection has been reported. (cdc.gov)
Variant influenza virus infection cannot be distinguished by clinical features from seasonal influenza virus infection, or from infection with other respiratory viruses that can cause influenza-like illness (fever and either cough or sore throat). (cdc.gov)
Therefore, the key to suspecting variant influenza virus infection in an ill patient is to elicit an epidemiological link to recent swine exposure in the week prior to illness onset. (cdc.gov)
Human infection with influenza A (H1N1) has been confirmed in Southern California and Texas. (dettol.co.in)
One human infection with a novel influenza A virus was reported. (cdc.gov)
One of these variant influenza virus infections is the first to occur during the 2021-2022 flu reporting season (i.e., from October 2021 through September 2022) and the other reported infection is the 11th infection that occurred during the 2020-2021 season (i.e., from October 2020 through September 2021). (cdc.gov)
Seasonal flu vaccines are not formulated to protect against variant influenza viruses, but the same flu antiviral drugs used to treat seasonal flu can be used to treat variant influenza virus infection in children and adults. (cdc.gov)
Swine influenza, also called pig influenza, swine flu, hog flu and pig flu, is an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses. (astrozing.com)
It is always a great concern when a new flu virus emerges, because the general population does not have immunity and almost everyone is susceptible to infection and disease. (bcm.edu)
A(H1N2) variant viruses and one human case of infection with an influenza A(H3N2) variant virus were reported officially.3 One additional human case of infection with an influenza A(H1N1)v virus was detected. (who.int)
Since the last risk assessment on 21 May 2021, one new laboratory-confirmed human case of influenza A(H5N6) virus infection was reported from China to WHO on 30 May 2021. (who.int)
1. What is the likelihood that additional human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses will occur? (who.int)
In allopathy there is no medicine that can cure H3N2 infection, so treatment remain symptomatic. (atomictherapy.org)
Influenza, commonly known as flu, refers to a respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses. (zovon.com)
Overall, the present study has determined that sesquiterpene coumarins from F. assa-foetida may serve as promising lead components for new drug development against influenza A (H1N1) viral infection," the authors write. (clinicalnews.org)
The majority of deaths were from bacterial pneumonia, a secondary infection caused by influenza, but the virus also killed people directly, causing massive hemorrhages and edema in the lung. (influenzavirusnet.com)
The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). (lookformedical.com)

Seasonal influenza kills an estimated 36,000 people in the United States each year. (wikipedia.org)
Seasonal H3N2 flu is a human flu from H3N2 that is slightly different from one of the previous year's flu season H3N2 variants. (wikipedia.org)
Seasonal influenza viruses flow out of overlapping epidemics in East Asia and Southeast Asia, then trickle around the globe before dying off. (wikipedia.org)
Clinical characteristics of human infections with variant influenza viruses generally have been similar to signs and symptoms of uncomplicated seasonal influenza, including fever, cough, pharyngitis, rhinorrhea, myalgia, and headache. (cdc.gov)
The duration of illness appears to be similar to uncomplicated seasonal influenza, approximately 3 to 5 days. (cdc.gov)
Along with the respiratory symptoms that come with typical seasonal human flu, Swine Flu is more likely to include diarrhea and vomiting. (projectswole.com)
When people are infected with the swine flu virus, their symptoms are usually similar to those of seasonal influenza. (dettol.co.in)
A seasonal flu shot will help protect against two or three types of influenza viruses, including the H1N1 virus. (dettol.co.in)
Results: Our analysis identified multiple IAV-S lineages that appear to have been circulating undetected in swine for decades, including four novel IAV-S lineages of human seasonal virus origin that have not been previously identified in any swine populations globally. (consensus.app)
Variant influenza A viruses do not usually infect people, and are very different from human seasonal influenza. (mn.us)
Similarly, the variant influenza A H1N2 ("H1N2v") virus strain is different from the human seasonal H1N2 virus. (mn.us)
In general, the severity of illnesses associated with variant influenza have been similar to seasonal Influenza (Flu) . (mn.us)
These viruses have important antigenic and genetic differences from seasonal influenza A viruses that circulate worldwide among people. (cdc.gov)
Illnesses associated with variant influenza virus infections have been mostly mild with symptoms similar to those of human seasonal influenza. (cdc.gov)
An immunoinformatics study was conducted to determine the highly conserved antigenic epitope regions of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes in the humoral immunity and CD4+ and CD8+ T cellular immunity between 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) and seasonal H1N1 (sH1N1) viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
It is thought to occur in the same way as seasonal flu occurs in people, which is mainly person-to-person transmission through coughing or sneezing of individuals infected with the influenza virus. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
The H1N1 swine flu viruses are antigenically very different from human H1N1 viruses and therefore, vaccines for human seasonal flu will not provide protection from Swine flu viruses. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
The occurrence of pandemics is rare, and are different compared to regular seasonal epidemics of influenza. (tellmeproject.eu)
There are four types of influenza viruses, namely, A, B, C and D. Human influenza viruses, A and B cause seasonal flu every year. (zovon.com)

During the flu-epidemic in 1918, this ailment was projected as a virus co-related to human influenza. (healthstatus.com)
Natural medicines have had an excellent track record in the treatment of influenza in general, but also pandemic outbreaks in particular, such as the Influenza Pandemic of 1918, which was responsible for the deaths of over 50 million people worldwide. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
The most severe influenza pandemic in recent history was the 1918 Spanish flu, which is estimated being responsible for the deaths of over 50 million people. (tellmeproject.eu)
There have been four major pandemics of flu since 1990 - The Spanish flu (1918-1919), the Asian flu (1957-1958), the Hong Kong flu (1968-1969) and the Swine flu (2009) - with Swine flu being the least deadly pandemic out of the four. (zovon.com)
Indeed, symptoms in 1918 were so unusual that initially influenza was misdiagnosed as dengue, cholera, or typhoid. (influenzavirusnet.com)

Its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of proteins on the surface of its coat, hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). By reassortment, H3N2 exchanges genes for internal proteins with other influenza subtypes. (wikipedia.org)
H3N2 is strain of influenza A virus, the orthomyxoviridae family - these are simgle stranded segmented RNA-Virus and they have numerous subtypes which are named by numbers based on type of Heamagglutinin "H number" and "N number" for type of Neuraminidase. (atomictherapy.org)
Dr. Angela Campbell will be - will discuss neuraminidase inhibitor medications (antivirals) that are approved only for the treatment of uncomplicated influenza. (cdc.gov)
Flu strains are named after their types of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface proteins, so they will be called, for example, H3N2 for type-3 hemagglutinin and type-2 neuraminidase. (influenzavirusnet.com)
For example, if a pig was infected with a human influenza virus and an avian influenza virus at the same time, an antigenic shift could occur, producing a new virus that had most of the genes from the human virus, but a hemagglutinin or neuraminidase from the avian virus. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Neuraminidase are a type of glycoside hydrolase enzyme which help to move the virus particles through the infected cell and assist in budding from the host cells. (indiatimes.com)
Avian influenza virus (AIV) is an important zoonotic pathogen [ 1 ] and can be classified into 16 hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes and 9 neuraminidase (NA) subtypes based on the antigenicity of these two surface glycoproteins. (biomedcentral.com)

The recent pandemic caused by human influenza virus A(H1N1) 2009 contains ancestral gene segments from North American and Eurasian swine lineages as well as from avian and human influenza lineages. (vetres.org)
In April 2009, a new A(H1N1) influenza virus was identified containing a distinct combination of gene segments from both North American and Eurasian swine influenza lineages as well as from avian and human lineages [ 8 , 21 ], which rapidly reached pandemic proportions. (vetres.org)
At least 12 genetically distinct influenza A lineages circulate in Latin American swine herds, with human-to-swine transmission, spatial migration, and genomic reassortment contributing to this diversity. (consensus.app)
Discussion: Overall, our findings indicate that at least 12 genetically distinct HA lineages circulate in Latin American swine herds, only two of which have been found in North American swine herds. (consensus.app)
Influenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes, but can be categorized into lineages and strains. (zovon.com)
The currently circulating Influenza B virus lineages are: B/Yamagata and B/Victoria. (zovon.com)

Mostly, this sickness is rooted into Influenza -A category and its subtypes - H1N1, H1N2, H2N3 and H3N2. (healthstatus.com)

Most commonly, human infections with variant influenza viruses occur in people with exposure to infected swine (e.g., children exposed to swine at an agricultural fair, people who raise swine, or workers in the swine industry). (cdc.gov)
There have been documented cases of people becoming sick with variant influenza virus infections after exposure to one or more infected swine and rare cases of limited spread of variant influenza viruses from person-to-person. (cdc.gov)
The vast majority of variant influenza virus infections do not result in person-to-person spread. (cdc.gov)
Most variant influenza virus infections have resulted in mild illness. (cdc.gov)
Only CDC and state public health laboratories can confirm variant influenza virus infections. (cdc.gov)
Q. Can influenza virus infections be prevented viruses from birds and people as well. (cdc.gov)
The chapter concludes with an example of a low-pathogen avian influenza outbreak in a group of commercial poultry farms and the steps the industry took to contain further spread of the virus, minimize the risk of exposure, and monitor and prevent further infections. (nationalacademies.org)
The modern pork industry also uses antibiotic, which although they have no effect against the influenza virus, do help prevent bacterial pneumonia and other secondary infections in influenza-weakened herds. (rjppd.org)
These infections serve as a reminder of the importance of following CDC's recommended precautions around swine as well as the importance of ongoing surveillance to detect potential pandemic viruses. (cdc.gov)
The two newest infections, one an H3N2v virus and the other an H1N1v virus, occurred in children. (cdc.gov)
However, variant influenza virus infections also can cause serious illness, resulting in hospitalization and death. (cdc.gov)
Since then, identification of variant influenza virus infections has been less common, particularly for those associated with agricultural events. (cdc.gov)
Infections may also occur by touching something with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
Human infections with viruses of animal origin are expected at the human-animal interface wherever these viruses circulate in animals. (who.int)
Influenza C viruses are less frequently detected and cause mild infections, which are not a threat to public health. (zovon.com)

Simultaneously, an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 (HPAIV H5N1) in avian species has emerged since December 2022. (bvsalud.org)
Every few decades or so, a new version of the influenza virus emerges in the human population that causes a serious global outbreak of disease called a pandemic . (bcm.edu)
Such a definition has been changed in 2009, in concomitance with the H1N1 influenza outbreak, and lost part of its severe meaning (see also Swine flu). (tellmeproject.eu)
The deadly H3N2 virus has raised its ugly head again and is on a killing spree, it has killed more than 120 people including two below 18 yrs of age till February 2018 that is in just a month of outbreak. (atomictherapy.org)
Though it didnt claim all those who were infected as the fatality index of epidemic by this virus is low 0.5% and falls in category 2 of pandemic severity index and also its seen that every subsequent outbreak is milder as it seems that people in affected region develops some immunity towards N2 at every outbreak. (atomictherapy.org)
In fact, in some cases, it seems like the H1N1 virus is very similar to a virus that caused an outbreak in 2007 at an Ohio country fair (1). (scienceblogs.com)
The first convincing record of an influenza pandemic was of an outbreak in 1580, which began in Russia and spread to Europe via Africa. (influenzavirusnet.com)

The global antigenic diversity of swine influenza A viruses. (cdc.gov)
The Hong Kong Flu was a flu pandemic caused by a strain of H3N2 descended from H2N2 by antigenic shift, in which genes from multiple subtypes reassorted to form a new virus. (wikipedia.org)
The results suggested that highly conserved antigenic epitope regions might act as the basis of common antigenic vaccines against pH1N1 and sH1N1 viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, the highly conserved antigenic epitopes sequences and the locations of HA and NA proteins, including B-cell epitopes, MHC I and MHC II epitopes between pH1N1 and sH1N1 viruses, based on immunoinformatics, were analyzed. (biomedcentral.com)
Hong Kong Flu virus H3N2 is desendent of H2N2 through antigenic shift, a process in which genes from various subtypes make up a new virus sub type. (atomictherapy.org)
The term antigenic shift is more often applied specifically (but is not limited) to the influenza literature, as it is the best known example (e.g. visna virus in sheep). (influenzavirusnet.com)
Antigenic shift is important for the emergence of new viral pathogens as it is a pathway that viruses may follow to enter a new niche (see figure 1). (influenzavirusnet.com)
Illustration of potential influenza antigenic shift. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Influenza viruses which have undergone antigenic shift have caused the Asian Flu pandemic of 1957 , the Hong Kong Flu pandemic of 1968 , and the Swine Flu scare of 1976. (influenzavirusnet.com)
One increasingly worrying situation is the possible antigenic shift between avian influenza and human influenza. (influenzavirusnet.com)
This antigenic shift could cause the formation of a highly virulent virus. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity. (lookformedical.com)

Of the 97 recent H3N2 isolates examined, only 41 had strong serologic cross-reactions with antiserum to three commercial SIV vaccines. (wikipedia.org)
the partners plan to exchange scientific information on avian influenza, share viral isolates, and may eventually manufacture human vaccines against avian viral strains. (nationalacademies.org)
Methods: To address this gap, we sequenced and conducted a phylogenetic analysis of 69 hemagglutinin (HA) sequences from IAV-S isolates collected in swine in Mexico and Chile during 2010-2014, including the H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 subtypes. (consensus.app)
The HA and NA gene sequences of nine pH1N1 viruses isolated from Guangdong, China, were sequenced (GenBank accession numbers GU471691-GU471695 and GU562466- GU562469 for NA and CY120915-CY120924 and CY120952 for HA), and the global corresponding genes (59 isolates) were obtained from GenBank. (biomedcentral.com)
The sequences of these genes do not directly reveal the immediate source of the virus as the closest were from isolates collected more than a decade before the human pandemic started. (biomedcentral.com)
Gene sequences from isolates that bridge the time and phylogenetic gap between the new virus and its parents will distinguish between these possibilities, and we suggest where they should be sought. (biomedcentral.com)
Measures that might restore confidence include establishing a unified international administrative framework coordinating surveillance, research and commercial work with this virus, and maintaining a registry of all influenza isolates. (biomedcentral.com)
Evolutionary timelines derived from signatures of early human influenza isolates suggest that characteristic variants emerged rapidly, and remained remarkably stable through subsequent pandemics. (biomedcentral.com)

H3N2 viruses can infect birds and mammals. (wikipedia.org)
This chapter focuses on the global phenomenon of avian influenza, its impact on the poultry industry, and potential means to control influenza transmission among birds and mammals. (nationalacademies.org)
H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) emerged in wild birds in Chile in December 2022 and spilled over into poultry, marine mammals, and one human. (bvsalud.org)
Whole-genome sequences obtained from 77 birds and 8 marine mammals revealed that all Chilean H5N1 viruses belong to lineage 2.3.4.4b and cluster monophyletically with viruses from Peru, indicating a single introduction from North America into Peru/Chile. (bvsalud.org)
The three parents of the virus may have been assembled in one place by natural means, such as by migrating birds, however the consistent link with pig viruses suggests that human activity was involved. (biomedcentral.com)
The detection of influenza A(H5) virus in nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal samples collected from individuals in close contact with infected poultry or other birds, whether the individuals are symptomatic or not, is not unexpected. (who.int)
Affected species include other mammals and birds, giving influenza A the opportunity for a major reorganization of surface antigens. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Many reports have examined the viruses in the context of poultry or several wild bird species, but there is less information regarding their presence in migratory birds. (biomedcentral.com)
Our findings suggest that regular surveillance of wild birds, especially migratory birds, is important for providing early warning and control of avian influenza outbreaks. (biomedcentral.com)
At least 136 species have been discovered in 26 different families of wild birds and harbour 144 subtypes of influenza A virus [ 1 - 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The continuous outbreaks of avian influenza in recent decades have alarmed and increased focus on the role of wild birds, as major reservoirs, that maintain the persistence and variation of AIV, facilitating viral spread and disease occurrence. (biomedcentral.com)
Surveillance of avian influenza virus (AIVs) in wild birds for early warning, prevention, and control of viral outbreaks should be enhanced to reduce the risk of pathogen emergence from wildlife host reservoirs. (biomedcentral.com)

Among 168 sampled SA sea lions, 34 (20%) tested positive for Influenza A virus, and 21 confirmed for HPAIV H5N1 2.3.4.4b clade in tracheal/rectal swab pools. (bvsalud.org)
Unlike the avian H5N1 flu, the H1N1 swine flu is capable of being transmitted easily from person to person. (bcm.edu)
Fortunately, however, H1N1 is far less deadly than the H5N1 virus. (bcm.edu)
Current widespread concern over the potential threat of a human pandemic caused by mutated H5N1 avian influenza viruses highlights the medical, social, and economic value of tools that enable correct assessment of the potential for transmissibility of avian flu viruses amongst human hosts [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
for example, H3N2 and H5N1 can form H5N2 this way. (influenzavirusnet.com)

A phylogeny-based global nomenclature system and automated annotation tool for H1 hemagglutinin genes from swine influenza A viruses. (cdc.gov)

These viruses do not usually infect people and are genetically different from the H1N1 and H3N2 viruses that commonly circulate in people. (cdc.gov)
Generally the Swine flu virus will cause high levels of illness and low death rates and may circulate among swine throughout the year. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)

Both the H2N2 and H3N2 pandemic flu strains contained genes from avian influenza viruses. (wikipedia.org)
They included the 1957 Asian Flu (type A, H2N2 strain) and the 1968 Hong Kong Flu (type A, H3N2 strain), but even these smaller outbreaks killed millions of people. (influenzavirusnet.com)

This is thought to have happened in 2009 when a new H1N1 virus with genes of avian, swine and human origin emerged to cause a flu pandemic. (cdc.gov)
It was found that in sH1N1 viruses, 29 epitope regions of HA genes and 8 epitope regions of NA genes which had been experimentally identified, were highly conserved (97.1-100.0%) in the corresponding genes and predictive epitopes of the pH1N1 viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza pandemics occur when human have no immunity against a particular influenza virus, in this case, containing both HA and NA genes that evolve to be efficiently transmitted from human-to-human. (biomedcentral.com)
As part of their life cycle, influenza viruses in all species invade cells, rearrange their genes and emerge slightly different than they were initially. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
If this happens, it is possible for the genes of these viruses to mix and create a new virus (see figure 1). (influenzavirusnet.com)

Along with an expanding global swine production, the commercial housing and management of swine herds, provide an optimal environment for constant circulation of swine influenza virus (swIAV), thereby challenging farmers and veterinarian in determining optimal control measures. (biomedcentral.com)

This disease is mainly caused due to a certain influenza virus commonly referred to as Swine Influenza Virus (SIV). (healthstatus.com)
The novel virus, commonly called swine flu, is named influenza A (H1N1). (bcm.edu)
Gastroenteritis is commonly known as 'Stomach flu' or '24-hour flu' which is not caused by influenza viruses. (zovon.com)

What are the symptoms of Swine Flu? (projectswole.com)
However, in many cases the symptoms of influenza A (H1N1) have been mild and most people made a full recovery also. (dettol.co.in)
In this piece, you will find everything you need to know about swine flu symptoms, their causes, treatment and preventive measures. (godigit.com)
If you have flu symptoms, follow regular recommendations for seeking treatment for influenza. (mn.us)
If you go to a doctor for flu symptoms following direct or close contact with swine, tell your doctor about this exposure. (mn.us)
Symptoms of the Swine flu are similar to those of regular human flu which includes fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
The Swine flu in particular seems to have a propensity to cause respiratory symptoms that carry a greater chance of developing morbidity. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
If you are infected with the virus or have flu like symptoms after travel history to epidemic region then isolate yourself so that you dont spread the virus to others and get properly diagnosed and treated. (atomictherapy.org)
Influenza C viruses are not known to cause serious symptoms or result in epidemics. (zovon.com)
The symptoms of human influenza were clearly described by Hippocrates roughly 2,400 years ago. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Although the virus seems to have caused epidemics throughout human history, historical data on influenza are difficult to interpret, because the symptoms can be similar to those of other respiratory diseases. (influenzavirusnet.com)

Epidemics of influenza typically occur during the winter months in temperate regions and have been responsible for an average of approximately 36,000 deaths/year in the United States during 1990--1999 ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)

When swine flu viruses are very different from the human flu viruses causing illness in people, people may have little to no immune protection against these swine viruses. (cdc.gov)
H1N1 virus caused illness in swine similar to those of · Using proper ventilation systems other well-known, circulating swine flu viruses. (cdc.gov)
Flu, or influenza, is a contagious respiratory illness that spreads from person to person through the air via coughs or sneezes or through contact with infected surfaces. (bcm.edu)
If this new virus causes illness in people and can be transmitted easily from person to person, an influenza pandemic can occur. (influenzavirusnet.com)
Influenza viruses also can cause pandemics, during which rates of illness and death from influenza-related complications can increase worldwide. (cdc.gov)
Vaccination is associated with reductions in influenza-related respiratory illness and physician visits among all age groups, hospitalization and death among persons at high risk, otitis media among children, and work absenteeism among adults ( 8--18 ). (cdc.gov)

Tamiflu or Relenza have both shown to be effective against the recently reported strains of Swine Flu. (projectswole.com)
Further research is needed to develop vaccines that confer broader protection against diverse strains of swine influenza A virus. (bvsalud.org)

Clinicians should obtain a nasopharyngeal swab or aspirate (or a combined nasal swab and throat swab), place the swab or aspirate (or combined specimen) into viral transport medium, and contact their state or local health department to arrange transport and request timely influenza diagnostic testing at a state public health laboratory. (cdc.gov)
Characterization of viral load, viability and persistence of influenza A virus in air and on surfaces of swine production facilities. (cdc.gov)
We characterized viral load, viability and persistence of IAV in air and on surfaces during outbreaks in swine barns. (cdc.gov)
Finally, animals firstly infected with SwH1N1 virus and latter infected with pH1N1 exhibited undetectable viral RNA load in nasal swabs and lungs after challenge with pH1N1, indicating a cross-protective effect between both strains. (vetres.org)
Influenza viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and are characterized by a segmented viral genome consisting of eight single stranded RNA fragments of negative polarity encoding 10 proteins [ 27 ]. (vetres.org)
Human-to-swine transmission, spatial migration via swine movements, and genomic reassortment are the key evolutionary mechanisms that generate this viral diversity. (consensus.app)

Gene segment origin refers to the virus lineage origin of gene segments encoding the HA and NA envelope proteins or the remaining gene segments of the internal gene cassette. (cdc.gov)
There were compared with epitopes in the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) which contains experimentally identified epitopes in sH1N1 HA proteins, which may be helpful in design of common antigens of pH1N1 influenza and sH1N1 viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. (bcm.edu)
Proteins found in any species of virus. (lookformedical.com)

Flu vaccines are based on predicting which "mutants" of H1N1, H3N2, H1N2, and influenza B will proliferate in the next season. (wikipedia.org)
Present vaccination strategies for swine influenza virus (SIV) control and prevention in swine farms typically include the use of one of several bivalent SIV vaccines commercially available in the United States. (wikipedia.org)
Vaccines and antivirals will be crucial to the effort, but tracking and communications technologies could also play a key role in monitoring the virus, distributing accurate health information, and quelling outbreaks. (rjppd.org)
Introduction: Further understanding of the genetic diversity and evolution of influenza A viruses circulating in swine (IAV-S) is important for the development of effective vaccines and our knowledge of pandemic threats. (consensus.app)
According to public health experts, people should receive respiratory virus vaccines by the end of October, but it's never too late. (newsr.in)

Virus ini (type A H1N1 virus) pertama kali di isolasi dari babi pada tahun 1930. (web.id)

Human-to-human transmission of swine flu as has been mentioned, can also occur. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
It could occur with primate viruses and may be a factor for the appearance of new viruses in the human species such as HIV. (influenzavirusnet.com)

In the past ten years, H3N2 has tended to dominate in prevalence over H1N1, H1N2, and influenza B. Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 has increased from 1% in 1994 to 12% in 2003 to 91% in 2005. (wikipedia.org)
Your doctor may prescribe antiviral drugs that can treat the flu, including Variant Influenza A. These drugs work better for treatment the sooner they are started. (mn.us)

Indirect transmission of influenza A virus (IAV) in swine is poorly understood and information is lacking on levels of environmental exposure encountered by swine and people during outbreaks of IAV in swine barns. (cdc.gov)
Our results indicate that during outbreaks of IAV in swine, aerosols and surfaces in barns contain significant levels of IAV potentially representing an exposure hazard to both swine and people. (cdc.gov)
Some outbreaks are expected each year, like influenza, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, and bronchiolitis. (tellmeproject.eu)

It is important that the source of the new virus be found if we wish to avoid future pandemics rather than just trying to minimize the consequences after they have emerged. (biomedcentral.com)
Many discuss its genealogy deduced from its gene sequences, however it seems that we have no clearer evidence of its immediate origins than we have of the influenzas that caused past influenza pandemics. (biomedcentral.com)

Molecular epidemiology and evolution of influenza viruses circulating within European swine between 2009 and 2013. (cdc.gov)

Viruses with a NA gene segment were originally derived from a wholly avian influenza virus, which entered the Eurasian swine population in 1979. (biomedcentral.com)

The proportion of deaths attributed to pneumonia and influenza (P&I) was below the system-specific epidemic threshold in the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Mortality Surveillance System. (cdc.gov)
Five influenza-associated pediatric deaths were reported, one of which occurred during the 2016-17 season. (cdc.gov)
To date, the reported deaths due to Swine flu are primarily attributed to respiratory failure. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), influenza is responsible for nearly 500,000 annual deaths globally. (zovon.com)
Agency efforts to "manage" influenza hospitalizations and deaths remain hazardous to the world's health. (proboards.com)
Another unusual feature of this pandemic was that it mostly killed young adults, with 99% of pandemic influenza deaths occurring in people under 65, and more than half in young adults 20 to 40 years old. (influenzavirusnet.com)

For this reason, they are described as H1N1, H1N2 etc. depending on the type of H or N antigens they express with metabolic synergy. (indiatimes.com)

Pig populations can also be infected by avian (bird) influenza and human influenza viruses in addition to their own swine influenza viruses. (rockwoodnaturalmedicine.com)

Influenza virus is a very significant zoonotic pathogen. (biomedcentral.com)
If transmission does cause human flu, it is called zoonotic swine flu. (tellmeproject.eu)

I'm happy to welcome you to today's COCA Call "2016-2017 Influenza Season Activity and Recommendations for Clinicians. (cdc.gov)
She rejoined the Influenza Division in 2016 and is again focusing on domestic influenza surveillance. (cdc.gov)

Origins and evolutionary genomics of the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic. (cdc.gov)
While preventative medication might be advisable for special circumstances where a person has exposed themselves to ill people during an epidemic, it is not advisable to proactively medicate yourself against Swine Flu. (projectswole.com)
We are currently not facing an epidemic in the US, so, therefore, US residents should not be concerned about protecting themselves from Swine Flu by using the medicine. (projectswole.com)
in Hong Kong the virus infected population of 5lacs and the epidemic density in the region was 500 infected people per acre, and had infected 15% of USA population. (atomictherapy.org)
since almost the entire indigenous population of the Antilles was killed by an epidemic resembling influenza that broke out in 1493, after the arrival of Christopher Columbus. (influenzavirusnet.com)

Anatomy14

Organisms99

Diseases22

Chemicals and Drugs41

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment28

Phenomena and Processes46

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science4

Health Care12

Geographicals6

Pigs78

H3N13

Subtype14

Humans30

Vaccine16

Infection19

Seasonal19

19185

Neuraminidase7

Lineages6

H2N31

Infections15

Outbreak7

Antigenic12

Isolates8

Birds12

H5N15

Hemagglutinin1

Circulate2

H2N22

Genes5

Herds1

Commonly3

Symptoms11

Epidemics1

Illness6

Strains of swine2

Viral6

Proteins4

Vaccines5

Type A H1N1 virus1

Occur2

Antiviral drugs2

Outbreaks3

Pandemics2

Evolution of influenza1

Eurasian1

Deaths6

Antigens1

Infected by avian1

Zoonotic2

20162

Epidemic5