Seasonal influenza viruses account for 1 billion infections worldwide every year, including 3-5 million cases of severe illness and up to 650,000 deaths. (bvsalud.org)
Efficient vaccines that refocus the immune response to conserved epitopes on the HA are needed to tackle infections by influenza virus variants. (bvsalud.org)
Viral infections of the upper respiratory tract may spread downwards to involve the larynx and the trachea. (schoolbag.info)
Subtypes2
Using intranasally administered protecting influenza A virus we have successfully protected mice from lethal in vivo infection with influenza A viruses from several different subtypes [1]. (nih.gov)
Homologous virus‒virus interaction implies that cross-reactive immunity against a first virus prevents infection with a second virus (e.g., among different influenza subtypes or lineages) ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Glycoprotein2
The viruses bind to a cell through interactions between its hemagglutinin glycoprotein and sialic acid sugars on the surfaces of epithelial cells in the lung and throat (Stage 1 in infection figure). (wikipedia.org)
Current influenza vaccines elicit an immune response that primarily targets the head domain of the viral glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA). (bvsalud.org)
Genome4
The influenza A genome, for instance, has eight pieces of segmented negative-sense RNA (13.5 kilobases total). (wikipedia.org)
Hemagglutinin is a lectin that mediates binding of the virus to target cells and entry of the viral genome into the target cell. (wikipedia.org)
Newly synthesised viral proteins are either secreted through the Golgi apparatus onto the cell surface (in the case of neuraminidase and hemagglutinin, step 5b) or transported back into the nucleus to bind vRNA and form new viral genome particles (step 5a). (wikipedia.org)
Interference/protection is believed to result primarily from genome competition and is therefore usually confined to the virus from which the DI genome originated. (nih.gov)
Neuraminidase4
The best-characterised of the influenzavirus proteins are hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, two large glycoproteins found on the outside of the viral particles. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast, neuraminidase is an enzyme involved in the release of progeny virus from infected cells, by cleaving sugars that bind the mature viral particles. (wikipedia.org)
The hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) proteins are key targets for antibodies and antiviral drugs, and they are used to classify the different serotypes of influenza A viruses, hence the H and N in H5N1. (wikipedia.org)
The effectiveness of current influenza virus vaccines is variable and relies on the immunodominant hemagglutinin (HA) and to a lesser extent on the neuraminidase (NA), the viral surface glycoproteins. (bvsalud.org)
Hemagglutinin1
In the acidic endosome, part of the hemagglutinin protein fuses the viral envelope with the vacuole's membrane, releasing the viral RNA (vRNA) molecules, accessory proteins and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase into the cytoplasm (Stage 2). (wikipedia.org)
Vaccines4
Few vaccines and antivirals are available, and the rapid appearance of resistant viruses is a cause for concern. (nih.gov)
C923 Vaccine C96388 NICHD Childhood Immunization Terminology C1920 Attenuated Live Virus Vaccine Attenuated Live Virus Vaccine Live vaccines prepared from microorganisms which have undergone physical adaptation (e.g., by radiation or temperature conditioning) or serial passage in laboratory animal hosts or infected tissue/cell cultures, in order to produce avirulent mutant strains capable of inducing protective immunity. (nih.gov)
The bioprocess shown here provides the basis to manufacture inactivated split cHA and mHA vaccines for pre-clinical research and future clinical trials in humans, and can also be applied to produce vaccines based on other influenza viruses. (bvsalud.org)
Despite the availability of licensed vaccines, influenza causes considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. (bvsalud.org)
Replication10
These are naturally occurring deletion mutants which are replication-deficient and multiply only when coinfection with a genetically compatible infectious virus provides missing function(s) in trans. (nih.gov)
Infection by a first virus could enhance or reduce infection and replication of a second virus, resulting in positive (additive or synergistic) or negative (antagonistic) interaction. (cdc.gov)
Heterologous viral interference relies on induction of a nonspecific innate immune response by a first virus that reduces or prevents infection and replication of a second virus (e.g., influenza A virus [IAV] and respiratory syncytial virus [RSV]) ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
This process leads to an antiviral defense program consisting in the production of effectors that directly inhibit viral replication, as well as cytokines and chemokines. (cdc.gov)
Induction of ISGs by a first virus might limit infection and replication of a second virus, especially if they show a differential ability to induce an IFN response or different degrees of susceptibility to immune mediators. (cdc.gov)
1. Glucosylceramide synthase inhibitors prevent replication of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus. (nih.gov)
4. p-cymene impairs SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A (H1N1) viral replication: In silico predicted interaction with SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and H1N1 nucleoprotein. (nih.gov)
5. Antiviral Activity of Influenza A Virus Defective Interfering Particles against SARS-CoV-2 Replication In Vitro through Stimulation of Innate Immunity. (nih.gov)
7. Viruses harness YxxØ motif to interact with host AP2M1 for replication: A vulnerable broad-spectrum antiviral target. (nih.gov)
14. Cirsimaritin inhibits influenza A virus replication by downregulating the NF-κB signal transduction pathway. (nih.gov)
Infect3
The four genera of Influenza virus that infect vertebrates, which are identified by antigenic differences in their nucleoprotein and matrix protein, are as follows: Alphainfluenzavirus infects humans, other mammals, and birds, and causes all flu pandemics Betainfluenzavirus infects humans and seals Gammainfluenzavirus infects humans and pigs Deltainfluenzavirus infects pigs and cattle. (wikipedia.org)
Multiple respiratory viruses can concurrently or sequentially infect the respiratory tract and lead to virus‒virus interactions. (cdc.gov)
Several respiratory viruses can circulate during the same period and can concurrently or sequentially infect the respiratory tract, leading to virus‒virus interactions. (cdc.gov)
20222
HN - 2022 BX - Access to Health Food BX - Healthy Food Availability MH - Ad26COVS1 UI - D000090984 MN - D20.215.894.899.85.125 MS - A viral vector vaccine designed against SARS-CoV-2 developed by Johnson & Johnson. (nih.gov)
HN - 2022 BX - ADP Ribosylation Factor 6 BX - ARF6 Protein MH - Aerosolized Particles and Droplets UI - D000088342 MN - D20.65 MS - A suspension of tiny particles or liquid droplets ( (nih.gov)
Inhibit1
15. Broad-spectrum antivirals of protoporphyrins inhibit the entry of highly pathogenic emerging viruses. (nih.gov)
Mechanisms2
The mechanisms involved in viral interference have been evaluated in differentiated airway epithelial cells and in animal models susceptible to the respiratory viruses of interest. (cdc.gov)
To evade the immune system, respiratory viruses have developed a series of mechanisms that counteract the induction and antiviral action of IFNs, which might influence the type of virus‒virus interactions. (cdc.gov)
Relies1
The more probable mechanism of negative viral interactions relies on the induction of a transient innate immunity by the interfering virus. (cdc.gov)
Interference2
The concept of viral interference has been demonstrated at the cellular, host, and population levels. (cdc.gov)
Once the sanitary restrictions are lifted, circulation of seasonal respiratory viruses is expected to resume and will offer the opportunity to study their interactions, notably with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. (cdc.gov)
Respiratory5
Respiratory viruses represent a major clinical burden. (nih.gov)
Here we report, contrary to expectation, that protecting influenza A virus also protects in vivo against a genetically unrelated respiratory virus, pneumonia virus of mice, a pneumovirus from the family Paramyxoviridae. (nih.gov)
During the coronavirus disease pandemic, nonpharmacologic interventions have prevented the circulation of most respiratory viruses. (cdc.gov)
Positive virus‒virus interaction corresponds to a co-infection that might result in an increased disease severity and pathogenesis (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2] and influenza A[H1N1]pdm09 virus) ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
The type of virus‒virus interaction (negative or positive) is probably dependent on the respiratory viruses involved, the timing of each infection, and the interplay between the response of the host to each virus. (cdc.gov)
Secretions1
Influenza can also be transmitted by saliva, nasal secretions, feces and blood. (wikipedia.org)
Vivo1
its therapeutically-modified version, STI-9167, inhibited infection of all tested SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron BA.1 and BA.2, and limited virus proliferation in vivo (1). (bvsalud.org)
Extent1
These results suggest that MC delivery via microvesicles can mediate gene transfer to an extent that enables effective prodrug conversion and tumor cell death such that it comprises a promising approach to cancer therapy. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Entry1
Earliest detection to date of SARS-CoV-2 in Florida: Identification together with influenza virus on the main entry door of a university building, February 2020. (ufl.edu)
Production1
The genes encoding toxin production are carried by a temperate bacteriophage which, during the lysogenic phase, is integrated into the bacterial chromosome. (schoolbag.info)
Family2
Orthomyxoviridae (from Greek ὀρθός, orthós 'straight' + μύξα, mýxa 'mucus') is a family of negative-sense RNA viruses. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] Viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae contain six to eight segments of linear negative-sense single stranded RNA. (wikipedia.org)
Host2
Out of a host, flu viruses can remain infectious for about one week at human body temperature, over 30 days at 0 °C (32 °F), and indefinitely at very low temperatures (such as lakes in northeast Siberia). (wikipedia.org)
At the host level, the course of infection of 1 virus might be influenced by prior or concurrent infection by another virus. (cdc.gov)
Prevent1
Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies remain an effective therapeutic strategy to prevent virus infection and spread with the caveat that they interact with the circulating variants. (bvsalud.org)
Testing1
8. Construction of a Noninfectious SARS-CoV-2 Replicon for Antiviral-Drug Testing and Gene Function Studies. (nih.gov)
Figure1
Structural components of viruses are sensed by pattern recognition receptors in epithelial and immune cells ( Figure ) ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)