• samples positive for influenza A are then subtyped as H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, or H7N9. (flutrackers.com)
  • Influenza A virus subtypes currently endemic in humans are H3N2 and H1N1 viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Examples of different influenza A virus subtypes currently endemic in animals include H1N1 and H3N2 in pigs (different strains than those found in humans), H3N8 in horses, H3N2 in dogs, and H5N1 in wild water birds and domestic poultry. (cdc.gov)
  • However, in 1998, H3N2 viruses from humans were introduced into the pig population and caused widespread disease among pigs. (cdc.gov)
  • Seasonal influenza A subtypes H1N1 and H3N2 have globally circulated in humans for a few decades. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This H275Y mutation was not found in influenza subtypes A(H5N1) or A(H3N2) isolates. (who.int)
  • H1N1 and H3N2 are the major subtypes that cause human seasonal flu and global pandemics of influenza. (justia.com)
  • The first module determines whether the virus is influenza type A or B. The second module classifies the virus by its subtype, such as H1N1, H3N2, or 2009 H1N1. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • The most widespread virus in France during the last winter outbreak in 2016-2017 was an A virus (H3N2). (pasteur.fr)
  • Avian influenza types (AI) A(H5N1), A(H5N6), A(H7N7), A(H7N9), A(H9N2), which originated in birds, and swine influenza A(H3N2)v, which originated in pigs, Human infections with swine flu A(H1N1v) and A(H3N2v) viruses have been reported from different regions, with maximum notified from North America and Europe. (rroij.com)
  • In 2006, 657 influenza isolates from Australia were antigenically analysed: 402 were A(H3N2), 24 were A(H1N1) and 231 were influenza B viruses. (health.gov.au)
  • Continued antigenic drift was seen with the A(H3N2) viruses from the previous reference strains (A/California/7/2004 and A/New York/55/2004) and drift was also noted in some of the A(H1N1) strains from the reference/vaccine strain A/New Caledonia/20/99, although very few A(H1N1) viruses were isolated in Australia in 2006. (health.gov.au)
  • however, only H1N1 and H3N2 circulate among humans seasonally. (medscape.com)
  • Examples are the Hong Kong virus strain A/England/102/72 (H3N2). (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Methylated ß-lactoglobulin provides antiviral activities against human flu infection subtype H3N2, subtype H1N1, and subtype H5N1. (hbsraevents.org)
  • The influenza season happens every year during autumn, winter, and early spring months, and the influenza viruses that circulate each season tend to be the usual suspects: influenza A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and influenza B viruses. (thehorse.com)
  • To test influenza virus types A (H1N1 and H3N2) and B, 1,359 throat and nasal swabs were collected from patients with ILI or SARI. (flu.org.cn)
  • A(H1N2) variant viruses and one human case of infection with an influenza A(H3N2) variant virus were reported officially.3 One additional human case of infection with an influenza A(H1N1)v virus was detected. (who.int)
  • Among 25,160 seasonal influenza A viruses that were subtyped, 7,465 (29.7%) were influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, and 17,695 (70.3%) were influenza A(H3N2) viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A(H3N2) was the predominant virus during the 2022-23 influenza season as a whole and for each week from early October through the end of January. (cdc.gov)
  • however, during the weeks of low virus circulation since February, A(H1N1)pdm09 or B viruses were identified more frequently than A(H3N2) viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • comprising 70.8% of influenza A(H3N2) viruses identified in persons aged 0-4 years, 74.5% in 5-24 years, 61.1% in 25-64 years, and 67.9% in those aged 65 years or older. (cdc.gov)
  • While A(H3N2) viruses were more common among all age groups, A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses accounted for more than one third (38.9%) of the influenza A detections in persons 25 to 64 years old. (cdc.gov)
  • since 1968, most seasonal influenza epidemics have been caused by H3N2 (an influenza A virus). (msdmanuals.com)
  • After her fellowship Neuzil joined the University of Washington School of Medicine, where she served as Director of PATH's Influenza Vaccine Development Project. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 2008 Neuzil partnered with Lentigen Corporation to research the pandemic influenza vaccine. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 2018 phase 2 clinical trials began on the Influenza A virus subtype H7N9 vaccine. (wikipedia.org)
  • She has spoken about the need for the public to have an influenza vaccine (flu shot), ideally by the end of October. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although it is necessary to annually update vaccine strains to ensure effective protection against seasonal influenza infection in humans due to the frequent antigenic drift of the virus strains, seasonal human influenza-specific CTLs, mostly targeting conserved internal proteins, e.g. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, while heterosubtypic antibodies capable of neutralizing multiple influenza virus subtypes have been recently isolated from phage display libraries, it is not known whether such antibodies are produced in the course of an immune response to influenza virus infection or vaccine. (jci.org)
  • Here we report that, following vaccination with seasonal influenza vaccine containing H1 and H3 influenza virus subtypes, some individuals produce antibodies that cross-react with H5 HA. (jci.org)
  • Vaccine-binding and H5 pseudotype-neutralizing antibodies in plasma samples collected before and after seasonal influenza vaccination. (jci.org)
  • Volunteers (A to X) were immunized with seasonal influenza vaccine in 2 consecutive seasons. (jci.org)
  • E and F ) Correlation between the increase of vaccine binding titers ( E ) and H5-neutralizing titers ( F ) following vaccination in 2007 ( x axis) and 2008 ( y axis) in the 9 donors that received the seasonal influenza vaccine for the 2 consecutive years. (jci.org)
  • Although immunization resulted in robust virus-neutralizing responses to all VLP-based vaccine strains, there were no cross-neutralization responses to H1N1pdm09, and all animals became infected. (bvsalud.org)
  • and only a mild increase was observed in virus-neutralizing titer against the influenza A/Texas/36/91 vaccine strain. (bvsalud.org)
  • After H1N1pdm09 infection, both vaccine groups showed higher virus-neutralizing titers against two H1N1 strains of intermediate antigenic distance between the H1N1 vaccine strains and H1N1pdm09, compared with the naive control group. (bvsalud.org)
  • The aim of this study was to compare a surface plasmon resonance-based assay and two different enzyme linked immunoassays against the current potency assay, SRID, and against mouse immunogenicity when haemagglutinin antigen of the A(H1N1)pdm09 component of an inactivated influenza vaccine is stressed by elevated temperature, low pH and freezing. (bvsalud.org)
  • Over 250 crystal structures of monoclonal Fab fragments and complexes with a variety of antigens, such as peptides, steroids, cocaine, and proteins, including HIV-1, gp120 and gp41, have led to significant insights into antibody-antigen recognition, virus neutralization, and vaccine design for HIV-1. (scripps.edu)
  • A very exciting project on broadly neutralizing antibodies with influenza virus has revealed novel epitopes that are of great value for structure-assisted vaccine development. (scripps.edu)
  • Duration of the protective immune response after prime and booster vaccination of yearlings with a live modified cold-adapted viral vaccine against equine influenza // Vaccine. (biosafety.kz)
  • Тabynov K., Kydyrbaev Z., Ryskeldinova S.,Assanzhanova N., Kozhamkulov Y., Inkarbekov D., Sansyzbay A. The safety and immunogenicity of a novel cold-adapted modified-live eguine influenza virus vaccine // Australian veterinary journal. (biosafety.kz)
  • Chervyakova O., Khairullin B., Kasenov M., Tabynov K. Comparison of Different Methods of Purification and Concentration in Production of Influenza Vaccine // Bull Exp Biol Med. (biosafety.kz)
  • Mailybayeva A., Yespembetov B., Ryskeldinova S., Zinina N., Sansyzbay A., Renukaradhya G.J., Petrovsky N., Tabynov K. Improved influenza viral vector based Brucella abortus vaccine induces robust B and T-cell responses and protection against Brucella melitensis infection in pregnant sheep and goats // PLoS Оne. (biosafety.kz)
  • Assanzhanova N.N., Kasenov M.M. A method for prepraring allantoic cleaved inactivated vaccine against seasonal influenza. (biosafety.kz)
  • Thus the development of an effective and safe vaccine against divergent influenza A virus strains is urgently needed for the prevention of future outbreaks of influenza. (justia.com)
  • To complicate things even more, there are variants within each subtype, since influenza viruses are permanently evolving and new strains are constantly emerging (this explains why the vaccine changes each year). (pasteur.fr)
  • Each year, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends which strains should be used to compose the vaccine (three in France and four in other countries) on the basis of the information it receives from the different countries on the viruses circulating there. (pasteur.fr)
  • We characterize the influenza viruses and determine their genome sequences to see how they are evolving and whether they still match the vaccine. (pasteur.fr)
  • The B viruses isolated were predominately of the B/Victoria-lineage and similar to the reference/vaccine strain B/Malaysia/2506/2004. (health.gov.au)
  • Researchers are conducting the first-in-human trial of a universal influenza vaccine candidate, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced April 3. (medscape.com)
  • The NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) hopes to develop a vaccine that will overcome the challenges associated with seasonal changes among influenza strains. (medscape.com)
  • This phase 1 clinical trial is a step forward in our efforts to develop a durable and broadly protective universal influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
  • The vaccine stimulates protective immune responses against very different influenza subtypes by homing in on an area of the virus that remains relatively constant from strain to strain. (medscape.com)
  • The vaccine candidate development is part of a larger initiative to develop a universal vaccine candidate that can provide durable protection for individuals of all ages and against multiple influenza subtypes, including those with the potential to cause a pandemic. (medscape.com)
  • A team of VRC scientists developed the universal influenza vaccine prototype. (medscape.com)
  • It is useful as a vaccine platform because it forms particles that can display multiple influenza HA spikes on its surface, mimicking the natural organization of HA on the influenza virus," according to the news release. (medscape.com)
  • To create the vaccine candidate, researchers used the stem of an H1N1 influenza virus. (medscape.com)
  • The fact that the H1N1 candidate vaccine was effective against H5N1 infection - a different influenza subtype - suggests the antibodies the vaccine induces can be protective against other "group 1" influenza subtypes, including H1 and H5. (medscape.com)
  • Our data provide further evidence for cross-protective epitopes within the N1 subtype and highlight the potential of NA as an important target for vaccine and therapeutic approaches. (mssm.edu)
  • Scientists at Scripps Research, University of Chicago and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai have identified a new Achilles' heel of influenza virus, making progress in the quest for a universal flu vaccine. (medicalxpress.com)
  • A vaccine combining centralized ancestral genes from four major influenza strains appears to provide broad protection against the dangerous ailment, according to new research by a team from the Nebraska Center for Virology. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Influenza virologic surveillance is critical each season for tracking influenza circulation, following trends in antiviral drug resistance, detecting novel influenza infections in humans, and selecting viruses for use in annual seasonal vaccine production. (cdc.gov)
  • These efforts track currently circulating influenza viruses, identify novel influenza viruses of public health importance, monitor antiviral drug susceptibility, and characterize circulating seasonal viruses for guiding influenza vaccine virus selection. (cdc.gov)
  • Hopefully, the knowledge gained in response to the H5N1 and 2009 H1N1 outbreaks, and continued research to more completely understand influenza virus, as well as improvements in vaccine and drug development, will enable us to minimize the effects of future influenza outbreaks. (bcm.edu)
  • In this study, mice were vaccinated with recombinant virus vaccine (rL H5), in which the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of influenza A/H5N1 virus was inserted into the LaSota Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine strain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Unfortunately, influenza vaccine composition needs to be updated annually due to antigenic shift and drift in the viral immunogen hemagglutinin (HA). (mdpi.com)
  • Therefore, identifying dominant binding epitopes of HA is critical for selecting seasonal influenza vaccine viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • However, data on antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 and influenza co-infection, and vaccine co-administration remains limited. (cdc.gov)
  • Researchers need to reformulate the vaccine each flu season because the viruses continuously change. (nih.gov)
  • A universal flu vaccine would block many viral strains for years and greatly control the spread of influenza. (nih.gov)
  • NIH researchers were able to develop a vaccine that protects against multiple strains of the flu subtype called H1N1. (nih.gov)
  • This significant advance lays the groundwork for the development of a vaccine to provide long-lasting protection against any strain of influenza," says Dr. Anthony S. Fauci, director of NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. (nih.gov)
  • Influenza vaccine for life? (virology.ws)
  • Unlike vaccines for polio and measles, which confer life-long immunity, the influenza vaccine protects for only one year. (virology.ws)
  • Influenza virus undergoes antigenic variation, necessitating annual production of a new vaccine. (virology.ws)
  • Is it possible to formulate an influenza vaccine that protects against all virus strains for life? (virology.ws)
  • If another epitope can be identified that elicits neutralizing antibodies against group 2 HA subtypes, then a universal vaccine that confers life-long protection might be feasible. (virology.ws)
  • A number of significant hurdles remain to be overcome before these findings translate into an influenza vaccine. (virology.ws)
  • If the globular head of the HA is removed, the virus will not be infectious and cannot be propagated for vaccine production. (virology.ws)
  • The problem is not insurmountable, but will require some new and innovative approaches in influenza vaccine development. (virology.ws)
  • These are very exciting findings, and in my opinion, bode well for a universal influenza vaccine within the next decade. (virology.ws)
  • 1 thought on "Influenza vaccine for life? (virology.ws)
  • Headless HA: universal influenza vaccine? (virology.ws)
  • The influenza vaccine should be given annually to everyone aged ≥ 6 months who does not have a contraindication. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Targeted surveillance for influenza A(H7N9) identified 21 cases of infection with this virus in Guangzhou, China, during April 1, 2013?March 7, 2014. (flutrackers.com)
  • During February?May 2013, the initial outbreak of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China resulted in 133 cases ( 1 ). (flutrackers.com)
  • Influenza A(H7N9) virus reemerged in southern China in October 2013 and had caused 85 laboratory-confirmed cases of infection in Guangdong Province as of March 7, 2014. (flutrackers.com)
  • In response to the influenza A(H7N9) outbreak, PUE surveillance was enhanced in April 2013 by implementing laboratory testing specific for influenza A(H7N9) virus ( 3 ). (flutrackers.com)
  • The only subtypes known to be able to cross the species barrier to humans are H5N1 and H7N9. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Unlike other types of flu, H5N1 and H7N9 usually do not spread between people. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • The H7N9 subtype first infected humans in China in March 2013. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Avian influenza of subtypes H5N1 and H7N9 are classical examples of direct animal to human transmission. (rroij.com)
  • H5N1 and H7N9 as well as other strains have caused a few lethal outbreaks and could potentially cause a pandemic if they become able to spread more easily. (medscape.com)
  • In this study the host transcriptomic response to emerging H7N9 influenza virus is characterized in mice and compared it with the responses to H7N7, H5N1 and H1N1 viruses. (usda.gov)
  • This work identifies host responses that could be targeted to treat severe H7N9 influenza and identifies two FDA-approved drugs that could potentially be repurposed as H7N9 influenza therapeutics. (usda.gov)
  • Though the pathogenicity of emerging H7N9 influenza virus has been reported in several animal models, these studies have not included a detailed characterization of the host response following infection. (usda.gov)
  • To this end, we characterized the transcriptomic response of BALB/c mice infected with H7N9 (A/Anhui/1/2013) virus and compared it to the responses induced by H5N1 (A/Vietnam/1203/2004), H7N7 (A/Netherlands/219/2003) or H1N1 (A/Mexico/4482/2009) viruses. (usda.gov)
  • H5N1, H7N7 and H7N9 viruses were pathogenic in mice, and this pathogenicity correlated with increased cytokine response, decreased lipid metabolism and decreased coagulation signaling. (usda.gov)
  • Finally, we used host transcriptomic profiling to computationally predict drugs that reverse the host response to H7N9 infection, and identified two FDA-approved drugs that could potentially be repurposed to treat H7N9 and other pathogenic influenza viruses. (usda.gov)
  • subtype (i.e. avian influenza viruses to infections such as avian influenza and For this review we included pub- including H5N1, H7N9, H7N2 and Middle East respiratory syndrome cor- lished and unpublished reports of the H9N2, swine flu/pandemic influenza onavirus (MERS-CoV). (who.int)
  • This was long thought to happen only rarely, but since 1997 in southeast Asia there have been annual occurrences of humans contracting bird flu subtypes such as H5N1 or H7N9 and these cases are often lethal. (thehorse.com)
  • Some subtypes of the Influenza A, usually called Bird flu (H5N1 and H7N9 viruses) and Swine flu (H1N1 virus) have caused serious infections in human, which have sometimes resulted in death. (gomedii.com)
  • More recently, H5N1 viruses from birds have caused sporadic infections in wild foxes in the U.S. and in other countries. (cdc.gov)
  • however, human infections can happen when enough virus gets into a person's eyes, nose, or mouth, or is inhaled. (cdc.gov)
  • Although it is unusual for people to get influenza A virus infections directly from animals, sporadic human infections and outbreaks caused by certain avian influenza A viruses and swine influenza A viruses have been reported. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza is one of the most significant causes of acute upper respiratory tract infections worldwide. (medscape.com)
  • Cough and fever, usually accompanied by myalgia, headache, and sore throat, are the characteristic symptoms of influenza.3, 5 The suddenness with which these symptoms develop distinguishes influenza from other respiratory infections such as the common cold, in which symptoms develop more gradually. (ispub.com)
  • In one longitudinal study 6 of 138 asthmatic adults, 44% of asthma exacerbations with mean decreases in mean peak expiratory flow rate of at least 50 L/min were associated with laboratory-confirmed infections with pathogens such as influenza B, rhinoviruses, and coronaviruses. (ispub.com)
  • Influenza viruses trigger influenza and respiratory infections respectively. (hartmann-academie.nl)
  • Infections can be triggered by seasonal and zoonotic influenza viruses. (hartmann-academie.nl)
  • Zoonotic infections, for example avian or swine flu, are caused by influenza A viruses. (hartmann-academie.nl)
  • However, the true mortality rate will be lower because there are probably some milder, unrecorded infections of H5N1. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Influenza A virus infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and currently available prevention and treatment methods are suboptimal. (researchgate.net)
  • We analysed specimens from two sources during the period 2009-2012: influenza-positive samples from influenza-like illness patients at sentinel clinics in northern Viet Nam and isolates from patients with confirmed A(H5N1) infections. (who.int)
  • The neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir are the primary antiviral agents recommended for the treatment of influenza infections, 4,5 yet antiviral resistance to influenza A viruses is increasingly being reported. (who.int)
  • 6,7 Oseltamivir is currently recommended as the first-line option by the Viet Nam Ministry of Health for treating suspected infections of A(H5N1) and A(H1N1)pdm09. (who.int)
  • The world has experienced global public health crises in the last 20 years caused by novel virus infections, such as HIV, Influenza A virus subtype H1N1, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, SARS-CoV1, MERS-CoV, and Ebola. (ingsa.org)
  • The influenza virus constantly mutates, limiting the impact of protection by vaccination, and immunity conferred in one pandemic influenza period will not reliably prevent new infections by an antigenically drifted strain [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), particularly those having cross-clade neutralizing activity, play a critical role in immunoprotection against various influenza A virus (IAV) infections, particularly those caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus and any future unpredictable virus strains. (justia.com)
  • Furthermore, we describe its protective activity in mice after lethalchallenge with H1N1 and H5N1 viruses suggesting a potential application in the treatment of influenza virus infections. (uninsubria.it)
  • Each week, we publish a bulletin with reports on the current situation concerning influenza and other respiratory tract infections. (pasteur.fr)
  • The signs and symptoms of zoonotic influenza infections in human beings can range from eye infections (conjunctivitis) or influenza-like infection (e.g. fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches) to severe breathing disorder (e.g. pneumonia, acute breathing distress, viral pneumonia). (rroij.com)
  • Influenza infections are seasonal in temperate climates, more commonly occurring in the colder months (June to September in the Southern Hemisphere and December to April in the Northern Hemisphere) but may occur year-round in tropical regions. (health.gov.au)
  • Infections in poultry and mass mortalities of wild birds have now (as of February 2023) been reported in several South American countries, including Argentina, which raises further conservation concerns if the virus reaches Antarctica, which could be devastating to the huge seabird colonies there. (epicscotland.org)
  • Birds are the natural hosts for avian influenza viruses therefore infections in humans are uncommon. (epicscotland.org)
  • ARBIDOL® (Umifenovir) is an immunomodulating and antiviral drug that is used to treat and prevent influenza, severe acute respiratory syndromes, respiratory syncytial virus and upper respiratory tract infections caused by influenza virus A and B. Arbidol suppresses replication of virus cells and prevent hemagglutinin mediated membrane fusion. (rupharma.com)
  • BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses continue to co-circulate, representing two major public health threats from respiratory infections with similar clinical presentations. (cdc.gov)
  • This phenomenon of successive infections by the influenza virus is in marked contrast to the situation with viruses like measles, mumps or small pox where exposure to a single infection induces lifelong immunity. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • In the early 1970s there was considerable speculation about the way in which the influenza virus escaped immune responses and continued to cause repeated infections year after year. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • The infections identified included: ARI, avian influenza A(H5N1), influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. (who.int)
  • Les infections identifiées comprenaient les infections respiratoires aiguës (IRA), la grippe aviaire A(H5N1), la grippe A(H1N1)pdm09 et l'infection par le coronavirus du syndrome respiratoire du Moyen-Orient (MERS-CoV). (who.int)
  • The importance of influenza viruses in respiratory infections in the Middle East, including Iraq, has been historically overlooked. (flu.org.cn)
  • Human infections with viruses of animal origin are expected at the human-animal interface wherever these viruses circulate in animals. (who.int)
  • All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are required to be reported under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005).4 This includes any influenza A virus that has demonstrated the capacity to infect a human and its haemagglutinin gene (or protein) is not a mutated form of those, i.e. (who.int)
  • Even though small clusters of A(H5) virus infections have been reported previously including those involving healthcare workers, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that influenza A(H5) viruses have not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low. (who.int)
  • Although respiratory infections can be classified by the causative virus (eg, influenza), they are generally classified. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In July 2018, no new cases of human influenza A(H5N1) were reported in Egypt. (who.int)
  • One possible way that virus reassortment could occur is if a pig were infected with a human influenza A virus and an avian influenza A virus at the same time, the new replicating viruses could reassort and produce a new influenza A virus that had some genes from the human virus and some genes from the avian virus. (cdc.gov)
  • It is also possible that the process of genetic reassortment could occur in a person who is co-infected with an avian influenza A virus and a human influenza A virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A viruses with a hemagglutinin against which humans have little or no immunity that have reassorted with a human influenza virus are more likely to result in sustained human-to-human transmission and have pandemic potential. (cdc.gov)
  • Seasonal human influenza causes about 36,000 deaths and 226,000 hospitalizations in the United States annually. (medscape.com)
  • The memory T cells established by seasonal human influenza A infection could not provide adequate protection, but could alleviate symptoms of influenza H5N1 virus infection [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • human influenza caused by a new ruses, to high case fatality diseases due No such reviews were found. (who.int)
  • The human "influenza season" in North America is now about to begin again, while in South America spring is approaching and their influenza season is almost over. (thehorse.com)
  • Their early work considered the development of Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 and H5N1 virus-like particle pandemic influenza vaccines. (wikipedia.org)
  • Virus-like particle vaccines offer immunogenic, strain-specific recombinant antigens that can be produced at scale. (wikipedia.org)
  • The research program tests seasonal influenza vaccines and features clinical trials with populations including pregnant women, children and the elderly. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, we used a mouse model pre-exposed to an H1N1 influenza virus and evaluated the protective ability provided by a single dose of DNA vaccines encoding conserved H5N1 proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Inactivated H5N1 influenza vaccines have been proved to be effective in eliciting neutralizing antibodies against the virus in clinic trials, but proved to have poor immunogenicity [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Novel strategies, including DNA vaccines, should be developed to cope with the H5N1 influenza virus that may cause potential pandemics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The potency of inactivated influenza vaccines is determined routinely by the Single Radial Immunodiffusion (SRID) assay. (bvsalud.org)
  • 3 Although influenza vaccines that protect against A(H1N1)pdm09 or influenza A(H5N1) are being developed in Viet Nam, they are currently only available through private market purchase. (who.int)
  • Current commercial vaccines are modified live vaccines originated from classic form of virulent virus and cannot provide complete protection as they cause bursal atrophy and immunosuppression. (peertechzpublications.org)
  • 袁碩峰 Abstract: The rapid mutability of influenza virus in conjunction with genomic reassortment between viral strains promotes the virus' ability to evade vaccines and to become resistant to antiviral drugs. (hku.hk)
  • In the late 1990s, in the context of renewed concerns of an influenza pandemic, countries such as Ghana and Malawi established plans for the deployment of vaccines and vaccination strategies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The use of vaccination to interrupt the pandemic influenza was affected by delays in the procurement, delivery and administration of vaccines, suboptimal vaccination coverage, refusals to be vaccinated, and the politics behind vaccination strategies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although vaccination is an important strategy to prevent influenza infection, most of the current vaccines cannot provide immediate protection in the event of influenza pandemics and epidemics due to the length of time required for producing effective vaccines. (justia.com)
  • Furthermore, these vaccines are limited to one or just a few strains and don't produce highly potent neutralizing antibodies or cross-reactive immunity against divergent influenza viruses. (justia.com)
  • The humoral immune response plays an important role in the defense against theseviruses, providing protection mainly by producing antibodies directed against the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein.However, their high genetic variability allows the virus to evade the host immune response and the potential protectionoffered by seasonal vaccines. (uninsubria.it)
  • This is the main reason why seasonal influenza epidemics occur and vaccines need to be regularly updated. (health.gov.au)
  • However, their high genetic variability allows the virus to evade the host immune response and the potential protection offered by seasonal vaccines. (distantreader.org)
  • For this reason, seasonal vaccines need to be annually reformulated based upon the forecasting of viral strains that will circulate in the coming influenza season. (distantreader.org)
  • Influenza virus undergoes constant antigenic evolution, and therefore influenza vaccines must be reformulated each year. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A goal of many research works is to produce universal vaccines that can induce protective immunity to influenza A viruses of various subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Due to the constant antigenic evolution of IAV, influenza vaccines must be reformulated each year. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Heterosubtypic immunity (HSI) is the basis of creating universal influenza vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We discuss the different vectored vaccines that have been or are currently in clinical trials, with a forward-looking focus on immunogens that may be protective against seasonal and pandemic influenza infection, in the context of viral-vectored vaccines. (mdpi.com)
  • The globular head domain of influenza virus surface protein hemagglutinin (HA1) is the major target of neutralizing antibodies elicited by vaccines. (cdc.gov)
  • In this study, we have developed a biolayer interferometry (BLI)-based assay to determine dominant binding epitopes of the HA1 in antibody response to influenza vaccines using a panel of recombinant HA1 proteins of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus with each carrying a single amino acid substitution. (cdc.gov)
  • Sera from individuals vaccinated with the 2010-2011 influenza trivalent vaccines were analyzed for their binding to the HA1 panel and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) activity against influenza viruses with cognate mutations. (cdc.gov)
  • Our study demonstrates a method to systemically analyze antibody immunodominance in the humoral response to influenza vaccines. (cdc.gov)
  • SARS-CoV-2 and influenza vaccines can also now be co-administered. (cdc.gov)
  • But a totally new pandemic of avian virus those are becoming resistant to drugs by changing their genomes may be prevented by antiviral medicines and vaccines. (hbsraevents.org)
  • Animals given both the DNA and the boost vaccines produced antibodies that blocked several H1N1 strains. (nih.gov)
  • Is There Any Kind of Influenza Vaccines Available? (gomedii.com)
  • Yes, there is some type of vaccines that are helpful in preventing the flu, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), this vaccination against influenza helps in reducing sickness due to the flu, hospitalizations as well as deaths. (gomedii.com)
  • The most effective influenza vaccines are whole or split virus preparations, but how can these be prepared so that the membrane-proximal HA epitope is immunodominant? (virology.ws)
  • It also includes the composition of the Northern Hemisphere 2023-24 influenza vaccines and a brief update on influenza activity occurring during the summer of 2023 in the Southern Hemisphere. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A viruses are endemic (can infect and regularly transmit) in 6 animal species or groups (wild waterfowl, domestic poultry, swine, horses, dogs, and bats) in addition to humans. (cdc.gov)
  • The resulting new virus might then be able to infect humans and spread easily from person to person, but it could have surface proteins (hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase) different than those currently found in influenza viruses that routinely circulate in humans-this could make it seem like a "new" influenza virus to people, one that had not been encountered before. (cdc.gov)
  • Antigenic shift results when a new influenza A virus subtype against which most people have little or no immune protection infects humans. (cdc.gov)
  • While a "shift" of this kind has not occurred in relation to avian influenza viruses, such a "shift" occurred in the spring of 2009 when an H1N1 virus with genes from North American Swine, Eurasian Swine, humans and birds emerged to infect people and quickly spread, causing a pandemic. (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore, careful evaluation of influenza A viruses recovered from humans and animals that are infected with avian influenza A viruses is important to identify genetic reassortment if it occurs. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza viruses cause epidemic disease (influenza virus types A and B) and sporadic disease (type C) in humans. (medscape.com)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 infects humans with a high fatality rate and has pandemic potential. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The means by which it infected humans remains unknown, although direct transmission of the virus from birds to humans is suggested by the finding that all but one of the human cases had been exposed to live chickens during the days before their illness. (ispub.com)
  • The infection of humans with the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus variant served as a reminder of the ever-present threat of emergence in human populations of new influenza virus subtypes to which there is little or no pre-existing immunity. (ispub.com)
  • So far, the avian and porcine subtypes of the influenza A viruses have not well adapted to humans. (hartmann-academie.nl)
  • It is a subtype of the influenza A virus--the most virulent of the influenza viruses to affect humans. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Wild H5N1 viruses cannot latch on tothe cells in a person's nose and throat, but the mutant strains created by Fouchier and Kawaoka can spread between ferrets, which are viewed as a good animal model of flu transmission between humans. (scientificamerican.com)
  • More practically, the research could allow public-health workers to monitor wild viruses for similar mutations that make H5N1 more dangerous to humans. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Because humans usually have a complex history of influenza virus exposure, we conducted this investigation in influenza-naive cynomolgus macaques. (bvsalud.org)
  • The avian H5N1 and swine H1N1 influenza virus HA structures have been determined as well as mutations that enhance binding to human receptors that may allow the virus to cross the species barrier into humans and be transmissible. (scripps.edu)
  • This pandemic (H1N1) 2009 is also not as virulent as A(H5N1) in humans. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Highly pathogenic influenza A virus H5 subtype remains a risk for transmission in humans. (mdpi.com)
  • So far, little is known about how this virus evolves and adapts to infect humans. (mdpi.com)
  • The Influenza A virus, which belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, can cause influenza in humans, birds or domesticated food animals. (justia.com)
  • Of the 16 known HAs and nine NAs, three HA subtypes (H1, H2, and H3) and two NA subtypes (N1 and N2) are most commonly found in humans. (justia.com)
  • Can bird flu viruses infect humans? (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • In 1997, the H5N1 virus first infected humans during an outbreak among poultry in Hong Kong. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • There are three types of influenza virus in humans, A, B and C. Types A and B are responsible for annual outbreaks. (pasteur.fr)
  • Zoonotic influenza viruses are influenza virus type A which might be transmitted from animals to humans and seldom transmitted from human to human. (rroij.com)
  • In such instances, infection with avian or swine influenza can be deadly to humans. (rroij.com)
  • The ancestral hosts for influenza A viruses are aquatic birds, however, it has also been established in some mammals, such as humans and pigs. (health.gov.au)
  • The natural host for types B and C is humans, although influenza C has been isolated from pigs. (health.gov.au)
  • Currently, there is concern that the avian A(H5N1) virus that has infected and killed millions of poultry in many countries will undergo such changes or naturally mutate to make it easily transmissible in humans and hence trigger a pandemic. (health.gov.au)
  • However, avian influenza viruses may occasionally infect humans: one human case has been reported in the UK since October 2021. (epicscotland.org)
  • There is increasing evidence to suggest that antibodies directed toward influenza A virus (IAV) neuraminidase (NA) are an important correlate of protection against influenza in humans. (mssm.edu)
  • There are three different types of influenza virus - A, B, and C. Type A viruses infect humans and several types of animals, including birds, pigs, and horses. (bcm.edu)
  • Type B influenza is normally found only in humans, and type C is mostly found in humans, but has also been found in pigs and dogs. (bcm.edu)
  • If we see in the past, in 2003, highly pathogenic strains of avian influenza virus the H7N7 and H5N1, again crossed from birds to humans and caused fatal disease. (gomedii.com)
  • The influenza virus mainly has three families including A, B, and C. The type A influenza models the most serious problems among humans causing 95% of cases. (gomedii.com)
  • In 2008 Neuzil was made Chair of the Infectious Diseases Society of America Pandemic Influenza Task Force. (wikipedia.org)
  • While the vaccination strategy was problematic and implemented too late to reduce the effects of the 2009 epidemic, policy makers supported the overall goal of pandemic influenza vaccination to interrupt infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Historical records indicate that each one pandemic influenza occurrences originated from animals. (rroij.com)
  • With the release of the 2017 US Pandemic Influenza Plan, the proposed framework will support public health officials in modeling, surveillance, and pandemic planning and response. (cdc.gov)
  • The genetic information in these viruses could reassort to create a new influenza A virus with a hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase gene from the avian virus and other genes from the human virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Increased insight into the mechanisms of influenza virus replication combined with advances in the science of rational drug design have resulted in the development of the neuraminidase inhibitors, a new class of medicines that promise significantly to impact the management of influenza. (ispub.com)
  • The neuraminidase inhibitor zanamivir is the first antiviral specifically developed to combat both influenza A and influenza B viruses. (ispub.com)
  • These viruses are classified according to the identity of two of their surface proteins--hemagglutinin (H5 in this subtype) and neuraminidase (N1). (scientificamerican.com)
  • The subtype behind the 2009 'swine flu' pandemic is H1N1, which has the same version of neuraminidase as H5N1, but a different version of hemagglutinin. (scientificamerican.com)
  • A neuraminidase inhibition assay was used to determine the Inhibitory Concentration 50 (IC 50 ) values for all influenza A and B isolates. (who.int)
  • The emergence of oseltamivir resistance of clinical isolates of influenza A virus has been associated with substitution at residue V116, I117, E119, Q136, K150, D151, D199, I223, H275 and N295 in the neuraminidase active site.8 For influenza B there have been two main substitutions: residues R152 and D198. (who.int)
  • Neuraminidase activity was measured using a phenotypic method for viral isolates of influenza A and B. Pyrosequencing assays were then applied to detect the common mutations related to reducing susceptibility or resistance of influenza A viruses to oseltamivir - I117V, E119V and H275Y. (who.int)
  • The virus can be classified into different subtypes based on their surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (justia.com)
  • N is the abbreviation for neuraminidase, a protein that is required for virus replication. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Type A viruses are divided into subtypes based on the nature of their surface proteins: hemagglutinin (H1 to H18) and neuraminidase (N1 to N11). (pasteur.fr)
  • H1 describes the virus's HA subtype and N1 describes the neuraminidase subtype. (medscape.com)
  • Neuraminidase, or NA, is another influenza surface protein. (medscape.com)
  • The current therapeutic regimen for influenza A viruses is limited to two classes of drugs: the adamantanes (amantadine and rimantadine) and the neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir and zanamivir). (distantreader.org)
  • It is characterised by an ability to constantly change its two surface proteins - haemagglutinin and neuraminidase - allowing the virus to cause successive epidemics every one or two years or more serious pandemics at irregular intervals. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Influenza virus is a pleomorphic, enveloped virus with two coat proteins on its surface, the haemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA). (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Severe influenza can cause primary viral pneumonia. (hartmann-academie.nl)
  • The target of neutralizing antibodies that protect against influenza virus infection is the viral protein HA. (jci.org)
  • The first exposure to influenza is presumed to shape the B-cell antibody repertoire, leading to preferential enhancement of the initially formed responses during subsequent exposure to viral variants. (bvsalud.org)
  • The intranasal administration of the identified compounds enhanced survival rates and reduced lung viral loads in BALB/c mice infected with H1N1 virus. (hku.hk)
  • This study underscores the medical importance of polymerase functional domains as druggable targets, which may be due to the fact that these targeted areas are not only highly conserved among virus subtypes but also key to viral fitness. (hku.hk)
  • Importantly, the established screening platforms for PA endonuclease inhibitors, PB2 cap-binding inhibitors, and PA-PB1 interaction disrupters should advance the development of a category of anti-influenza drugs that target viral polymerase. (hku.hk)
  • Recent reports from Denmark show that the novel H1N1 was resistant to the anti-viral called Tamiflu. (medpdfarticles.com)
  • In addition, it has been learned the deadly H5N1 virus involved in the Flu outbreaks (in Egypt) is Tamiflu-resistant, although the virus was never exposed to Tamiflu (the primary anti-viral stockpiled against a flu epidemic in the US). (medpdfarticles.com)
  • Avian influenza - also called bird flu or fowl plague - is a viral disease that infects birds, especially wild geese and ducks. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Influenza is an acute self-limiting viral disease of the upper respiratory tract. (health.gov.au)
  • Avian influenza (bird flu) is a viral disease, and the high pathogenic strains can cause severe disease or death in some poultry and wild bird species. (epicscotland.org)
  • The influenza viruses are the most common viral cause of pneumonia. (medscape.com)
  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children and the second most common viral cause of pneumonia in adults. (medscape.com)
  • Their efficacy in patients with influenza viral pneumonia or severe influenza is unknown. (medscape.com)
  • In comparison with the group of mice given phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), the mice vaccinated with rL H5 showed reductions in lung index and viral replication in the lungs after a challenge with influenza A/H1N1 virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In influenza A viruses there are 8 segments of RNA coding for eight viral proteins and two non-structural proteins. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • But HA is not the unique factor that decides the viral virulence and infectivity of the virus. (hbsraevents.org)
  • Influenza refers to illness caused by the influenza viruses, but the term is commonly and incorrectly used to refer to similar illnesses caused by other viral respiratory pathogens. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Hemagglutinin (H) is a glycoprotein on the influenza viral surface that allows the virus to bind to cellular sialic acid and fuse with the host cell membrane. (msdmanuals.com)
  • We have previously described R1a-B6, an alpaca-derived single domain antibody (nanobody), that is capable of potent cross-subtype neutralization in vitro of H1N1, H5N1, H2N2, and H9N2 influenza viruses, through binding to a highly conserved epitope in the influenza hemagglutinin stem region. (frontiersin.org)
  • Kawaoka and his team, whose work has been accepted by Nature, created a chimeric virus with the hemagglutinin protein from H5N1 and the genes from the 2009 pandemic strain of H1N1. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Two groups of six macaques were immunized four times with influenza virus-like particles (VLPs) displaying either one (monovalent) or five (pentavalent) different hemagglutinin (HA) antigens derived from seasonal H1N1 (H1N1) strains. (bvsalud.org)
  • Disclosed herein are neutralizing antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity and cross-protective effects against divergent stains of influenza virus, which are specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • Disclosed herein are neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the surface hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the influenza H5N1 strain. (justia.com)
  • The MAbs recognize the highly conserved HA1 region of H5N1 hemagglutinin and inhibit multiple strains of the H5N1 virus, as well as treated mice infected with a lethal dose of H5N1 viruses of two divergent strains, demonstrating their potential as therapeutic agents for multivalent prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (justia.com)
  • In one embodiment disclosed herein, a neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin is provided. (justia.com)
  • In another embodiment, the epitope has at least 95% or at least 98% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • Also disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical formulation for neutralizing influenza virus comprising an antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • Also disclosed herein is a method of treating influenza virus infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin and thereby treating said influenza virus infection in said subject. (justia.com)
  • H stands for hemagglutinin, it binds the virus to cells in the respiratory tract, for example. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • It displays part of hemagglutinin (HA), an influenza protein, on the surface of a microscopic nanoparticle made of nonhuman ferritin. (medscape.com)
  • The humoral immune response plays an important role in the defense against these viruses, providing protection mainly by producing antibodies directed against the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. (distantreader.org)
  • Adverse event data collected during Phase II and Phase III clinical trials of zanamivir in the treatment of influenza show that it has favorable tolerability, a feature that distinguishes it from other antiviral therapies for influenza. (ispub.com)
  • The identified antivirals exhibit substantial promise for clinical applications and provide new additions to the arsenal of drugs that are already used for chemoprophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (hku.hk)
  • Influenza pneumonia: Amantadine hydrochloride and rimantadine hydrochloride are approved for the prevention and treatment of influenza A virus infection. (medscape.com)
  • Human infection of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus was first reported in Hong Kong in 1997, causing six deaths [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Even in nonpandemic years and in years when less pathogenic strains predominate, the influenza virus is a major cause of death and debilitation. (ispub.com)
  • One particular strain of H5N1, called highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), is responsible for the 'bird flu' scares. (scientificamerican.com)
  • These findings reveal that seasonal influenza vaccination can induce polyclonal heterosubtypic neutralizing antibodies that cross-react with the swine-origin pandemic H1N1 influenza virus and with the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus. (jci.org)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) has been causing unprecedented global outbreaks since 2003 and many human cases with a high case fatality rate have also been reported. (elsevierpure.com)
  • This has led to a growing concern regarding the pandemic potential of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses. (justia.com)
  • That's why many virus types are considered "highly pathogenic. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • The most highly pathogenic and most commonly-known strain is H5N1. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • The final module detects the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian flu. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Avian influenza viruses have been around for a very long time, but the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) virus strain (H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b) that has been circulating in birds across much of the globe since 2021 has been the most long-lasting, widespread and severe on record. (epicscotland.org)
  • All three avian viruses were pathogenic in mice, and elicited a host transcriptomic signature that also occurs in response to the legendary 1918 influenza virus. (usda.gov)
  • This three-pronged signature has previously been observed in mice infected with pathogenic H1N1 strains such as the 1918 virus, indicating that it may be predictive of pathogenicity across multiple influenza strains. (usda.gov)
  • Influenza epidemics typically have an abrupt onset and end separated by a 2- to 3-week upsurge in the frequency of new cases and a 2- to 3-month plateau.3 Community outbreaks are often heralded by an increase in medical visits from children suffering from fever and respiratory illness. (ispub.com)
  • The H5N8 subtype has caused multiple outbreaks in poultry in Europe over the past few winters. (mdpi.com)
  • Avian flu outbreaks caused by non-human infecting subtypes occur quite often. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Since then, dozens of countries in Asia, Africa and Europe have reported H5N1 outbreaks. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • In other words, the "seasonal" influenza that causes annual outbreaks is far from being a "trivial" infection, and it is by no means harmless. (pasteur.fr)
  • To tackle these seasonal outbreaks, detailed surveillance mechanisms have been introduced at national and international level, making influenza viruses the most closely monitored viruses on the planet (see Interview below). (pasteur.fr)
  • however those are the activities that cause global influenza outbreaks or pandemics. (rroij.com)
  • 4 Influenza C is more like the common cold in its effect, being less severe than influenza A or B. 5 Influenza types A and B are responsible for major outbreaks. (health.gov.au)
  • A highly infectious strain of avian influenza virus (H5N1) has caused multiple outbreaks in domestic poultry and wild birds across Scotland, in other parts of the UK, and internationally. (epicscotland.org)
  • Above the usual measures put in place for the prevention, surveillance, and reporting of avian influenza, additional investigations are being conducted in wild and domestic bird populations to identify why this outbreak has been more severe than previous outbreaks. (epicscotland.org)
  • Cross-subtype neutralizing single domain antibodies against influenza present new opportunities for immunoprophylaxis and pandemic preparedness. (frontiersin.org)
  • A much more promising strategy is to use recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against influenza and several are currently in clinical development ( 9 - 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Introduction: The haemagglutination inhibition assay (HAI) and the virus microneutralisation assay (MN) are long-established methods for quantifying antibodies against influenza viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • We have defined a broadly neutralizing epitope in all group 1 influenza subtypes and are working on other antibodies that recognize group 2 as well as those that cross all subtypes. (scripps.edu)
  • The present application is drawn to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for preventing and treating influenza virus infection and methods of treating influenza virus infection. (justia.com)
  • Neutralizing antibodies can provide a first line of defense against influenza pathogens and passive immunization with neutralizing MAbs can provide immediate effects to prevent the spread of influenza infection and mortality. (justia.com)
  • In contrast, the stem region of HA, formed mostly by the HA2 subunit, is relatively conserved among different influenza A subtypes [19] and indeed could represent an universal target for the development of cross-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. (distantreader.org)
  • The antibodies to influenza virus were detected using hemagglutination inhibition (HI). (biomedcentral.com)
  • As little as one amino acid substitution in the HA1 can result in an antigenic drift of influenza viruses, indicating the dominance of some epitopes in the binding of HA to polyclonal serum antibodies. (cdc.gov)
  • This theory was based on the asymmetric nature of the antigenic cross reactions observed between parent viruses and their mutants selected in the presence of neutralising antibodies. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • The antibodies also blocked other flu subtypes, including H5N1. (nih.gov)
  • Two studies of newly isolated monoclonal antibodies against influenza virus suggest that the answer could be yes. (virology.ws)
  • The authors of one study identified human antibodies against influenza virus by phage display. (virology.ws)
  • In this technique, recombinant HA protein (the H5 subtype) was used to bind bacteriophage particles that bear on their surfaces variable chains of human antibodies. (virology.ws)
  • Ten antibodies were identified that neutralized the infectivity of H5 influenza viruses in cell culture. (virology.ws)
  • The antibodies also protected mice against lethal H5N1 influenza even when administered after infection. (virology.ws)
  • The key result is that the monoclonal antibodies neutralize infectivity not only of H5 viruses, but also viruses of 9 other HA subtypes. (virology.ws)
  • The 10 subtypes neutralized by the monoclonal antibodies comprise group 1, which includes H1, H2, and H5. (virology.ws)
  • When animals are immunized with influenza virus, most of the antibodies that are produced are directed against the membrane-distal, globular head of the HA molecule (top of image). (virology.ws)
  • As noted above, another epitope must still be identified that elicits neutralizing antibodies against viruses of the 6 other HA types. (virology.ws)
  • Influenza virus continues to be a major public health concern, causing both annual epidemics and occasional pandemics ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Influenza viruses are highly contagious and can cause seasonal epidemics, manifesting as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of severity, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
  • The excess mortality associated with influenza epidemics occurring every one to three years has increased during the last 15 years to approximately 30,000 persons per year in the United States. (ispub.com)
  • Influenza viruses of the A and B genera may elicit epidemics and pandemics periodically. (hartmann-academie.nl)
  • Influenza infection causes annual epidemics throughout the world. (who.int)
  • Influenza viruses are among the most important human pathogens and are responsible for annual epidemics and sporadic,potentially devastating pandemics. (uninsubria.it)
  • Influenza spreads around the world in seasonal epidemics, resulting in the deaths of between &10000000000250000000000250,000 and &10000000000500000000000500,000 people every year, up to millions in some pandemic years. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Burioni, Roberto title: A Non-VH1-69 Heterosubtypic Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Protects Mice against H1N1 and H5N1 Viruses date: 2012-04-04 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034415 sha: 6b51562f63de5739f2b7ebf5f9c34365ac6ee545 doc_id: 807 cord_uid: fcffl6m4 Influenza viruses are among the most important human pathogens and are responsible for annual epidemics and sporadic, potentially devastating pandemics. (distantreader.org)
  • Their data showed conclusively that the emergence of new influenza virus epidemics was associated with the accumulation of point mutations in the virus coat proteins. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Influenza causes widespread sporadic illness yearly during fall and winter in temperate climates (seasonal epidemics). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Influenza B viruses may cause milder disease but often cause epidemics with moderate or severe disease, either as the predominant circulating virus or along with influenza A. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Most influenza epidemics are caused by a predominant serotype, but different influenza viruses may appear sequentially in one location or may appear simultaneously, with one virus predominating in one location and another virus predominating elsewhere. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A shift in the predominant circulating virus subtype from H1N1 to H2N2 in 1957, for example, ignited a pandemic that resulted in approximately 70,000 excess deaths (that is, deaths exceeding the number expected when an epidemic is not present) in the United States alone. (ispub.com)
  • The Asian influenza viruses which circulated in man from 1957 to 1968 were H2N2 and the viruses preceding Asian influenza (including the lethal Spanish influenza of 1918) were H1N1, as was the swine influenza pandemic of 2009. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Vaccination is the preferred approach for prevention of H5N1 infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Six weeks after the vaccination, the mice were challenged with a lethal dose of H5N1 influenza virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • DNA vaccination may be a quick and effective strategy for persons innaive to influenza A virus during H5N1 pandemic. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, a single dose of vaccination with NP, M1 or NP + M1 DNAs from A/chicken/Henan/12/2004(H5N1) virus strain was evaluated in mice pre-exposed to A/PR8(H1N1) virus, which showed that DNA vaccination might be a quick and effective strategy against H5N1 infection in individuals innaive to influenza A virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Until recently, management options for influenza were limited to vaccination and use of the M2 inhibitors amantadine or rimantadine. (ispub.com)
  • More generally, rolling-out of vaccination after the transmission of the influenza virus had abated was influenced by policymakers' own financial incentives, and government and foreign policy conditionality on vaccination. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For most policymakers, vaccination coverage was perceived as successful, despite that vaccination delays and coverage would not have prevented infection when influenza was at its peak. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for people who are at increased risk of complications from the disease, such as those aged 65 years or older, and people with conditions such as cardiovascular disease and lung conditions which predispose them to severe influenza, and others with impaired immunity. (health.gov.au)
  • HealthDay)-Influenza vaccination may have a protective effect for COVID-19-positive patients, according to a brief report recently published in the Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Preventive vaccination has historically been the most efficient measure of influenza control, but this approach presents important limitations due to the accumulation of antigenic mutations in the virus, known as antigenic drift. (distantreader.org)
  • We found that vaccination with rL H5 provided cross-protection against a lethal challenge with an antigenically distinct influenza A/H1N1 virus and produced significant changes in the levels of some cytokines and the percentages of both IFN-γ + CD4 + and IFN-γ + CD8 + T cells in lung and spleen. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Vaccination is the primary intervention used to curb influenza virus infection, and the WHO recommends immunization for at-risk individuals to mitigate disease. (mdpi.com)
  • Multiplex Detection of Antibody Landscapes to SARS-CoV-2/Influenza/Common Human Coronaviruses Following Vaccination or Infection with SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza. (cdc.gov)
  • Moreover, this study was conducted to identify the periods with increased influenza transmission for vaccination recommendations in Iraq. (flu.org.cn)
  • However, the use of cell culture to produce recombinant proteins is still susceptible to contamination with viruses. (researchgate.net)
  • Influenza viruses carry proteins on their surface. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • There are 3 types of influenza-A, B and C-which are classified according to their distinct internal proteins. (health.gov.au)
  • These characteristics make the monolithic supports suitable for fast separation and purification of large biomolecules such as proteins, DNA and viruses, which sometimes exceed 200 nm in size and thus have low diffusion constants. (biaseparations.com)
  • Type A influenza is classified into subtypes depending on which versions of two different proteins are present on the surface of the virus. (bcm.edu)
  • Virus strains are named according to influenza virus type, the place where first isolated, the isolate number and the year of isolation as well as the nature of the two surface proteins. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • The reason for this is not a poor immune response, rather it is the fact that the influenza virus continues to change its coat proteins so that the new infecting variants are no longer recognised and destroyed by the immune response generated against the earlier infection. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • Since the AB flu test responds to these specific proteins regardless of the surface proteins, the influenza A subtype H1N1 (swine flu) and the subtype H5N1 (bird flu) can also be identified. (medvec.com)
  • Influenza viruses are classified as type A, B, or C by their nucleoproteins and matrix proteins. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Influenza pandemics, which have occurred approximately every 15 years over the last century, cause significant morbidity and mortality. (ispub.com)
  • Kawaoka notes that H5N1 viruses already circulate in nature, mutate constantly and could cause pandemics. (scientificamerican.com)
  • In the past, influenza pandemics have been occurring every 20 to 30 years. (elsevierpure.com)
  • There are two common types of influenza viruses that cause human infection - influenza A and influenza B. Influenza A viruses caused several influenza pandemics in the 20th century, and a pandemic caused by the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus occurred in 2009. (who.int)
  • Re-collection creates most beneficial situations for influenza pandemics just like the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic that took place in 2009-2010. (rroij.com)
  • Mortality associated with the Asian and Hong Kong influenza pandemics was less severe, with the highest mortality rates being in the elderly and people with chronic diseases. (health.gov.au)
  • When shifts happen, most people have little or no immunity against the new virus. (cdc.gov)
  • In a pandemic, a new influenza virus emerges and infects the human population which has little or no pre-existing immunity ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Seasonal influenza virus infection has been reported to provide heterosubtypic immunity against influenza A virus infection to some extend. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pre-existing immunity against seasonal influenza viruses is useful in offering protection against H5N1 infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Owing to the universal lack of pre-existing immunity to H5N1 virus in the population, pandemic caused by the virus may outbreak. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Its occurrence is unpredictable, the virus spreads rapidly in urban areas and through travel, and populations' lack of immunity to novel influenza strains can result in a rapid spread [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, it has been difficult to obtain MAbs which neutralize divergent strains of influenza viruses with sufficient cross-protective immunity. (justia.com)
  • It is always a great concern when a new flu virus emerges, because the general population does not have immunity and almost everyone is susceptible to infection and disease. (bcm.edu)
  • Even so, it seems likely that this virus has a greater mortality rate than either ordinary seasonal flu or possibly the 1918 pandemic H1N1 strain . (scientificamerican.com)
  • One of the earliest links between influenza and neural dysfunction was a correlation between the 1918 Spanish flu, caused by a subtype called H1N1, and an epidemic of Parkinson's a few decades later. (the-scientist.com)
  • 161 (87%) were influenza A viruses, including 117 (63%) influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus and 20 (11%) were influenza A(H3) virus. (who.int)
  • 1 National influenza surveillance was initiated in Viet Nam in 2006, and the data collected so far have shown that influenza viruses circulate year-round with similar peaks and subtypes observed across all surveillance regions. (who.int)
  • Four mAbs were evaluated in vivo and protected mice from challenge with influenza viruses representative of different subtypes. (jci.org)
  • In this study, we describe a human monoclonal antibody (PN-SIA49) that recognizes a highlyconserved epitope located on the stem region of the HA and able to neutralize a broad spectrum of influenza virusesbelonging to different subtypes (H1, H2 and H5). (uninsubria.it)
  • Human infection with avian influenza type A viruses are unusual and particularly result from indirect contact with infected birds or contaminated environments. (rroij.com)
  • 1. What is the likelihood that additional human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses will occur? (who.int)
  • The only influenza subtypes that have been confirmed to infect horses naturally are H3N8 and H7N7, and the horse-adapted H7N7 viruses appear to have disappeared from horses nearly 40 years ago. (thehorse.com)
  • As an initial step in establishing a surveillance programme for antiviral resistance in northern Viet Nam, genetic analysis was conducted for both clinical specimens and isolates collected through sentinel sites and isolates of influenza A(H5N1). (who.int)
  • The data and specimens used for influenza virologic surveillance originate from ambulatory patient care facilities, academic and community hospital laboratories, public health laboratories, and commercial laboratories. (cdc.gov)
  • We identified 5 virologic surveillance tiers in which specimens were collected or tested: outpatient care settings (tier 1), inpatient care settings and commercial laboratories (tier 2), state and local public health laboratories and health departments (tier 3), laboratories at CDC-sponsored National Influenza Reference Centers (NIRCs) (tier 4), and laboratories within the CDC National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases Influenza Division (tier 5). (cdc.gov)
  • During the 2022-23 influenza season, the included clinical laboratories tested 4,023,390 respiratory specimens for influenza viruses using clinical diagnostic tests. (cdc.gov)
  • The percentage of specimens testing positive for influenza each week ranged from 0.7% to 26.3% and peaked during the week ending December 10, 2022 (week 49) (Figure 1). (cdc.gov)
  • Public health laboratories tested 283,440 specimens and reported 30,993 positive specimens, with 29,552 (95.4%) positive for influenza A and 1,441 (4.6%) positive for influenza B viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • R1a-B6-Fc fusions of both isotypes gave complete protection against lethal challenge with both pandemic A/California/07/2009 (H1N1)pdm09 and avian influenza A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1). (frontiersin.org)
  • The results showed that pre-exposure to H1N1 virus could offer mice partial protection against lethal H5N1 challenge and that single-dose injection with NP DNA or NP + M1 DNAs provided significantly improved protection against lethal H5N1 challenge in mice pre-exposed to H1N1 virus, as compared with those in unexposed mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, N1-7D3 lacked NA inhibition (NI) activity and the ability to protect BALB/c mice against a lethal challenge with a range of H1N1 viruses. (mssm.edu)
  • Moreover, N1-C4 could provide heterosubtypic protection in BALB/c mice against a lethal challenge with 2009 H1N1pdm or H5N1 virus. (mssm.edu)
  • Photomicrographs of liver, spleen, and lung sections from influenza virus A (H5N1)-infected mice at endpoint. (cdc.gov)
  • SPF BALB/c mice were intranasally infected with A/PR8 (H1N1) virus beforehand. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Six weeks later, the mice were immunized with plasmid DNA expressing H5N1 virus NP or M1, or with combination of the two plasmids. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sera were collected and pooled from mice infected with A/PR8 (H1N1) influenza virus six weeks before. (biomedcentral.com)
  • With his colleagues, he shot nonlethal doses of H5N1 or H1N1 up the noses of six- to eight-week-old mice, then tracked how the viruses spread through the animals' nervous systems. (the-scientist.com)
  • Following a challenge with influenza A/H1N1 virus, survival rates and lung index of mice were observed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After the mice were vaccinated with rL H5, cross-protective immune response was induced, which was against heterosubtypic influenza A/H1N1 virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The mice were then challenged with influenza A/H1N1 virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After getting the boost, 20 mice were exposed to the deadly 1934 flu virus, and 80% survived. (nih.gov)
  • Our findings demonstrate AAV delivery of cross-subtype neutralizing nanobodies may be an effective strategy to prevent influenza infection and provide long-term protection independent of a host induced immune response. (frontiersin.org)
  • Treat and Prevent Influenza. (rupharma.com)
  • The best way to prevent influenza is by immunization. (virology.ws)
  • Influenza viruses cause a broad array of respiratory illnesses responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in children. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza-virus-mediated disease can be associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality, particularly in younger children and older adults. (mdpi.com)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collects, compiles, and analyzes data on influenza viruses and associated morbidity and mortality in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Directly from infected birds or from avian influenza A virus-contaminated environments. (cdc.gov)
  • People with close or prolonged unprotected contact (not wearing respiratory and eye protection) with infected birds or places that sick birds or their mucous, saliva, or feces have contaminated, might be at greater risk of bird flu virus infection. (cdc.gov)
  • The illness was later identified as influenza and traced to a variant of Influenza A virus H5N1, previously known to infect only birds. (ispub.com)
  • H5N1 did not appear to spread efficiently from person to person, and no additional cases of human infection were reported after the authorities mandated the destruction of all 1.6 million birds in Hong Kong. (ispub.com)
  • But any influenza A virus may cause bird flu - it only has to adapt itself to birds as a host. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • All bird keepers are legally required to follow strict biosecurity measures to prevent avian influenza infection in their birds. (epicscotland.org)
  • In addition to domestic and wild birds, several species of mammals have been infected with the currently circulating HPAI H5N1 (2.3.4.4b). (epicscotland.org)
  • Influenza , commonly referred to as the flu , is an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza viruses), that affects birds and mammals. (medicalxpress.com)
  • The duck, Boltz and Webster explained, was infected with the H5N1 bird flu virus that had sickened thousands of birds and killed hundreds of people in 2006 and 2007. (the-scientist.com)
  • In St. Jude's biosafety level 3 lab, he and his colleagues infected ducks with the virus, then sacrificed the birds and removed their brains, storing them in formaldehyde for three weeks to kill the active virus. (the-scientist.com)
  • The avian virus is an Influenza-A virus that spread widely among human through direct or indirect contact with infected birds or poultry. (hbsraevents.org)
  • A(H5) subtypes continue to be detected in birds in Africa, Europe and Asia. (who.int)
  • The detection of influenza A(H5) virus in nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal samples collected from individuals in close contact with infected poultry or other birds, whether the individuals are symptomatic or not, is not unexpected. (who.int)
  • Authorities in southern Germany have discovered the H5N2 bird flu virus on a poultry farm. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • It can spread easily among domestic poultry like chicken and turkeys and if they contract more serious forms of the virus most animals will die of bird flu. (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • Which viruses cause bird flu? (dailynewsegypt.com)
  • it first appeared in 1963, and its genetic ancestors seem to have been bird flu viruses. (thehorse.com)
  • She has also considered emerging pathogens such as the Zika and Ebola viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although antiviral drugs such as Oseltamivir are available to control the spread of the virus their effectiveness is limited in treating patients with influenza ( 5 , 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Antiviral resistance has been reported in seasonal influenza A viruses and avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses in Viet Nam, raising concerns about the efficacy of treatment. (who.int)
  • 7,11 The limitations of other antiviral drugs, as well as the risk of oseltamivir resistance, have raised concerns about the efficacy of oseltamivir for influenza infection treatment. (who.int)
  • Clinical merits of selected inhibitors were further evaluated, focusing mainly on their cross-protection abilities among influenza virus subtypes and their potential synergetic antiviral effects when used in combination with other drugs. (hku.hk)
  • The emergence of resistance to antiviral drugs in recent years further limits the optionsavailable for the control of influenza. (uninsubria.it)
  • Hospitals also send us influenza virus strains from severe cases or treatment failures so that we can analyze their sensitivity to antiviral drugs. (pasteur.fr)
  • Conversely, N1-C4 bound to a conformational epitope that is conserved between two influenza virus subtypes, 2009 H1N1pdm and H5N1 IAV, and displayed potent in vitro antiviral activity mediating both NI and plaque size reduction. (mssm.edu)
  • Environmental samples from these stalls tested positive for influenza A(H5N6) viruses. (who.int)
  • Epidemiologic findings for a family cluster of 1 severe and 1 mild case suggested limited person-to-person transmission of this virus. (flutrackers.com)
  • The symptoms depend on the virus genus (A and B severe courses, C less severe courses). (hartmann-academie.nl)
  • Every year, influenza - or flu - is responsible for three to five million severe cases and 250,000 to 500,000 deaths worldwide. (pasteur.fr)
  • Zoonotic influenza like other influenza causes mild to severe illness in the patients they infect. (rroij.com)
  • Although evidence of infection was found, there were minimal or no associated illness symptoms in this case, but human infection with H5N1 can cause severe disease. (epicscotland.org)
  • Although it is often confused with other influenza-like illnesses, especially the common cold, influenza is a more severe disease than the common cold and is caused by a different type of virus. (medicalxpress.com)
  • According to a prospective cohort study, as many as 1 in 3 children seeking treatment in the ED for influenza-like illnesses (ILI) at the peak of flu season are at high risk of suffering severe complications. (medscape.com)
  • Throughout the past few years, the public has become intensely aware of the threat of emerging infectious diseases with the worldwide spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the threat of bioterrorism, the discovery of human cases of monkeypoxin, and the proliferation of West Nile virus. (gomedii.com)
  • Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and seasonal occurrence of influenza viruses in the Iraqi population presented with influenza-like illness (ILI) or severe acute respiratory infection (SARI)within2015-2017. (flu.org.cn)
  • Influenza activity in the United States during the 2022-23 season (October 2, 2022 - September 9, 2023) was moderately severe and was characterized by activity that returned to pre-COVID-19 levels but occurred earlier than is usual. (cdc.gov)
  • The neutralizing antibody response to influenza virus is thought to be specific for a few antigenically related isolates within a given subtype. (jci.org)
  • In 2009, oseltamivir resistance was observed in 100% (19 of 19) of seasonal A(H1N1) isolates and 1.4% (3/215) of A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates. (who.int)
  • N1-7D3 binds to a conserved linear epitope in the membrane- distal, carboxy-terminal part of the NA and reacted with the NA of seasonal H1N1 isolates ranging from 1977 to 2007 and the 2009 H1N1pdm virus, as well as A/Vietnam/ 1194/04 (H5N1). (mssm.edu)
  • We conducted a systematic literature review to identify reported claimed reassortant influenza A lineages with genomic data available in GenBank, to obtain 646 unique first-report isolates out of a possible 20,781 open-access genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 1 , 2 Influenza caused by the H5N1 variant eventually spread to at least 18 Hong Kong residents and caused 6 deaths. (ispub.com)
  • antigenic drift which occurs within influenza virus subtypes and antigenic shift to new subtypes such as the emergence of Asian influenza in 1957 and Hong Kong influenza in 1968. (csiropedia.csiro.au)
  • View of Oseltamivir resistance among influenza viruses in northern Viet Nam, 2009-2012. (who.int)
  • Active surveillance for oseltamivir resistance among influenza viruses circulating in Viet Nam should be continued. (who.int)
  • that attack many strains of influenza viruses in animals. (nih.gov)
  • See Clinical Presentation for more detailed information on the signs and symptoms of pediatric influenza. (medscape.com)
  • Zanamivir rapidly and effectively alleviated influenza symptoms regardless of patients' age or clinical characteristics. (ispub.com)
  • Even an uncomplicated case of influenza is likely to require days of bed rest and is associated with general malaise and weakness that may persist weeks beyond the cessation of other symptoms. (ispub.com)
  • Flu symptoms are easy to spot, but figuring out which strain of influenza is at work is often a complex and time consuming task. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Some 2.9 million people saw their physician because of flu-like symptoms and 30,000 went to the emergency department suffering from influenza. (pasteur.fr)
  • It isn't possible to differentiate clinical symptoms and signs of seasonal and zoonotic influenza. (rroij.com)
  • Influenza may produce nausea and vomiting, particularly in children, but these symptoms are more common in the unrelated gastroenteritis, which is sometimes, inaccurately, referred to as "stomach flu. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Primary influenza pneumonia manifests with persistent symptoms of cough, sore throat, headache, myalgia, and malaise for more than three to five days. (medscape.com)
  • DISEASED DUCK: Infected with H5N1, this duck is showing some symptoms of Parkinson's disease. (the-scientist.com)
  • He asked Webster about the symptoms experienced by people infected with H5N1. (the-scientist.com)
  • If the test is negative in a patient, but the symptoms of influenza are manifest, an immediate medical examination is also indicated in this case. (medvec.com)
  • These symptoms begin within two days after exposure of the virus with the human body and most last less than a week. (gomedii.com)
  • What are the Symptoms of Influenza? (gomedii.com)
  • Laboratory research of typeA influenza cases and antigenic characterization of influenza viruses assist additionally to diagnose each seasonal and zoonotic influenza. (rroij.com)
  • This will lead to more efficient testing, with cost savings for the federal government and for state and local public health agencies," said Dr. Cox, who is also Director of the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Control of Influenza. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • This type of major change in the influenza A viruses is known as " antigenic shift . (cdc.gov)
  • Background: The very virulent infectious bursal disease virus has become the dominant path type that damage lymphoid tissues with high mortality in young chickens in China. (peertechzpublications.org)
  • Influenza A was the predominant type notified (71%), however influenza B activity continued to increase as a proportion of reported cases. (health.gov.au)
  • It was revealed that influenza virus type A was the most predominant with an incidence of 16.2%, followed by type B with 0.33% incidence. (flu.org.cn)
  • It was clear that the influenza A virus was predominant over type B. In Iraq, influenza A and B viruses were found in a large percentage of ILI and SARI cases. (flu.org.cn)
  • Since mid-June, A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses have been the predominant virus (Figure 2). (cdc.gov)