• Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) are proteins or protein domains that activate monomeric GTPases by stimulating the release of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) to allow binding of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). (wikipedia.org)
  • Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) are proteins or protein domains involved in the activation of small GTPases. (wikipedia.org)
  • GTPases are active when bound to GTP and inactive when bound to GDP, allowing their activity to be regulated by GEFs and the opposing GTPase activating proteins (GAPs). (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, GEFs both destabilize the GTPase interaction with GDP and stabilize the nucleotide-free GTPase until a GTP molecule binds to it. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, there are some similarities in how different GEFs alter the conformation of the G protein nucleotide-binding site. (wikipedia.org)
  • Though this general scheme is common among GEFs, the specific interactions between the regions of the GTPase and GEF vary among individual proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • The proteins in this family act as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). (medlineplus.gov)
  • GEFs turn on (activate) proteins called GTPases, which play an important role in chemical signaling within cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) accelerate GTP loading and hydrolysis, respectively. (nih.gov)
  • Proteins called guanine nucleotide exchange factors, or GEFs for short, activate the Rab protein by promoting the release of GDP and the binding of GTP. (elifesciences.org)
  • The experiments showed that different amino acids in the active site of the Rab protein are involved when the GEFs mediate the release of the GDP during the activation process. (elifesciences.org)
  • For example, the amino acid glutamine is involved when the Listeria GEF and one of the human GEFs activate the protein, whereas a different amino acid-aspartate-is involved when one of the other human GEFs is responsible for the activation. (elifesciences.org)
  • The C9orf72 protein is predicted to be a differentially expressed in normal and neoplastic cells domain protein implying that C9orf72 functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) to regulate specific Rab GTPases. (bath.ac.uk)
  • A-inhibited guanine nucleotide-exchange protein BIG1 and BIG2 are activators of ADP-ribosylation SNS-314 aspect GTPases which are needed for regulating vesicular visitors among intracellular organelles. (molecularcircuit.com)
  • GAPs (GTPase-activating protein) act antagonistically to inactivate GTPases by increasing their intrinsic rate of GTP hydrolysis. (wikipedia.org)
  • GTPases contain two loops called switch 1 and switch 2 that are situated on either side of the bound nucleotide. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rho GTPases play a fundamental role in numerous cellular processes triggered by extracellular stimuli that work through G protein coupled receptors. (antibodies-online.com)
  • Guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rho/Rac/Cdc42-like GTPases Also called Dbl-homologous (DH) domain. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • It does not share significant sequence homology with other subtypes of small G-protein GEF motifs such as the Cdc25 domain and the Sec7 domain, which specifically interact with Ras and ARF family small GTPases, respectively, nor with other Rho protein interactive motifs, indicating that the Dbl family proteins are evolutionarily unique. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Background The RHO family proteins RAC1 CDC42 and RHOA are small GTP-binding proteins that act as molecular switches shifting between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form that define functions of RHO GTPases. (sciencepop.org)
  • The cellular protein GBF1, an activator of Arf GTPases (ArfGEF: Arf guanine nucleotide exchange factor), is recruited to the replication organelles of enteroviruses through interaction with the viral protein 3A, and its ArfGEF activity is required for viral replication, however how GBF1-dependent Arf activation supports the infection remains enigmatic. (bvsalud.org)
  • The distinctive presence of both Rab- and Rho-GTPase GEF activities suggests that C9orf72 may function as a dual exchange factor coupling physiological functions such as cytoskeleton modulation and autophagy with endocytosis. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Iyer, S , Subramanian, V & Acharya, KR 2018, ' C9orf72, a protein associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor ', PeerJ , pp. 1-29. (bath.ac.uk)
  • The guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Dbl targets Rho family proteins thereby stimulating their GDP/GTP exchange, and thus is believed to be involved in receptor-mediated regulation of the proteins. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • This protein is an exchange factor (guanine nucleotide) for the small G protein Rap. (wada-ama.org)
  • In 1998 a family of cAMP-sensitive proteins with guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity was discovered. (wikipedia.org)
  • This gene encodes a large protein that functions as a GDP to GTP exchange factor. (cancerindex.org)
  • This causes adaptor protein GRB2 to recruit SOS, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, which then facilitates binding of GTP to Ras. (biolegend.com)
  • DyNamin Binding Protein (DNMBP), also called Tuba, is a Cdc42-specific Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factor (GEF) that binds dynamin and various actin regulatory proteins. (nih.gov)
  • These regions and the phosphate-binding loop of the GTPase interact with the phosphates of the nucleotide and a coordinating magnesium ion to maintain high affinity binding of the nucleotide. (wikipedia.org)
  • These accessory proteins play a fundamental role in regulating activities of RAS superfamily small GTPase via a conserved guanine binding (G)-domain, which consists of five G motifs. (nih.gov)
  • Cross GTPase-activating protein (CrossGAP)/Vilse links the Roundabout receptor to Rac to regulate midline repulsion. (neurotree.org)
  • Ras superfamily GTPase activation and inactivation occur by canonical nucleotide exchange and GTP hydrolysis mechanisms. (elifesciences.org)
  • In addition to the intrinsic GTPase activity of the α subunit, G protein deactivation is accelerated by GTPase activating proteins (GAPs). (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • This process is usually regulated by guanine nucleotide-exchange factors GTPase-activating proteins and guanine nucleotide-dissociation inhibitors (1). (sciencepop.org)
  • There have been limited successes with molecules that disrupt the binding of guanine nucleotide exchange factors to RAC and CDC42 (7-10) as well as with molecules that disrupt GTPase membrane association (11). (sciencepop.org)
  • It is known to act through protein phosphorylation via PRKA and through the activation of guanine nucleotide exchange factors like EPAC. (plos.org)
  • This protein is a member of the Dbl family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF) for the Rho family of GTP binding proteins. (avivasysbio.com)
  • Coexpression and binding of these partners initiates profound morphological changes, cytoskeletal rearrangements and the JNK/SAPK signaling cascade, leading to increased levels of viral transcription and replication.The protein encoded by this proto-oncogene is a member of the Dbl family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF) for the Rho family of GTP binding proteins. (avivasysbio.com)
  • The proteomics characterization of biotinylated host proteins identified multiple proteins previously associated with enterovirus replication, as well as more than 200 new factors recruited to the replication organelles. (bvsalud.org)
  • RNA metabolism proteins, many of which normally localize in the nucleus, constituted the largest group, underscoring the massive release of nuclear factors into the cytoplasm of infected cells and their involvement in viral replication. (bvsalud.org)
  • Functional analysis of several newly identified proteins revealed both pro- and anti-viral factors, including a novel component of infection-induced stress granules. (bvsalud.org)
  • Programmable DNA binding proteins have emerged as an exciting platform for engineering synthetic transcription factors for modulating endogenous gene expression 5 - 11 . (cdc.gov)
  • The data thus provide evidence for an essential difference between GTP[S] and p[NH]ppG binding to guanine-nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins and suggest that, in addition to the nucleotide-exchange reaction, a (thio)phosphate-group-transfer process via guanine-nucleotide-binding regulatory protein beta subunits is involved in the receptor-stimulated binding of guanine nucleotide triphosphates to guanine-nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins. (eurekamag.com)
  • Association of the proto-oncogene product dbl with G protein betagamma subunits. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Here, we show the association of Dbl with G protein betagamma subunits (Gbetagamma) in transient co-expression and cell-free systems. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Cyclic AMP binds to specific locations on the regulatory units of the protein kinase, and causes dissociation between the regulatory and catalytic subunits, thus enabling those catalytic units to phosphorylate substrate proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • The active subunits catalyze the transfer of phosphate from ATP to specific serine or threonine residues of protein substrates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mammalian Ric-8 proteins act as chaperones to regulate the cellular abundance of heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunits. (stanford.edu)
  • Heterotrimeric G proteins, comprising α, β and γ subunits, respond to extracellular signals generated by activated seven-transmembrane (7TM) receptors by modulating intracellular effector proteins such as enzymes and ion channels. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • p21 activated kinases (PAKs) the most extensively studied CDC42 and RAC effector proteins consist of two subgroups made up of three members each: group I (PAK1-3) and group II (PAK4-6). (sciencepop.org)
  • Thus, our data demonstrate that enterovirus 2Cs may behave like Arf1 effector proteins and that GBF1 but not Arf activation can be dispensable for enterovirus replication. (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition to protein kinase A, cAMP produced by the β2-adrenergic signaling can also activate Epac. (wada-ama.org)
  • In eukaryotes, cyclic AMP works by activating protein kinase A (PKA, or cAMP-dependent protein kinase ). (wikipedia.org)
  • Protein kinase A can also phosphorylate specific proteins that bind to promoter regions of DNA, causing increases in transcription. (wikipedia.org)
  • Several classes of protein kinases , including protein kinase C, are not cAMP-dependent. (wikipedia.org)
  • Further effects mainly depend on cAMP-dependent protein kinase , which vary based on the type of cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antigen binding to the T cell receptor (TCR) can also lead to Ras signaling through activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and protein kinase C (PKC). (biolegend.com)
  • Phosphatidylinositol-4 kinase III beta and oxysterol-binding protein accumulate unesterified cholesterol on poliovirus-induced membrane structure. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The Src Homology 2 (SH2) domain is a major protein interaction module that is central to tyrosine kinase signaling. (eu.org)
  • their downstream protein kinase effectors. (sciencepop.org)
  • For example RAC and CDC42 share two protein serine-threonine kinase effectors in common - PAK and MLK - and inhibitors for both these kinases have been developed. (sciencepop.org)
  • Proteins phosphorylation near the NLS is normally reported to try out a major function in modulating NLS-dependent nuclear import and will facilitate NLS identification with the NLS-binding importin-α subunit (23 27 28 Proteins kinases including PKA regulate the subcellular localization of several protein. (molecularcircuit.com)
  • It is also involved in the activation of protein kinases . (wikipedia.org)
  • Not all protein kinases respond to cAMP. (wikipedia.org)
  • GTP-bound Ras activates Raf to trigger a phosphorylation cascade involving mitogen-activated protein kinases (MEKs). (biolegend.com)
  • In infected cells, type III phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases (PI4KIIIs) generate elevated levels of PI4P, which is then exchanged for cholesterol at replication organelles. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Among these effectors are several protein kinases that either are or might be amenable to small molecule inhibition. (sciencepop.org)
  • The DOCK8 protein is also involved in chemical signaling pathways that stimulate B cells to mature and produce antibodies. (medlineplus.gov)
  • What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
  • Conserved active-site residues in the Rab switch II region stabilising the nucleotide-free form differentiate these pathways. (elifesciences.org)
  • Src Homology 2 (SH2) domains are small modular domains found within a great number of proteins involved in different signalling pathways. (eu.org)
  • Like all members of the Ras superfamily, the Rho proteins cycle between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound conformational states. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • The Rab subfamily of proteins is part of the large Ras superfamily, and all members of this superfamily are activated and inactivated in a similar way, with the binding and unbinding of GDP and GTP taking place at a structure called the G-domain. (elifesciences.org)
  • Guanine quadruplexes are nucleic acid structures built ions in slow exchange with bulk ions. (lu.se)
  • TA binding stabilizes breaks in the middle of transmembrane helices 6 and 7 that facilitate aGPCR coupling and activation of heterotrimeric G proteins. (stanford.edu)
  • GAPs for heterotrimeric G proteins include G protein effectors, such as the Gα q -dependent phospholipase Cβ and the Gα 13 -dependent p115RhoGEF, as well as the family of regulators of G protein signaling (RGS proteins). (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Phosphorylation of S312 within the dorsal proteins of by PKA elevated its affinity for importin-α and was associated with enhanced nuclear deposition (21). (molecularcircuit.com)
  • The CDC25 domain comprises approximately 500 amino acids and was first identified in the CDC25 protein in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). (wikipedia.org)
  • The thiophosphorylation state of this protein was regulated by guanine nucleotides, Mg2+ and, most importantly, by activated formyl-peptide receptors. (eurekamag.com)
  • Its activity is directed by intracellular signals mediated by various types of receptors such as G protein-coupled receptors. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • [1] Adenylate cyclase is activated by a range of signaling molecules through the activation of adenylate cyclase stimulatory G ( G s )-protein-coupled receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Adenylate cyclase is inhibited by agonists of adenylate cyclase inhibitory G ( G i )-protein-coupled receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Despite representing one of the largest classes of therapeutic targets, most inactive-state G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have remained inaccessible for cryo-EM because their small size and membrane-embedded nature impedes projection alignment for high-resolution map reconstructions. (stanford.edu)
  • Adhesion G-protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are characterized by the presence of auto-proteolysing extracellular regions that are involved in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions1. (stanford.edu)
  • The current studies provide novel insights into the pharmacology of GPR40 and indicate that G protein-coupled receptors which respond to fatty acids, and potentially to other lipid ligands, can be occupied by endogenous agonists before assay and that this may mask the pharmacology of the receptor and may be mistaken for high levels of constitutive activity. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The encoded protein belongs to a family of cytoplasmic proteins that activate the Ras-like family of Rho proteins by exchanging bound GDP for GTP. (antibodies-online.com)
  • 3409. V.C. Cordes, H.R. Rackwitz, S. Reidenbach, 'Mediators of nuclear protein import target karyophilic proteins to pore complexes of cytoplasmic annulate lamellae,' Exp. (nanomedicine.com)
  • Sperm intracellular cAMP levels depend on the activity of adenylyl cyclases, mostly SACY, though transmembrane-containing adenylyl cyclases are also present, and on the activity of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDE) whose role is to degrade cAMP into 5'-AMP. (plos.org)
  • In cells lacking expression of Ca 2+ -mobilizing G proteins, coexpression of human GPR40 and Gα q allowed medium- and long-chain fatty acids to elevate intracellular [Ca 2+ ]. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Among the established custom DNA binding domains, Cas9 is most easily scaled to facilitate genome-scale perturbations 3 , 4 due to its simplicity of programming relative to zinc finger proteins and transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs). (cdc.gov)
  • Cas9 nuclease can be converted into an RNA-guided DNA binding protein (dCas9) via inactivation of its two catalytic domains 12 , 13 and then fused to transcription activation domains. (cdc.gov)
  • Specialized cell structures called ribosomes are the cellular organelles that actually synthesize the proteins (RNA transcription). (cdc.gov)
  • Epac protein, activated by cAMP, catalyzes the exchange of GTP in the GDP form. (wada-ama.org)
  • These are termed Exchange proteins activated by cAMP (Epac) and the family comprises Epac1 and Epac2 . (wikipedia.org)
  • High-resolution structures of GPR56 and LPHN3 in their active, G-protein-coupled states, reveal that after dissociation of the extracellular region, the decrypted TA peptides engage the seven-transmembrane domain core with a notable conservation of interactions that also involve extracellular loop 2. (stanford.edu)
  • BAR domains form dimers that bind to membranes, induce membrane bending and curvature, and may also be involved in protein-protein interactions. (nih.gov)
  • They are able to bind specific motifs containing a phosphorylated tyrosine residue, propagating the signal downstream by promoting protein-protein interactions and/or modifying enzymatic activities. (eu.org)
  • SH2 domains are phosphotyrosine recognition domains, often mediating transient interactions with target proteins. (eu.org)
  • Post-translational modification within the G4 and G5 motifs activates RAS by populating the GTP-bound "ON" state, either through enhancement of intrinsic guanine nucleotide exchange or impairing GAP-mediated down-regulation. (nih.gov)
  • A Rab protein is always bound to another molecule, which determines whether it is inactive or active. (elifesciences.org)
  • RGS proteins display GAP activity towards either Gα i/o or Gα q/11 type G proteins, thereby shortening the duration that Gα is GTP bound and βγ is free. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Long H , Sabatier C, Ma L , Plump A, Yuan W , Ornitz DM , Tamada A , Murakami F , Goodman CS , Tessier-Lavigne M . Conserved roles for Slit and Robo proteins in midline commissural axon guidance. (neurotree.org)
  • A single ligand occupied receptor is able to activate several G protein molecules during the lifetime of a single αGTP complex. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • As a sub-objective, since PDE10A transcript variants were reported strictly through analyses of bovine genomic sequence, we also wanted to determine the nucleotide and amino acid sequences by experimental evidence. (plos.org)
  • At the ribosome, the processed mRNA is translated to produce proteins from amino acid units. (cdc.gov)
  • Nuclear importation of proteins is really a two-step procedure relating to the dimeric importin-α/β where the α-subunit straight binds the NLS theme and acts as an adaptor for importin-β. (molecularcircuit.com)
  • Upon receptor activation GDP is exchanged for GTP, followed by α-subunit dissociation from βγ or alternatively their molecular rearrangement to form active αGTP and βγ complexes. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • In addition, cAMP binds to and regulates the function of ion channels such as the HCN channels and a few other cyclic nucleotide-binding proteins such as Epac1 and RAPGEF2 . (wikipedia.org)
  • The Tir protein of EPEC binds NCK1/NCK2 SH2 domains through a high affinity pYDEV motif ( Frese,2006 ). (eu.org)
  • Receptor-stimulated guanine-nucleotide-triphosphate binding to guanine-nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins. (eurekamag.com)
  • RGA and GAI belong to the DELLA subfamily within the GRAS family of plant regulatory proteins. (nih.gov)
  • SCOPe: Structural Classification of Proteins - extended. (berkeley.edu)
  • A variety of unrelated structural domains have been shown to exhibit guanine nucleotide exchange activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Signaling stimulated by DOCK family proteins are typically involved in the arrangement of the structural framework inside cells (the cytoskeleton). (medlineplus.gov)
  • The structures, along with results from Ric-8 protein thermal stability assays and cell-based Galphaolf folding assays, support a requirement for the Galpha C-terminal region for binding specificity, and highlight that multiple structural elements impart specificity for Ric-8/G protein binding. (stanford.edu)
  • Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is an intermediate filament with many different isoforms, and acts as a structural protein in the cytoskeleton. (antibodiesinc.com)
  • ABSTRACT: The structural stability of guanine quadruplexes depends critically on an unusual configuration of dehydrated Na+ or K+ ions, closely spaced along the central axis of the quadruplex. (lu.se)
  • Cells depend on their DNA for coding information to make various classes of proteins that include enzymes, certain hormones, transport proteins, and structural proteins that support life. (cdc.gov)
  • Other proteins-known as GAPs-lead to the inactivation of the Rab protein. (elifesciences.org)
  • For example, the Ran GEF, RCC1, is present in the nucleus while the Ran GAP is present in the cytosol, modulating nuclear import and export of proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • When the Ran GAP catalyzes conversion of RanGTP to RanGDP in the cytosol, the protein cargo is released. (wikipedia.org)
  • Skach, W. R. Cellular mechanisms of membrane protein folding. (nature.com)
  • It forms a complex with the small GTP binding protein Rac1 and recruits Rac1 to membrane ruffles and to focal adhesions. (antibodies-online.com)
  • This protein can induce membrane ruffling. (antibodies-online.com)
  • Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has widened the field of structure-based drug discovery by allowing for routine determination of membrane protein structures previously intractable. (stanford.edu)
  • A critical role of a cellular membrane traffic protein in poliovirus RNA replication. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • NCK is a major adaptor protein involved in membrane receptor signalling and modulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics. (eu.org)
  • Goupil S, Maréchal L, El Hajj H, Tremblay M-È, Richard FJ, Leclerc P (2016) Identification and Localization of the Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase 10A in Bovine Testis and Mature Spermatozoa. (plos.org)
  • Hartl, F. U. Molecular chaperones in cellular protein folding. (nature.com)
  • These small 21 kDa proteins function as molecular switches to initialize signaling cascades involved in various cellular processes, including gene expression, cell growth, and differentiation. (nih.gov)
  • Together these proteins form a molecular switch that can be turned on and off. (elifesciences.org)
  • The long term goal of our research is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which proteins are targeted to specific and distinct compartments. (stanford.edu)
  • By controlling the shape of the cytoskeleton, DOCK family proteins play a role in cell structure and movement (migration). (medlineplus.gov)
  • The Rho family of GTP-binding proteins has been implicated in the regulation of various cellular functions including actin cytoskeleton-dependent morphological change. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • This protein promotes the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, thereby playing a role in cell migration and growth. (cancerindex.org)
  • Many of the mammalian Dbl family proteins are tissue-specific and their number in Metazoa varies in proportion of cell signaling complexity. (wikipedia.org)
  • The DOCK8 gene provides instructions for making a member of the DOCK family of proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The proteins encoded by members of the Dbl family share a common domain, presented in this entry, of about 200 residues (designated the Dbl homology or DH domain) that has been shown to encode a GEF activity specific for a number of Rho family members. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • An amino-terminal portion conserved among a subset of Dbl family proteins is sufficient for the binding of Gbetagamma. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Oxysterol-binding protein family I is the target of minor enviroxime-like compounds. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Here we investigated the proteins recruited to the replication organelles of poliovirus, a representative of the genus Enterovirus of the Picornaviridae family. (bvsalud.org)
  • Bartlett, A. I. & Radford, S. E. An expanding arsenal of experimental methods yields an explosion of insights into protein folding mechanisms. (nature.com)
  • These motifs are responsible for the recognition of the guanine moiety in GTP and GDP, and contain residues that undergo post-translational modifications that underlie new mechanisms of RAS regulation. (nih.gov)
  • By showing that different Rab proteins are activated by different mechanisms, and that a single Rab protein can be activated by more than one mechanism, the work of Langemeyer et al. (elifesciences.org)
  • Structures of Ric-8B in complex with Galpha protein folding clients reveal isoform specificity mechanisms. (stanford.edu)
  • Depletion of these proteins similarly affected the replication of diverse enteroviruses indicating broad conservation of the replication mechanisms. (bvsalud.org)
  • Produced by in vitro bioreactor culture of hybridoma line followed by Protein A affinity chromatography. (antibodiesinc.com)
  • The NLS within a proteins destined for nuclear localization includes a unipartite or even a bipartite simple amino acidity cluster such as for example KKKRK in SV40 huge tumor antigen (25) or RKR-Xn-RKRKR in T cell proteins tyrosine phosphatase (26) that is acknowledged by an importin-α/β heterodimer. (molecularcircuit.com)
  • Because protein molecules are highly dynamic, constant chaperone surveillance is required to ensure protein homeostasis (proteostasis). (nature.com)
  • B cells produce proteins called antibodies, which attach to foreign particles and germs and mark them for destruction. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These deletions and other DOCK8 gene mutations lead to production of an abnormally short protein or production of no protein. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Although a high level of PDE10A gene expression is observed in the testis, information on the identity of the isoforms or on the cell type that express the PDE10 protein is lacking. (plos.org)
  • What does this gene/protein do? (cancerindex.org)
  • A gene, the basic unit of heredity, is a segment of DNA containing all the information necessary to synthesize a polypeptide (protein) or a functional RNA molecule. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A gene is a segment of DNA that provides the code to construct a protein or RNA molecule. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
  • Mutations identified in many SH2 domain-containing proteins as well as the SH2 domain itself are associated with human diseases ranging from cancers, diabetes, to immunodeficiencies. (eu.org)
  • High level of resistance required a gradual accumulation of multiple mutations in the viral protein 2C. (bvsalud.org)
  • Most proteins must fold into defined three-dimensional structures to gain functional activity. (nature.com)
  • Binding to a molecule called GDP makes the Rab protein inactive, while binding to GTP makes it active. (elifesciences.org)
  • Genetic studies have clarified that most microcephaly genes encode ubiquitous proteins involved in mitosis and in maintenance of genomic stability, but the effects of their inactivation are particularly strong in neural progenitors. (cancerindex.org)
  • To investigate further the function of the RGL genes, we examined the expression profiles of all 5 DELLA protein genes by real-time PCR. (nih.gov)
  • The phosphorylated proteins may act directly on the cell's ion channels, or may become activated or inhibited enzymes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The protein is important in hematopoiesis, playing a role in T-cell and B-cell development and activation. (avivasysbio.com)
  • The aim of this study was to comprehensively identify proteins that are enriched in amyloid plaques using unbiased proteomics in two subtypes of early onset AD: sporadic early onset AD (EOAD) and Down Syndrome (DS) with AD. (researchsquare.com)
  • Mass spectrometry-based proteomics is an alternative approach that allows efficient quantification of thousands of amyloid plaque proteins simultaneously. (researchsquare.com)
  • Three additional DELLA proteins RGL1, RGL2, and RGL3 are present in Arabidopsis. (nih.gov)
  • Proteins bigger than 45 kDa need a nuclear localization series (NLS) for entrance in to the nucleus (15). (molecularcircuit.com)
  • 3407. S.A. Rutherford, M.W. Goldberg, T.D. Allen, 'Three-dimensional visualization of the route of protein import: the role of nuclear pore complex substructures,' Exp. (nanomedicine.com)
  • 3419. M.A. Mancini, D. He, I.I. Ouspenski, B.R. Brinkley, 'Dynamic continuity of nuclear and mitotic matrix proteins in the cell cycle,' J. Cell Biochem. (nanomedicine.com)
  • 3422. J.H. Hughes, M.B. Cohen, 'Nuclear matrix proteins and their potential applications to diagnostic pathology,' Am. J. Clin. (nanomedicine.com)
  • But in the cellular environment, newly synthesized proteins are at great risk of aberrant folding and aggregation, potentially forming toxic species. (nature.com)
  • We observed that poliovirus VP0 is recognized by an antibody against a cellular autophagy protein, LC3A. (bvsalud.org)
  • RCC1 converts RanGDP to RanGTP in the nucleus, activating Ran for the export of proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • The 70 or so members of the Rab subfamily of proteins perform a wide range of important tasks inside cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • This construct biotinylated multiple host and viral proteins on the replication organelles. (bvsalud.org)
  • We focused our study on early onset AD as the drivers of the more aggressive pathology development in these cases is unknown and it is unclear whether amyloid-plaque enriched proteins differ between subtypes of early onset AD. (researchsquare.com)