• We use parameter values from the literature and the data on return migration to simulate the model and quantify the effects of increased openness on human capital and wages of the sending countries. (repec.org)
  • David H. Autor similarly suggests "computerization of routine job tasks may lead to the simultaneous growth of high-education, high-wage and low-education, low-wages jobs at the expense of middle-wage, middle education jobs…Cumulatively, these two trends of rapid employment growth in both high and low-education jobs have substantially reduced the share of employment accounted for by 'middle skill' jobs. (economicsofinformationsociety.com)
  • This short piece by Robert Gordon is important because it seeks to quantify the impact of a phenomenon that economists have noticed a bit late in the game: that the benefits of GDP growth, which used to go mainly to labor (via increased hiring and better wages) now benefit capitalists fare more than ordinary workers. (nakedcapitalism.com)
  • The estimates are used to predict changes in the lifecycle patterns of employment due to changes in schooling, fertility, husband's income, and the magnitude of the experience effect on wages. (nlsinfo.org)
  • Findings show that although work experience increases the disutility of further work, this effect is overwhelmed by the positive effect of experience on wages, leading to persistence in the employment patterns of these women. (nlsinfo.org)
  • For example, Germany's recent history has featured reduced wages (especially via increasing part-time jobs), fewer social welfare protections, major bank bailouts in the crisis of 2008, rising inequality of income and wealth, austerity policies and so on. (nakedcapitalism.com)
  • By doing so, transfer payments aim to promote social welfare , reduce poverty, and ensure a more equitable distribution of resources within a society. (jittery.com)
  • Cash transfers involve the direct provision of money to individuals or households, such as welfare payments, unemployment benefits, or pensions. (jittery.com)
  • whether developing or developed with a market economy or centrally planned is an increase in productivity per capital output growth is however an important component of economic development or welfare. (eprojecttopics.com)
  • The stock of human capital like the stock of natural and physical increase will deteriorate and decay if not increased and maintained through public health sanitation, social welfare service, nutrition and guaranteed employment schemes. (eprojecttopics.com)
  • The concept of efficient market theory to maximize return to investors has to be replaced by a theoretical framework that maximizes the efficiency of society as a whole by the full utilization of all available social resources to improve human welfare and well-being. (worldacademy.org)
  • Organization is a determinant of social productivity and human welfare. (worldacademy.org)
  • This was achieved through a look at the labour markets prior to 1970 followed by a data analysis of the shifts in the labour market in the 1970s and 1980s, looking at numerical values for unemployment, low wage employment and high wage employment of black men and white men and black women and white women (insufficient data prevented them from analyzing other groups such as Hispanic, Asian American and Native American). (wikipedia.org)
  • They found that men and white individuals had bigger shares of high wage employment, women collectively increased their share of high wage employment and black individuals showed modest growth but increased their share of serious unemployment. (wikipedia.org)
  • From their analysis it was seen that, for example, individuals with weekly incomes below the workforce median or unemployment for longer than 11 weeks were more highly represented in black communities than white communities across the sample years 1973, 1979 and 1987 and there was a 16% to 20% difference between white and black individuals that earned weekly incomes above the median wage. (wikipedia.org)
  • According to the human capital model, wage differentials among individuals over the life-cycle are largely the result of different patterns of investment in human capital. (repec.org)
  • One example is wage formation, where expectations about future inflation and labor demand strongly affect the contracted wage for the contract period, which in turn strongly influences realized inflation. (nobelprize.org)
  • Capitalism is the stage in the development of human society characterised by class monopoly of the means of production, with wage-labour and commodity-production. (worldsocialism.org)
  • The value of the longitudinal nature of this data is emphasized in discussions of accumulated research on labor supply, unemployment, and wage and earnings differentials. (nlsinfo.org)
  • the basis of production, then, is the social relation between wage labor and capital. (libcom.org)
  • Finally, the policy recommendation arising from the study shows if government wants to increase the level of economic growth in Nigeria, then it should invest more on human capital and also roll out programmes that will encourage human capital development. (eprojecttopics.com)
  • Perceptions of unequal opportunities, by affecting individual aspirations, may also reduce investments in human capital. (cepr.org)
  • Present social science theory and public policy are no longer adequate to meet the multi-dimensional challenges posed by rising social aspirations, unemployment and inequality, wasteful patterns of production and consumption, globalization of markets, technological advances, demographic changes, and ecological constraints. (worldacademy.org)
  • Inequality can be both good and bad for growth. (cepr.org)
  • This column exploits US data to argue that inequality affects negatively the future income growth of the poor and positively that of the rich. (cepr.org)
  • This relationship is largely driven by inequality of opportunity, which limits the growth prospects at the bottom of the income distribution. (cepr.org)
  • Much has been written about the relationship between inequality and economic growth, yet a consensus on (even) the sign of this relationship has yet to emerge: Is high inequality today good or bad for future income growth prospects? (cepr.org)
  • What makes this a hard question to answer is the fact that there are arguably a variety of different channels via which inequality may have an impact on growth. (cepr.org)
  • Kaldor (1956), for example, considers income inequality as necessary for the provision of savings (the rich save more than the poor), and thus key for capital accumulation and economic growth. (cepr.org)
  • These works argue that high inequality prompts a relatively poor median voter to vote for high tax rates, which in turn reduce incentives for investment and cause low growth. (cepr.org)
  • In two separate applications, one to the EU member countries and one to the American states, they find that inequality of opportunity is negatively correlated with growth while the residual ("good inequality") tends to help growth. (cepr.org)
  • The rationale is that inequality of opportunity may harm economic growth because it favours human capital accumulation by individuals with better social origins, rather than by those with more talent. (cepr.org)
  • It has proven harder to reproduce the negative relationship between inequality of opportunity and growth using cross-country data (Ferreira et al 2014), either because the relationship does not hold true in all countries, or because the data are not strictly comparable across countries. (cepr.org)
  • To study how inequality of opportunity affects the income growth of individuals at different steps of the socio-economic ladder, one must also understand growth. (cepr.org)
  • In an earlier study, van der Weide and Milanovic (2014) found that higher inequality favours the growth prospects of the rich while it limits the growth prospects of the poor. (cepr.org)
  • In a new working paper (Marrero et al 2016), we try to answer this question by "unpacking" both inequality and growth. (cepr.org)
  • Using individual-level data from the US covering the period from 1960 to 2010, we compute state level measures of inequality of opportunity, total inequality, and income growth rates at different steps of the income distribution. (cepr.org)
  • [2] Karamoja remains the least developed part of the country with lower human development indicators due to limited access to school, poor infrastructure resulting in abject poverty and regional inequality. (grin.com)
  • On the positive side, they can help alleviate poverty, reduce income inequality, and provide a safety net for vulnerable individuals or groups. (jittery.com)
  • Bradbury and Triest (2016), using measures of absolute and relative inter-generational mobility as proxies for equality of opportunity, find that mobility has a positive effect on future economic growth. (cepr.org)
  • Increased productivity of existing labor force and economic growth. (grin.com)
  • High and persistent unemployment in the US has emerged as one of the most important macroeconomic legacies of the 2007-09 world economic crisis. (nakedcapitalism.com)
  • By supporting consumption and increasing disposable income , transfer payments can also stimulate economic activity and contribute to overall economic growth. (jittery.com)
  • As revolutionary Marxists, however, we understand capitalism not merely as a collection of economic processes but as an integrated system of socioeconomic relationships. (isreview.org)
  • Davidson's is an outstanding comprehensive account of the involved and often contradictory processes that went into the making of neoliberalism as a "political-economic" strategy developed by ruling class "vanguards" (such as Margaret Thatcher in the UK) from the mid-1970s in response to capitalism's crisis of profitability. (isreview.org)
  • He shows neoliberalism to be both (a) a new economic strategy of capital accumulation adopted after the crisis of 1973-1974, and (b) a set of political policies to enable capital to accumulate and to smash the working class and its organizations. (isreview.org)
  • The economic development needs the support of human capital. (scirp.org)
  • W. Schultz Theodore (1963) indicates that the human capital is a significant source of the economic growth in the book, Economic Value of Education. (scirp.org)
  • Not only in China, the rapid economic development in Japan and Germany's after the world war two also demonstrates that the accumulation of human capital is inevitable for economics. (scirp.org)
  • This research work tries to investigate the analysis of human capital formation and economic development in Nigeria between 1981 to 2015. (eprojecttopics.com)
  • The neo-classical mode and multiple regression using ordinary least square (OLS) to analyze the relationship between the dependent and independent variables using GDPPC (gross domestic product per capital) as a proxy for economic growth and development was conducted. (eprojecttopics.com)
  • One way this can be done is to increase the funding of the education sector in Nigeria as empirical findings from our study provided evidence that it has a positive significant relationship with economic growth in Nigeria. (eprojecttopics.com)
  • From studies, it has been revealed that human beings are the most important and promising source of growth in productivity and economic growth and development. (eprojecttopics.com)
  • The concept of human capital refers to the abilities and skills of human capital resources of a country, while human capital formation refers to the process of acquiring and increasing the number of person who have the skills, education and experience which are crucial for the economic and political development of a country (Okojie 1995). (eprojecttopics.com)
  • A nation cannot experience economic growth without human capital development. (com.ng)
  • For human capital to actually have any impact on economic growth some investment has to be made. (com.ng)
  • This project examines the impact of human capital on economic growth in Nigeria from 1980-2006. (com.ng)
  • The study used the ordinary least square technique(O L S) to determine the relationship between human capital and economic growth. (com.ng)
  • The concept of human capital is a relatively recent idea in the realm of economic theory. (com.ng)
  • The use of the term human capital in the modern neoclassical economic literature dates back to Jacob Mincer pioneering article "Investment in Human Capital and Personal income distribution" in the Journal of Political Economy in 1958. (com.ng)
  • Human capital refers to a conscious and continuous process of acquiring requisite knowledge, education, skills and experiences that are crucial for the rapid economic growth of a country (Harbison 1973, Salleh 1992). (com.ng)
  • We study the effect of a huge sports sentiment shock, unrelated to economic conditions or government actions, on stock market outcomes. (puc-rio.br)
  • Furthermore, it makes it possible to establish conversion rates between cultural capital and economic capital by guaranteeing the monetary value of a given academic capital. (typeset.io)
  • The Autumn economic forecasts by the Commission are marked by slow growth and high but relatively stable unemployment (24.6 million people). (europa.eu)
  • The authors recommend several reforms to immigration policy, including reducing immigrant inflows during recessions, selecting younger immigrants, continuing to emphasize language skills, placing employer-sponsored immigration within the context of the longer-term goals, maintaining the focus on highly skilled immigrants (those in the skilled trades as well as college and university graduates) and supporting continued economic success among the children of immigrants. (irpp.org)
  • The FSWP remains a mainstay of economic immigration and was even bumped up in 2010, but its share of the economic class will likely reduce over time to make way for the two newer immigration streams. (irpp.org)
  • This theme combines the focus on new economic theory and human capital with the role of entrepreneurship and innovation, placing them in a wider theoretical context. (worldacademy.org)
  • Human Capital is a central unifying theme of the Academy's work and also a central strategy for breaking out of the narrow conceptions and stifling economic policies that prevail now. (worldacademy.org)
  • It also encompasses the issue of human rights and economic rights, including the right to employment. (worldacademy.org)
  • Current theories based on the efficiency of markets overlook the gross inefficiency of economic systems that seek to maximize return to investors by wastefully consuming natural resources or grossly undervaluing and underutilizing human capital. (worldacademy.org)
  • Public health goals rather than political and economic incentives should be prioritised to reduce high levels of alcohol consumption in Latvia. (bvsalud.org)
  • As the world economic and market relations are influenced by boundless information flow, huge movements of people, goods and services, and, based on that, a totally new context of globalization is emerging, countries around the world started to define their long-term policies for human, social development and economic growth coordinating them closely with global and regional development trends. (who.int)
  • Whereas, for the case when at least one cointegration relation exists, we have a √T-consistent estimator for the intervention effect albeit with a non-standard distribution. (puc-rio.br)
  • rather, it is only a means, albeit an indispensable one, for transforming a given quantity of capital into a larger quantity. (libcom.org)
  • Instead it was, and remains , a systematic way to arrange capitalist and non-capitalist relations to the benefit of the former, as a means of addressing internal contradictions within the accumulation process, albeit in a context of growing resistance. (cadtm.org)
  • The typical response from the other side of the Atlantic to such fears was that in a globalised world these imbalances are physiological and do not cause problems so long as they are financed with capital inflows. (europa.eu)
  • Her research and recommendations aimed to redress racial injustices, making connections between labor markets and competition within themes of capitalist competition and wealth accumulation and the effect on disadvantaged social groups. (wikipedia.org)
  • These factors have made possible the continued growth of capitalism, and the vital need for revolution no longer prevails among those classes that as the immediate producers would be capable of stopping the capitalist production. (autodidactproject.org)
  • In capitalist society, Marx said, wealth takes the form of an immense accumulation of commodities. (worldsocialism.org)
  • Second, as the capital flow turns from new sectors to new spaces, imperial power helps capitalist social relations dominate non-capitalist "natural economies. (cadtm.org)
  • And the best known application of the idea of `Human Capital' in economics revolves around the work of Mincer, Schultz and Gary Becker of the Chicago school, Becker's book entitled Human Capital published in 1964 became a standard reference for many years. (com.ng)
  • Capital (economics) is a research topic. (typeset.io)
  • Human capital development according to Harbison and Myer (1964) is the process of increasing the knowledge, the skills and the capabilities of people in the society. (eprojecttopics.com)
  • However, it could also be that a poor median voter chooses redistributive policies that are not necessarily bad for growth, such as investments in public education, for example (Saint Paul and Verdier 1996). (cepr.org)
  • However, the scale, militancy and global scope of the struggle reflects not simply revulsion at Trump and the accumulation of anger over police racism, but also a more general sense of crisis eroding the stability of capitalism. (isj.org.uk)
  • From the 1980s onwards, the Keynesian steering of national economies was systematically dismantled in favor of a new mode of capital accumulation. (isreview.org)
  • The purchaser of this special commodity uses it to enlarge his capital, measured in money terms. (libcom.org)
  • In the circulation process capital alternately assumes commodity form and money form as it accumulates. (libcom.org)
  • Investment in human capital consist of ;education, training, health and other social services, that will help in enhancing productive capacity of labour. (com.ng)
  • In this article, the authors define cultural capital as accumulated labor that, when appropriated on a private, that is, exclusive, basis by agents or groups of agents, enables them to appropriate social energy in the form of reified or living labor. (typeset.io)
  • At the same time, social safety nets must be reinforced and long-term growth bolstered. (un.org)
  • Since capital expansion determines the course of social production, if the latter is to proceed smoothly it must be profitable enough to permit accumulation. (libcom.org)
  • A complex web of review processes has, as yet, not come up with a comprehensive picture of the potential environmental and social impact of the project and the answer to whether or not Quebec needs a hydroelectric development of this size lies in documents kept with jealous care. (nzdl.org)
  • In 1913, Rosa Luxemburg's The Accumulation of Capital offered a unique contribution to the Marxist theory of imperialism partly because she drew on primary accounts of Africa's super-exploitation, with nuanced attention to the social formation emerging in South Africa. (cadtm.org)
  • Scientific knowledge, technological developments, infrastructure and productive capabilities, educated and skilled human resources, entrepreneurial skills, commercial organization and a rapidly expanding global social network offer unprecedented opportunities for rapid social progress. (worldacademy.org)
  • This theme focuses on Social Capital and is a complement to the one on Human Capital. (worldacademy.org)
  • While the decline of business activity in the US was no larger than in Europe, the US is an outlier in its outsized response of the unemployment rate to its decline of output (IMF 2011). (nakedcapitalism.com)
  • At the same time, labour markets in euro area countries have witnessed an increase in participation rate and a decline in the unemployment rate. (europa.eu)
  • However, the employment rate still falls behind the objective of 70% set by the Lisbon strategy, and unemployment rates remain unacceptably high in a number of euro area countries. (europa.eu)
  • The growth rate of the enrollment of postgraduate education in China is also rapidly expanding. (scirp.org)
  • The growth rate of the enrollment increases over 6 times indicating that residents' educational awareness is gradually enhancing. (scirp.org)
  • Economists have recognized the centrality of the stock and rate of accumulation of human capital in the process of development. (eprojecttopics.com)
  • Human is then one's income depends partly on the rate of return on the human capital one owns, which allows on the receive a flow of income which is like interest earned. (com.ng)
  • Interest is calculated on the amount of the capital invested or borrowed, the duration of the operation and the rate that has been set. (cadtm.org)
  • Wealth is anything useful produced by human labour from materials found in nature. (worldsocialism.org)
  • As articles of wealth all commodities share two characteristics: they are useful and they are products of human labour. (worldsocialism.org)
  • Firms' and households' investment in capital and saving in financial assets are then influenced by these asset prices and expected future returns, incomes, and taxes. (nobelprize.org)
  • More unequal societies may then be more prone to wasting human resources, which would lead to lower growth. (cepr.org)
  • We find that without a cointegration relation (spurious case) the intervention estimator diverges resulting in the rejection of the hypothesis of no intervention effect regardless of its existence. (puc-rio.br)
  • Several writers have drawn attention to the existence of such "disguised" unemployment in the agricultural sector. (typeset.io)
  • Jeffrey D. Sachs and Laurence J. Kotlikoff note technological innovation can reduce the marginal productivity of low-skilled workers while raising the marginal productivity of high-skilled workers. (economicsofinformationsociety.com)
  • To ensure that the advantage of European exporters in specific high value added varieties is not eroded over time, to regain price competitiveness across all euro area countries, and to improve labour market performance and potential output growth, the euro area needs to implement structural reforms directed to boost productivity growth and enhance the functioning of both labour and product markets. (europa.eu)
  • demographical changes including high rates of fertility and population growth, and epidemiological changes such as the substantial increase in prevalence of chronic diseases are among the major challenges facing the Palestinian health system. (who.int)
  • IMPLICATIONS: Despite the progress in alcohol control, Latvia still has considerable potential for strengthening alcohol control to reduce the high levels of alcohol consumption. (bvsalud.org)
  • Therefore human capital formation is a continuous process from childhood to old age and a must for any society or enterprise that wishes to survive under the complex challenges of a dynamic world. (eprojecttopics.com)
  • The equilibrium model also does not do well in fitting the unemployment duration distribution compared to the unrestricted model. (nlsinfo.org)
  • It was also found that an increase in young children and in husband's income substantially reduces participation while increased schooling has a powerful positive impact on participation. (nlsinfo.org)
  • Human capital is substitutable though it will not replace land, labour or capital it can be substituted for them to various degrees and be included as a separate variable in a production function. (com.ng)
  • However, existing societies, economies and cultures incite consumption expansion and the structural imperative for growth in competitive market economies inhibits necessary societal change. (nature.com)
  • Asia is emerging to become an important global development epicenter in addition to America and Europe, and this process is gaining momentum with rapidly developing economies and growing populations of India and China and attracting due attention of the world. (who.int)
  • Human Capital is similar to "physical means of production" (example factories and machineries) one can invest in human capital (via education, training and medical treatment) and Nakamura (1981) also defines human capital broadly as labor skills, managerial skills and entrepreneurial and innovative abilities plus such physical attributes as health and strength. (com.ng)
  • This not only increases the income gap between skilled and unskilled workers, but also has a generational effect, raising the incomes of the older generation while lowering the income of the young. (economicsofinformationsociety.com)
  • This finding demonstrate the relevance of real gross domestic product in boosting the human capital development through the ratio of student enrollment in schools. (com.ng)
  • If the answer is yes, then human survival is indeed at stake in the environmental crisis. (transcend.org)
  • Humanity, therefore, is facing issues of ecological survival on two levels: (1) a still reversible but rapidly worsening Earth System crisis, threatening to undermine civilization as a whole and make the planet uninhabitable for the human species, and (2) accelerating extreme weather and other ecological disasters associated with climate change that are now unavoidable in the coming decades, affecting localities and regions throughout the globe. (transcend.org)
  • First, Luxemburg's Accumulation gives us the basic tools to work through why there is a "ceaseless flow of capital from one branch of production to another, and finally in the periodic and cyclical swings of reproduction between overproduction and crisis" (2003, 76). (cadtm.org)
  • According to Galor and Moav (2006), the key to fast growth in modern societies is not capital accumulation but improvements in human capital. (cepr.org)
  • problems of human capital formation in Nigeria as well as theoretical framework were ascertained. (eprojecttopics.com)
  • In this article, the authors present a different framework for solving problems of distribution accumulation and growth first in a closed and then in an open economy, where the assumption of an unlimited labor supply is used. (typeset.io)
  • Written in the classical tradition this essay attempts to determine what can be made of the classical framework in solving problems of distribution accumulation and growth first in a closed and then in an open economy. (typeset.io)
  • The crucial link between both processes has been aptly summarized by Kennedy (2004) as follows, manpower is the basic resources, and it is the indispensable means of converting other resources to mankind's uses and benefit. (eprojecttopics.com)
  • Those arguments were constructed during the critical period of primitive accumulation, and as a result, Luxemburg considered the context for land and natural resource dispossession, migrant labor, and ethno-patriarchal rule. (cadtm.org)
  • He said decisive, well-calibrated and agile policies, tailored to each country's circumstances, are needed, with a focus on reducing inflation, maintaining financial stability and rebuilding fiscal buffers. (un.org)
  • However, the most important challenge facing the health sector in the occupied Palestinian territories is the Israeli occupation itself, its continued savage aggression against Palestinians as human beings, the construction of military barriers and of the apartheid wall which separate different parts of Palestinian lands, also separating those lands from the rest of the world through the closure of crossing points and frontiers. (who.int)
  • This paper is intended to analyze the effects of recent investments in human capital - general education, vocational/training or language courses - on workers' relative earnings and on the probability of making an upwards transition in the earnings distribution. (repec.org)
  • A separate analysis for females also reveals these positive returns of recent investments in human capital relative earnings, although in this case they appear to be none statistically significant. (repec.org)
  • And since this would provide amply for the need of public revenues, we would accompany this tax on land values with the repeal of all taxes now levied on the products and processes of industry - which taxes, since they take from the earnings of labor, we hold to be infringements of the right of property. (wealthandwant.com)
  • Their findings were that restructuring of the manufacturing sector increased competition for employment opportunities with white workers and also had the effect of reducing the cost of employment discrimination against black men. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although the current employment figure is reduced by enlarge the scale of postgraduate education, the supply of the market is still beyond the demand. (scirp.org)
  • Education and training have been identified as the most important direct means of upgrading the human intellect and skills for productive employment (Yusuf, 2000). (eprojecttopics.com)
  • Human capital can also be defined as a way of defining and categorizing people's skills and abilities as used in employment and otherwise contribute to the economy. (com.ng)
  • The draft Joint Employment Report (JER), mandated by Article 148 TFEU, is part of the Annual Growth Survey (AGS) package to launch the 2015 European Semester. (europa.eu)
  • Therefore the development of the economy is to a considerable degree affected by current expectations about future developments. (nobelprize.org)
  • [7] Authentic human development has a moral character. (vatican.va)
  • Therefore these relevant human capital formation indices should be integrated into the national development planning process in other to achieve sustainable growth and development. (eprojecttopics.com)
  • Human capital formation, Okojie (1995) argue is associated with investment in man and his development as a creative and productive person. (eprojecttopics.com)
  • The totality of the effort and cost involved in this massive upgrading of the productive capacity of the people constitutes investment in human resources which is also referred to as manpower development or human resources development. (eprojecttopics.com)
  • In effect, human resources development encompasses virtually the whole population as its target. (eprojecttopics.com)
  • Cree Indian communities in the area affected by the development first heard of it through newspaper reports. (nzdl.org)
  • National Development Strategy of Mongolia defines in a comprehensive manner its policy for the next fourteen years aimed at promoting human development in Mongolia, in a humane, civil, and democratic society, and developing intensively the country's economy, society, science, technology, culture and civilization in strict compliance with global and regional development trends. (who.int)
  • There is probably no better way to develop a policy to reduce GHGs than resurrecting the emphasis on meatless Fridays. (countercurrents.org)
  • While economists have long paid close attention to the concept of investments is, physical capital in recent years they have placed emphasis on the concept of human capital investments. (com.ng)
  • The investment manager also has contractually agreed in advance to reduce its fees as a result of the Fund's investment in Franklin Templeton affiliated funds (acquired fund) for at least one year following the date of this prospectus. (streetinsider.com)
  • Industry observers recommend additional process steps to improve the investment climate, including conducting Regulatory Impact Analyses and soliciting substantive feedback from a broad range of stakeholders, including foreign investors. (state.gov)
  • The shift towards increases in GDP favoring corporate profits at the expense of labor became pronounced in the weak Bush expansion (we commented on it in a 2005 article ) and Gordon's effort to try to translate that into the impact on unemployment levels is a useful step forward in the debate. (nakedcapitalism.com)
  • The results overall support the hypothesis that pension freezes affect overall compensation and therefore that they change compensation costs relative to a worker's marginal product. (federalreserve.gov)
  • The marginal efficiency of capital 12. (typeset.io)
  • In the 1st place an unlimited supply of labor may be said to exist in those countries where population is so large relative to capital and natural resources that there are large sectors of the economy where the marginal productivity of labor is negligible zero or even negative. (typeset.io)
  • 2) In this exchange society, the satisfaction of human needs occurs only as a by-product of profitable production. (autodidactproject.org)
  • it has become part of the basic productive process and of the necessary costs of production. (autodidactproject.org)
  • Equipment and technology are products of human minds and can only be made productive by people. (eprojecttopics.com)
  • The success of any productive program depends on human innovative ideas and creativity. (eprojecttopics.com)
  • Human capital covers a broad range of concepts but the most essential feature is increased productivity through investing in employees, it can mean education acquired from elementary school level, training of basic reading and writing skills, to job training, both of general and specific skills. (com.ng)
  • The fragmentation effect is reflected by how the remaining and small amount of liquidity is thinly spread out across an expanding range of products and market venues. (economicsofinformationsociety.com)
  • The loss of trust in certain kinds of financial contract, in particular in relation to their liquidity, has reduced the incentive to finance such operations, giving rise to chain reactions in all the markets. (europa.eu)
  • This effect occurs because the old have accumulated physical and human capital, while the young are endowed with unskilled labor. (economicsofinformationsociety.com)
  • While there are differences in the age-service distributions of firms that freeze versus those that do not, we find that the differential accrual effect is largely driven by differences in benefit factors and the relative importance of labor in the freeze firm's production function. (federalreserve.gov)
  • This paper seeks to apply Human Capital Theory and Human Rights approach to critically analyse benefits of basic education in poverty reduction and realisation of regional equality in Northern Uganda. (grin.com)
  • Our ndings support the view that the ZLB did not put such a critical constraint on monetary policy, as the Fed retained some ability to affect long-term yields through communication. (puc-rio.br)
  • We review and summarise those studies that holistically assess the impact of human activities, in the sense that impacts are not restricted to the home, city, or territory of the individuals, but instead are counted irrespective of where they occur. (nature.com)
  • For example, due to its higher share of capital goods exports, Germany might have also benefited, to a greater extent, than both Italy and France, from the sustained world demand. (europa.eu)