• Hyposomatotropism is a deficiency in the release of pituitary growth hormone (somatotropin), resulting in short stature. (medscape.com)
  • Growth hormone (GH) deficiency is a disorder that causes symptoms such as short stature, delayed puberty, low energy, and others. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • normal variants of growth patterns include genetic short height (familial short stature ) and slow growth/delayed puberty (constitutional growth delay). (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Mutations in or deletions of the gene lead to growth hormone deficiency and short stature. (antikoerper-online.de)
  • In the United States, recombinant human growth hormone is used in the pediatric population to treat short stature due to growth hormone deficiency (including idiopathic [of unknown cause] growth hormone deficiency), Turner syndrome, Noonan syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, short stature homeobox-containing gene (SHOX) deficiency, chronic renal insufficiency, idiopathic short stature and children small for gestational age. (fda.gov)
  • The approved doses in the United States for pediatric growth hormone deficiency are below 50 mcg/kg/day, except during puberty, when a higher dose regimen is approved for a limited duration of time.For short stature indications other than growth hormone deficiency, doses up to 69 mcg/kg/day (0.48 mg/kg/week) are currently approved. (fda.gov)
  • One common reason for contemplating growth hormone therapy is when a child has a short stature that falls significantly below the average for their age and gender. (moravita.com)
  • This condition is often referred to as short stature or stunted growth. (moravita.com)
  • Growth hormone deficiency is the most common pituitary hormone deficiency and is accompanied by poor overall growth and short stature. (merckmanuals.com)
  • If the pituitary gland does not produce enough growth hormone, abnormally slow growth and short stature can result. (merckmanuals.com)
  • In addition to a deficiency of growth hormone, short stature can occur for other reasons. (merckmanuals.com)
  • For example, most children and adolescents who have short stature are short because their families are short, or because their growth spurt came at the late end of the normal range of time for such development. (merckmanuals.com)
  • The main therapeutic goal of growth hormone treatment in children with growth hormone deficiency are to enable short children to achieve normal height, with early improvement of the psychosocial problems related to short stature. (medscape.com)
  • Growth hormone deficiency typically results in abnormally slow growth and short stature. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin, also known as human growth hormone (hGH or HGH) in its human form, is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in humans and other animals. (wikipedia.org)
  • The names somatotropin (STH) or somatotropic hormone refer to the growth hormone produced naturally in animals and extracted from carcasses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Growth Hormone (aka somatotropin) is released into the blood stream from the anterior pituitary gland. (ironmanmagazine.com)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the somatotropin/prolactin family of hormones which play an important role in growth control. (antikoerper-online.de)
  • Pituitary growth hormone also known as somatotropin is a peptide hormone produced and stored by somatotrophic cells in the pituitary gland of the brain. (nwac-hq.org)
  • It is commonly referred to as hGH, and somatotropin is a naturally occurring hormone that the pituitary gland produces and releases. (outlookindia.com)
  • One example is with the hormone somatotropin. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Somatotropin normally works by increasing the production of proteins known as insulin-like growth factors, which then go on to stimulate growth, but this increase was not observed in chickens. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, is a natural hormone produced by the pituitary gland, a small gland located at the base of the brain. (moravita.com)
  • A 191-amino acid polypeptide hormone secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR), also known as GH or somatotropin. (umassmed.edu)
  • [ 14 ] In addition to its direct effect on the oocytes and/or cumulus cells, GH may also influence oocyte quality indirectly, through activation of insulin-like growth factor-I synthesis or promotion of follicle-stimulating hormone-induced ovarian steroidogenesis (reviewed in [ 15 ] ). (medscape.com)
  • Evaluation of pituitary- gonadal function showed normal prepubertal concentrations of luteinizing-hormone (9002679), follicle-stimulating-hormone (9002759) and testosterone (58220). (cdc.gov)
  • These observations show that hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is associated with a high frequency of congenital abnormalities, subnormal sleep-mediated growth-hormone (9002726) release, plasma luteinizing-hormone and follicle- stimulating-hormone concentrations indistinguishable from normal prepubertal boys and normal plasma testosterone responses to long human chorionic-gonadotropin (9002613) treatment. (cdc.gov)
  • Data from mice that overexpress or are deficient in growth hormone (GH) indicate that GH stimulates T and B-cell proliferation and Ig synthesis, and enhances maturation of myeloid progenitor cells. (nih.gov)
  • Growth hormone has been FDA approved for use in adults who are deficient in growth hormone since 1996. (beliefnet.com)
  • Just as a person can become deficient in thyroid hormone at any age, a person may become deficient in growth hormone at any age. (beliefnet.com)
  • Growth hormone is a powerful anabolic hormone that occurs naturally in the human body. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Many other naturally occurring and synthetic compounds called auxins also have growth-promoting properties, but they are not always as active as IAA. (britannica.com)
  • First of all growth hormone is a hormone that naturally occurs in our bodies. (beliefnet.com)
  • And now that there's an easy-to-swallow capsule that can raise growth hormone naturally, the hGH revolution is exploding. (news-medical.net)
  • Human Growth Hormone (HGH) refers to a hormone that naturally occurs in our bodies. (dane101.com)
  • The body naturally produces growth hormone ( HGH or simply GH ) in the pituitary gland, and, as its name implies, it is responsible for cell growth and regeneration. (muscleandfitness.com)
  • Growth hormone levels naturally reduce from middle age onwards. (vic.gov.au)
  • Although human growth hormone is naturally produced in the body, it is also administered medically to treat certain conditions due to its benefits. (outlookindia.com)
  • Growth hormones, such as oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone, occur naturally in animals and are essential for various physiological processes. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Recombinant human growth hormone is a protein that is manufactured to be nearly identical to the main form of the naturally occurring human growth hormone. (fda.gov)
  • The supplement does not provide your body with artificial hormones but naturally boosts their body products to help bring back the youth in you . (healthkicker.com)
  • Despite marked structural similarities between growth hormone from different species, only human and Old World monkey growth hormones have significant effects on the human growth hormone receptor. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, these variants circulate partially bound to a protein (growth hormone-binding protein, GHBP), which is the truncated part of the growth hormone receptor, and an acid-labile subunit (ALS). (wikipedia.org)
  • IGF-I deficiency can be the result of GH resistance or insensitivity due to genetic disorders of the GH receptor causing GH receptor deficiency (growth hormone receptor deficiency [GHRD], Laron syndrome) or postreceptor defects, including the principal transduction agent STAT5b, the IGF-I/IGFBP3 stabilizer acid labile subunit (ALS), the IGF-I gene, or the IGF-I receptor. (medscape.com)
  • Growth failure due to heterozygous mutation of the type I IGF receptor is responsive to rhGH. (medscape.com)
  • Prolor Biotech obtained a nonexclusive license to The University of Queensland's (UQ) human growth hormone (HGH) receptor cell line. (genengnews.com)
  • Congenital causes include abnormalities of the GH-releasing hormone receptor and of the GH1 gene and certain central nervous system (CNS) malformations. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The findings indicate the beneficial effects of growth hormone remained long after the treatment ceased. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The paper is entitled 'Growth Hormone System: skin interactions,' and it explores the effects of growth hormone on the skin. (news-medical.net)
  • It also triggers the liver to produce insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), a hormone that mediates many of the growth-promoting effects of growth hormone. (moravita.com)
  • Short-term effects of growth hormone (GH) treatment or deprivation on cardiovascular risk parameters and intima-media thickness at carotid arteries in patients with severe GH deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • Colao A, Di Somma C, Rota F, Pivonello R, Savanelli MC, Spiezia S. Short-term effects of growth hormone (GH) treatment or deprivation on cardiovascular risk parameters and intima-media thickness at carotid arteries in patients with severe GH deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • Maison P, Chanson P. Cardiac effects of growth hormone in adults with growth hormone deficiency: a meta-analysis. (medscape.com)
  • Bex M, Abs R, Maiter D, Beckers A, Lamberigts G, Bouillon R. The effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on bone metabolism in adult-onset growth hormone deficiency: a 2-year open randomized controlled multicenter trial. (medscape.com)
  • The major isoform of the human growth hormone is a protein of 191 amino acids and a molecular weight of 22,124 daltons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many animal hormones may exert their effects by influencing protein synthesis , and evidence suggests that auxins may act in a similar way. (britannica.com)
  • The most critical of these proteins is the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b), which couples GH binding to the activation of gene expression that leads to the intracellular effects of GH, including synthesis of IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), and ALS. (medscape.com)
  • A research carried out by Researchers at UT Southwestern Medical Center has shown that a hormone that controls sleep and hunger also activates a protein, HIF-1 that has been known to induce tumour growth. (medindia.net)
  • Yet the discussion above shows that human growth hormone (HGH) secretion does not respond to protein intakes alone. (sealthedeal2009.org)
  • In knowing that several factors influence the human body's capability to secrete growth hormones, it's easier to understand why physicians prescribe steroids but only under their medical supervision. (sealthedeal2009.org)
  • Growth hormone use in poultry farming has been banned in the US for more than 50 years, but a survey conducted last year found that 60 per cent of parents in the 'Millenial' generation were concerned about hormones and steroids in meat, poultry and dairy products. (thepoultrysite.com)
  • Does hgh (human growth hormone) promote tics the way steroids do? (latitudes.org)
  • A few of these hormones include steroids, growth hormones, and thyroxine. (cdc.gov)
  • While mutations to the hGH gene often lead to abnormal growth in children and adults, these mutations have provided researchers with key clues regarding the genomic areas that appear to control expression of the hGH gene. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Adults who have a growth hormone deficiency - not the expected decline in growth hormone due to aging - might be prescribed synthetic HGH by their health care provider. (mayoclinic.org)
  • HGH treatment is also approved to treat adults with AIDS- or HIV-related growth hormone deficiency that causes irregular distribution of body fat. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Studies of healthy adults taking human growth hormone are limited and contradictory. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Although it appears that human growth hormone can increase muscle mass and reduce the amount of body fat in healthy older adults, the increase in muscle doesn't translate into increased strength. (mayoclinic.org)
  • It isn't clear if human growth hormone provides other benefits to healthy adults. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Growth hormone deficiency in adults. (mayoclinic.org)
  • In adults, growth hormone is needed to maintain the proper amounts of body fat, muscle, and bone. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • In adults, low or absent growth hormone can also cause emotional symptoms, such as tiredness and lack of motivation. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Adults with growth hormone deficiency usually have a history of pituitary tumors that may have been treated with surgery or radiation. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • In adults, blood tests may be performed to determine if a hormone deficiency is present. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Adults with growth hormone deficiency may also have increased levels of total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol , apolipoprotein B, and triglycerides . (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Growth Hormone Therapy is now also available to adults in some parts of the world. (ipwso.org)
  • Cummings DE, Merriam GR. Growth hormone therapy in adults. (medscape.com)
  • Svensson J, Bengtsson BA, Rosen T, Oden A, Johannsson G. Malignant disease and cardiovascular morbidity in hypopituitary adults with or without growth hormone replacement therapy. (medscape.com)
  • Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is the effector of growth induced by growth hormone (GH). (medscape.com)
  • Although higher doses (13 nM) of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) also suppressed basal GH secretion, IGF-I did not alter the GH and PRL secretory changes induced by hydrocortisone. (jci.org)
  • When secreted, GH remains active in the bloodstream for only a few minutes, but this is enough time for the liver to convert it into growth factors, the most crucial of which is insulin-like growth factor-1, or IGF-1, which boasts a host of anabolic properties. (muscleandfitness.com)
  • Growth hormone prompts our liver to make a substance called insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). (vic.gov.au)
  • The indirect action is mediated through insulin like growth factor 1, IGF-1. (nwac-hq.org)
  • The growth hormones increased the levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). (healthjockey.com)
  • At this time, FDA believes the benefits of recombinant growth hormone continue to outweigh its potential risks. (fda.gov)
  • 1-3 This study was based on a mandatory registry of patients in France treated with recombinant growth hormone during childhood between 1985 and 1996. (fda.gov)
  • The risk of death was reported to be increased when doses of recombinant growth hormone that are higher than what is normally prescribed for pediatric growth hormone deficiency were used. (fda.gov)
  • Human recombinant growth hormone is currently widely available in subcutaneous injection form. (medscape.com)
  • The pituitary is the master gland of the entire endocrine system and regulates the production of all hormones in the body. (beliefnet.com)
  • It regulates several physiological processes such as growth, metabolism, cell repair, muscle development and even facial features. (dane101.com)
  • Throughout life, growth hormone regulates the fat, muscle, tissue and bone in our bodies, and other aspects of our metabolism such as insulin action and blood sugar levels. (vic.gov.au)
  • Growth hormone (GH) is a peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in pulsatile manner, and it has important roles in cell growth and metabolism throughout the body. (medscape.com)
  • they regulate the body's growth, metabolism (the physical and chemical processes of the body), and sexual development and function. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • There are several ways to increase your body's level of HGH production such as exercise or simply getting enough sleep but sometimes these natural ways aren't enough to achieve optimal results - this is where human growth hormone supplements come into play. (dane101.com)
  • Human growth hormone can turn back your body's internal clock, helping you rapidly build muscle , slash fat , and increase libido , all while sending energy levels through the roof. (muscleandfitness.com)
  • Nonetheless, scientists found out from further investigations that a certain gut hormone called 'ghrelin' has stimulatory effect on the body's level of food intakes, far absorption and deposition, as well as release of growth hormones. (sealthedeal2009.org)
  • Lack of Sleep Disrupts Body Clock, Hormones Reverse schedules can disrupt the body's circadian rhythm, particularly in night-shift workers. (medscape.com)
  • A drug called somatropin or growth hormone ( Nutropin , Genotropin , Norditropin , Saizen , Humatrope , Tev-tropin , Omnitrope ) is injected into the fat underneath the skin. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Over the course of 18 months, 80 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis received daily injections of either a placebo , a single unit of growth hormone or a 2.5-unit dose of growth hormone in the randomized, double-blind trial. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Women on placebo stopped the injections after 18 months, while those randomized to growth hormone continued injections for a further 18 months. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Adding addition growth hormone through injections allow you to pack on some serious muscle. (ironmanmagazine.com)
  • In a 2004 study, they showed that patients receiving GHRH injections appeared to have more normal growth hormone levels and improvements in fat distribution. (harvard.edu)
  • A recombinant form of HGH called somatropin (INN) is used as a prescription drug to treat children's growth disorders and adult growth hormone deficiency. (wikipedia.org)
  • Molitch ME, Clemmons DR, Malozowski S, Merriam GR, Vance ML,. Evaluation and treatment of adult growth hormone deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. (medscape.com)
  • The main growth hormone produced by recombinant DNA technology has the approved generic name (INN) somatropin and the brand name Humatrope, and is properly abbreviated rhGH in the scientific literature. (wikipedia.org)
  • Growth hormone deficiency is the most common pituitary hormone deficiency in children and can be isolated or accompanied by deficiency of other pituitary hormones. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Diagnosis involves measurement of pituitary hormone levels and CT or MRI to detect structural pituitary anomalies or brain tumors. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The roles of growth hormone include influencing our height, and helping build our bones and muscles. (vic.gov.au)
  • The growth hormone therefore has both direct and indirect actions on muscles but with overall enlargement and strength. (nwac-hq.org)
  • Hormones are substances that communicate with the organs, muscles, and other tissues through the blood to coordinate various bodily operations. (outlookindia.com)
  • Get the facts about this powerful anabolic hormone, then decide if HGH is right for you. (muscleandfitness.com)
  • To help you decide whether you need HGH, check out our straightforward Q&A, which answers some of the more commonly asked questions and learn how you can boost your own natural levels of this powerful anabolic hormone. (muscleandfitness.com)
  • One of the most popular sources of growth hormone in the market is Anabolic Research Pituitary Growth Hormone, which is available for sell in online stores. (nwac-hq.org)
  • It is a hormone that is widely known for its powerful anabolic (muscle building) effects as well as its lipotropic (breakdown and utilization of body fat) effects. (betterbodz.com)
  • Our body produces over 50 hormones, many of which communicate with one another to form a complex network of physiological processes. (outlookindia.com)
  • These cells release the peptides growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH or somatocrinin) and growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH or somatostatin) into the hypophyseal portal venous blood surrounding the pituitary. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because directly injecting growth hormone can have significant side effects, researchers at MGH previously investigated the use of growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) to increase levels in a way that mimics natural control of hormone levels. (harvard.edu)
  • A decade after the study began, the women who received the larger growth hormone dose still had higher bone mineral density levels than the participants who received the lower dose or the placebo. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Calcitonin is a hormone that the thyroid produces to help regulate calcium levels in the body. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Interestingly, women experienced a higher increase in hormone levels than men. (livestrong.com)
  • As a result, the transgenic mice expressed high levels of human growth hormone in the pituitary as well as mouse growth hormone. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Clearly, human growth hormone is a key player in the health and aging of our skin, and as more and more research shows just how vital hGH is to helping us both feel and look younger, an awful lot of people have stopped asking if they should be increasing their hGH levels and started asking which hGH-boosting option is right for them. (news-medical.net)
  • Disrupted sleep patters and sleep deprivation will dramatically effect your health and reduce your growth hormone levels. (ironmanmagazine.com)
  • Two Florida businesses have agreed to a federal court order requiring them to pay up to $20 million in consumer redress - the largest monetary judgment ever obtained in an FTC health fraud case - to settle charges that they deceptively claimed that their pills and sprays would increase consumers' human growth hormone (HGH) levels and provide anti-aging benefits, including weight loss and increased cognitive function. (ftc.gov)
  • According to studies about 'ghrelin,' levels of this gut hormone tend to increase and decrease with the amount and type of food and beverage, including water, taken in by the body. (sealthedeal2009.org)
  • Natural levels of growth hormone fluctuate during the day, seemingly influenced by physical activity. (vic.gov.au)
  • Growth hormone levels increase during childhood and peak during puberty. (vic.gov.au)
  • Acromegaly is a disorder caused by excess levels of growth hormone, most commonly as a result of a tumour in that person's pituitary gland. (vic.gov.au)
  • There are five ways that have been documented in the scientific literature to increase the circulating blood levels of Human Growth Hormone. (betterbodz.com)
  • They also recorded key lipid measurements and levels of the hormone IGF-1, which reflects the release of growth hormone. (harvard.edu)
  • IGF-1 levels reflected increased release of growth hormone in the tesamorelin group. (harvard.edu)
  • The scientists used the investigational compound MK-677 to enhance the blood levels of the hormone. (healthjockey.com)
  • Blood tests are also conducted to determine growth hormone levels. (moravita.com)
  • More noticeable was the effect on adrenaline and especially growth hormone levels. (ergo-log.com)
  • The goals of pharmacotherapy are to restore normal growth hormone levels and to reduce morbidity. (medscape.com)
  • These people may take growth hormone (in combination with other muscle-building substances) in the mistaken belief that it will boost their muscle strength. (vic.gov.au)
  • GH, human chorionic somatomammotropin, and prolactin belong to a group of homologous hormones with growth-promoting and lactogenic activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Growth of the facial bones causes the face to change shape too. (bbc.co.uk)
  • In addition to serving as a major contributor to height growth during childhood, hGH plays a role in strengthening bones and increasing muscle mass throughout life. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Growth hormone abuse can cause an irreversible condition called acromegaly, which is the overgrowth of bones in the face, hands and feet. (vic.gov.au)
  • Our bones need enough growth hormone during our childhood and adolescence in order to lengthen to adult proportions. (vic.gov.au)
  • High doses of growth hormone can only thicken the person's bones rather than lengthen them. (vic.gov.au)
  • Growth hormone influences the growth of bones, tissues, and organs, helping children achieve their typical height and size. (moravita.com)
  • The endocrine system consists of specialized groups of cells called glands that make, store, and release regulating chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate how the body functions. (cdc.gov)
  • These glands secrete hormones that travel through the circulatory system to regulate the various body systems. (cdc.gov)
  • Immunohistochemical evidence that culture in the high aspect rotating vessel can up-regulate hormone expression in growth dedifferentiated PHHI-derived islet cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Three years later, NHS doctors began to use it in the treatment of children suffering from stunted growth. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Growth hormone treatment has sustained effects against problems associated with osteoporosis for years after it is stopped in postmenopausal women, suggests a new trial. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The authors of the study believe it is the largest and longest controlled study with growth hormone treatment in postmenopausal osteoporosis . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Years after treatment stopped, women who were treated with growth hormone still experienced improved bone density and reduced fracture risk. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The researchers continued to follow up the women for 7 years after the growth hormone treatment was halted, monitoring bone density, fractures and perceptions of quality of life. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Effect of growth hormone treatment on fractures and quality of life in postmenopausal osteoporosis: a 10-year follow-up study Emily Krantz et al. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Growth hormone deficiency can be caused by a brain tumor often requiring surgical treatment. (beliefnet.com)
  • Growth hormone deficiency is usually caused by a benign tumor on the pituitary gland (pituitary adenoma) or by treatment of an adenoma with surgery or radiotherapy. (mayoclinic.org)
  • HGH treatment is approved in the United States only for treatment of growth hormone deficiency - and related problems associated with HIV infection. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The only specific treatment available for patients with genetic disorders causing GH resistance with growth failure due to GHRD, STAT5b mutations, ALS mutations, or IGF1 gene mutation is rhIGF-I. (medscape.com)
  • Growth Hormone Treatment is one of the key interventions required in the management of Prader-Willi syndrome. (ipwso.org)
  • This guidance replaces NICE technology appraisal guidance on human growth hormone for the treatment of growth failure in children (TA42). (nice.org.uk)
  • A team led by researchers from Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and McGill University Health Centre found that treatment with tesamorelin, a growth-hormone-releasing factor, significantly reduced deep abdominal fat deposits and improved the metabolic aspects of HIV lipodystrophy in a group of patients with the syndrome. (harvard.edu)
  • At this time, FDA recommends that patients continue their recombinant human growth hormone treatment as prescribed by their healthcare provider. (fda.gov)
  • The study population was based on a mandatory registry of patients in France who received recombinant human growth hormone treatment during childhood between 1985 and 1996 and whose vital status and cause of death was determined through September 2009. (fda.gov)
  • Morgan K, Van Dommelen P, Batista AR, Koledova E. Observed High Adherence to Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Treatment Using a Multi-Component Approach to Improve Adherence in Individuals with Growth Disorders. (umassmed.edu)
  • Administration of growth hormone (GH) during ovarian stimulation has been shown to improve success rates of in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment, [ 1 , 2 ] and especially in women with poor ovarian response. (medscape.com)
  • Treatment usually involves specific hormone replacement and removal of any causative tumor. (msdmanuals.com)