• In molecular biology, bacterial DNA binding proteins are a family of small, usually basic proteins of about 90 residues that bind DNA and are known as histone-like proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since bacterial binding proteins have a diversity of functions, it has been difficult to develop a common function for all of them. (wikipedia.org)
  • in these processes, bacterial DNA binding proteins have an architectural role, maintaining structural integrity as transcription, recombination, replication, or any other DNA-dependent process proceeds. (wikipedia.org)
  • Upon further investigation, it was discovered that the amino acid composition of HU resembles that of eukaryotic histones, thus prompting further research into the exact function of bacterial DNA binding proteins and discoveries of other related proteins in bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • Initially, bacterial DNA binding proteins were thought to help stabilize bacterial DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Currently, many more functions of bacteria DNA binding proteins have been discovered, including the regulation of gene expression by histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein, H-NS. (wikipedia.org)
  • Regulation of gene expression by proteins and small RNAs. (otago.ac.nz)
  • These thermosensors are part of a regulatory network, such as the production of heat shock proteins mediated by sigma factor 32 (RpoH) in Escherichia coli or the transcriptional repressor of heat-shock genes HrcA in Bacillus subtilis (Hecker et al. (springer.com)
  • Expression profiles were acquired using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis for 737 protein spots, in which 640 proteins were identified using mass spectrometry. (nih.gov)
  • 3) Proteins whose expression was affected mainly by the growth condition. (nih.gov)
  • In this sense, we aim to characterize the behaviour of different promoters of genes involved in biofilm regulation under different conditions and to search for possible new DNAbinding proteins associated with their promoter regions. (usp.br)
  • Three of the six up-regulated genes encode potential zinc transporter proteins (ZnuA1, ZnuB1, ZnuC1) suggesting involvement of s479 in regulation of zinc transport. (uni-stuttgart.de)
  • Interestingly, s479 is not only encoded next to CRISPR-cas genes but the mature s479 contains a crRNA-like 5´ handle and experiments with Cas protein deletion strains indicate maturation by Cas6 and interaction with Cas proteins. (uni-stuttgart.de)
  • L genes encode viral capsid proteins. (medscape.com)
  • This has provided insights into mechanisms of microaerobic gene regulation, and has enabled the development of oxygen-dependent expression systems for high-level synthesis of recombinant proteins. (caltech.edu)
  • Protocols were developed for the use of ORE-based expression systems for regulated, high level synthesis of recombinant proteins in high cell density fermentations. (caltech.edu)
  • This approach will allow comparison of nucleoid proteins, and any modifications thereof, associated with transcriptionally active and inactive regions of the bacterial genome. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Most of the identified peptides originated from bacterial cell surface proteins. (calbinotox.fr)
  • The recent findings deal with how proteins regulate gene expression. (medicilon.com)
  • Scientists have known a great deal about how proteins that control certain gene clusters get their start-referred to as transcription initiation. (medicilon.com)
  • However, much less is known about transcription elongation where proteins keep gene expression going through "roadblocks" in the DNA sequence. (medicilon.com)
  • In this study, we analysed the phylogenetic distribution of the large, widespread NusG family of transcription elongation proteins and found that it includes a cohesive outgroup of paralogues (herein coined LoaP), which are often positioned adjacent or within gene clusters for specialized metabolites," the authors wrote. (medicilon.com)
  • Disruption of E1 and E2 allows for dysregulated downstream genes and the expression of E6 and E7 proteins, which are selectively maintained in virally induced tumors. (medscape.com)
  • E7 forms complexes with pRb and functionally inactivates pRb and related proteins, such as EF2, which leads to transcription growth-related proteins. (medscape.com)
  • HU is a small (10 kDa) bacterial DNA-binding protein, which structurally differs from a eukaryotic histone but functionally acts similarly to a histone by inducing negative supercoiling into circular DNA with the assistance of topoisomerase. (wikipedia.org)
  • The expression of abrB itself is negatively controlled by Spo0A, another DNA-binding protein, encoded by spo0A [ 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • E1 protein has helicase activity for replication, and E2 encodes DNA-binding protein for regulation of transcription. (medscape.com)
  • The objective being to give an overview of the methods used in the discovery of molecular mechanisms used by model bacteria and the application of this in understanding the basic processes involved in bacterial growth and development in terms of regulation and biological function. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • MICR 335 will provide a fundamental knowledge of the mechanisms that bacteria use to sense their environment and adapt their gene expression to optimise their growth and survival. (otago.ac.nz)
  • Research opportunities in the department are in the areas of protein structure and function, enzyme reaction mechanisms, regulation of gene expression, mechanism of hormone action and cell signaling, enzymology and mechanisms of DNA replication and repair, cell cycle regulation, control of cell growth, molecular biology of the cancer process, molecular neurobiology, and the genetics and biochemistry of bacterial and viral pathogens. (nymc.edu)
  • Identifying the underlying molecular mechanisms by which BA regulation is disrupted by endogenous and/or xenobiotic factors will aid in not only understanding disease pathogenesis, but also providing novel strategies to prevent and/or treat diseases associated with BA dysregulation. (aspetjournals.org)
  • 5) in 1978 put forth a the- on exposed surfaces led to studies that revealed surface-associ- ory of biofilms that explained the mechanisms whereby micro- ated microorganisms (biofilms) exhibited a distinct phenotype organisms adhere to living and nonliving materials and the with respect to gene transcription and growth rate. (cdc.gov)
  • Research in the Paczkowski laboratory focuses on the mechanisms of regulation of quorum sensing (QS) in Gram-negative bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Vibrio cholerae , Aeromonas hydrophila , and Chromobacterium violaceum . (wadsworth.org)
  • Mechanisms responsible for oxygen-dependent regulation act at the level of transcription initiation from two overlapping promoters within the region upstream of the VHb gene. (caltech.edu)
  • Small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) are often employed in bacterial mechanisms of stress adaptation, and there are precedents in and related bacteria for regulation by sRNAs of the expression of genes involved in carbon metabolism (11, 26, 29, 43, 50). (bassresearch.com)
  • Here, we have uncovered two distinct mechanisms allowing activation of SigH production in a minor fraction of the bacterial cell population. (hal.science)
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms that trigger the production of antibiotic compounds, especially through the regulation of gene expression, could help scientists advance the search for new natural antimicrobial agents. (medicilon.com)
  • To express these giant gene clusters requires special regulation mechanisms. (medicilon.com)
  • Streptococcal pathogens continue to evade concerted efforts to decipher clear-cut virulence mechanisms, although numerous genes have been implicated in pathogenesis. (cdc.gov)
  • Consequently, bacteria have developed different systems to sense changes in environmental conditions such as temperature and induce an adaptation of metabolism and gene expression. (springer.com)
  • Your second year builds on this knowledge and covers areas such as gene regulation, cell biology and metabolism. (kent.ac.uk)
  • Proteome comparison of wild type and deletion strains further expanded the regulon of s479 deeply rooting this sRNA within the metabolism of H. volcanii especially the regulation of transporter abundance. (uni-stuttgart.de)
  • With a minimalist model of metabolism, cell growth and transcriptional regulation in a microorganism, we explore how the interaction between environmental conditions and gene regulation set the growth rate of cells in the phase of exponential growth. (lu.se)
  • A very natural place to study gene detecting and metabolizing lactose, it is known that the overall regulation is in the metabolism of the cell, and then specifically in effect of expressing the lac genes in vain is a drop in the growth rate the regulation of genes that code for enzymes and transporter of as much as 5% [1,6]. (lu.se)
  • This module provides an up to date understanding of how fundamental research in bacterial cell biology helps to elucidate central biological questions such as the control and regulation of cell division and of gene expression in bacteria. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • H-NS is about 15.6 kDa and assists in the regulation of bacterial transcription in bacteria by repressing and activating certain genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bacteria dynamically regulate cell size and growth to thrive in changing environments. (nature.com)
  • Specifically, bacteria transiently prioritize biomass accumulation over production of division machinery during nutrient upshifts, while prioritizing division over growth during downshifts. (nature.com)
  • Bacteria reallocate their proteome to relieve metabolic or translational bottlenecks and increase growth rate under a given nutrient limitation 21 , but do not always allocate resources in order to optimize steady-state growth rate 22 . (nature.com)
  • In nature, bacteria experience temperatures that are far from the optimum for growth, and more extreme temperatures can be detrimental for cells. (springer.com)
  • Bacteria sense these microenvironments and adapt by up or down regulating the expression of certain genes to influence different cell processes. (the-scientist.com)
  • An important factor of bacterial virulence is the formation of biofilms which are aggregates of microorganisms incorporated into an extracellular matrix that protects bacteria from hostile environments. (usp.br)
  • QS allows bacteria to synchronously alter gene expression patterns that underpin collective behaviors. (wadsworth.org)
  • Learning how bacteria correctly interpret these blends of AIs and elicit appropriate gene expression responses is essential to understand how bacteria communicate, and, more globally, to understand how all organisms decode environmental stimuli. (wadsworth.org)
  • We use a combination of bacterial genetics, biochemistry, structural biology, and chemical biology to understand how bacteria respond appropriately to signals in a complex environment. (wadsworth.org)
  • Given the high number of virulence factors present in these bacteria, and the niche-specific role many of them play during different stages of the infectious process, gene expression must be finely tuned in order to efficiently coordinate their expression, and also continue to preserve energy pools. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, nucleotide sequences related to the cluster vanHAX are present in this DNA, suggesting that the prolonged use of avoparcin in agriculture led to the uptake of glycopeptide resistance genes by animal commensal bacteria, which were subsequently transferred to humans. (cdc.gov)
  • They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. (medicilon.com)
  • The upshot is that our discovery expands the basic knowledge of processive antitermination-a type of genetic regulation-and demonstrates that the mechanism is more widespread among bacteria than previously thought," explained co-senior study investigator Paul Straight, Ph.D., associate professor in the department of biochemistry and biophysics at Texas A&M AgriLife Research. (medicilon.com)
  • Antibiotic production by bacteria involves complex chemistry that is often encoded in a collection or 'cluster' of many genes. (medicilon.com)
  • For this, the upstream regions of the gacA, gacS, ladS, retS, rsmA, rsmZ and PA1611 genes were cloned separately into a miniTn7 vector and inserted into the PAO1 chromosome. (usp.br)
  • We then evaluated the growth and activity of the upstream regions by lux expression under different carbon sources and iron deprivation. (usp.br)
  • In our findings, mvaT has a negative influence on regulating rsmA, since its inactivation leads to a higher expression of the upstream region of rsmA. (usp.br)
  • In our study, we hypothesized that both have a role in the activation of the upstream region of the retS in LB media and MOPS glucose since their mutation led to higher expression of the upstream region. (usp.br)
  • Para isso, as regiões upstream dos genes gacA, gacS, ladS, retS, rsmA, rsmZ e PA1611 foram clonadas separadamente em um vetor repórter miniTn7 e inseridas no cromossomo de PAO1. (usp.br)
  • The PEP enzyme recognizes the -10 and -35 cis -elements, similar to those found in bacterial promoters whereas the NEP enzyme recognizes the YRTA-motif, which can also be found upstream of several genes with PEP promoters indicating that these genes can be transcribed by both polymerases ( Pfannschmidt and Liere, 2005 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Genetic studies demonstrated the presence of an oxygen-responsive element (ORE) upstream of the VHb gene. (caltech.edu)
  • We identified previously unrecognized putative CRP-S sites upstream of both genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The second involves post-transcriptional regulation through an upstream inverted repeat sequence, effectively suppressing expression of the sigH gene. (hal.science)
  • As a postdoctoral researcher in Dianne Newman 's lab at the California Institute of Technology, Dar developed a way to track gene activity across the entire biofilm with submicrometer resolution. (the-scientist.com)
  • Mapping transcriptional regulation of biofilm-related genes promoters in Pseudomonas. (usp.br)
  • Biofilm-associated cells can be differentiated from their suspended counterparts by generation of an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix, reduced growth rates, and the up- and down-regulation of specific genes. (cdc.gov)
  • Heukelekian and genes involved in cell adhesion and biofilm formation. (cdc.gov)
  • QS is a process of bacterial cell-cell communication that controls virulence and biofilm formation in many bacterial species. (wadsworth.org)
  • Metabolic activity of the bacterial biofilm communities have altered as compared to the planktonic one such as increased rates of EPS production, activation or inhibition of particular genes associated with biofilm formation and decreased growth rate [ 39 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Growth pattern of Mycobacterium species are different such as M. chelonae and M. fortuitum form biofilm as vertical and entire surface growth, respectively [ 93 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In particular, exposure to CAS resulted in the upregulation of hypha-specific genes known to play a role in biofilm formation, such as ALS3 and HWP1. (who.int)
  • Thus, enhanced extracellular matrix or beta-glucan synthesis during biofilm growth might prevent antifungals, such as azoles and polyenes, from reaching biofilm cells, thus limiting their toxicity to these cells and the associated transcriptional responses. (who.int)
  • These observations suggest genetic variants can decrease mRNA expression levels by increasing usage of intronic PAS. (elifesciences.org)
  • Thus, our work demonstrates that APA links genetic variation to variation in gene expression, protein expression, and disease risk, and reveals uncharted modes of genetic regulation. (elifesciences.org)
  • Type I toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are widespread genetic modules in bacterial genomes. (mdpi.com)
  • However, this analysis requires accurate reference genomes to identify the specific genes from which RNA reads originate. (osti.gov)
  • Sample-specific meta-genomic assembled genomes (MAGs) were used as reference genomes to accurately identify the origin of RNA reads, and transcript ratios of genes with opposite transcription responses were compared to eliminate biases related to differences in organismal abundance, an approach hereafter named the "diametric ratio" method. (osti.gov)
  • A comparison of the TF repertoire of S. aureus against 1209 sequenced bacterial genomes was carried out allowing us to identify a core set of orthologous TFs for the Staphylococacceae , and also allowing us to assign potential functions to previously uncharacterized TFs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have evaluated the orthologous distribution of these elements in other sequenced bacterial genomes using the repertoire of TFs identified in USA300, and identified a core set of regulators for both the Firmicutes phylum, and the Staphylococacceae group. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Most of this regulation is carried out directly by transcription factors that modulate the activity of promoters aimed at expressing virulence factors. (usp.br)
  • S. aureus has a vast array of virulence determinants whose expression is modulated by an intricate regulatory network, where transcriptional factors (TFs) are the primary elements. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, we examine the conservation of 135 USA300 TFs amongst 11 other S. aureus strains, identifying a key group of regulators that display a high degree of conservation, including many that have previously been demonstrated to play a role in virulence gene regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • INTRODUCTION broken, which in realistic situations can severly constrain the Transcriptional regulation of effector genes is a highly successful regulatory options. (lu.se)
  • Synthesis of active VHb was shown to occur in E. coli from the natural expression signals of the VHb gene. (caltech.edu)
  • To further investigate regulation of AI-2 production in Salmonella , we constructed pfs and luxS promoter fusions to a luxCDABE reporter in a low-copy-number vector, allowing an examination of transcription of the genes in the pathway for signal synthesis. (mcmaster.ca)
  • The bacterial GEs were able to utilize substrates lacking 4-OH methyl substitutions, known to be important for fungal enzymes. (proteopedia.org)
  • Conclusions: Bacterial GEs exhibit much larger diversity than fungal counterparts. (proteopedia.org)
  • In such environments, cell size and growth are regulated by trade-offs between prioritization of biomass accumulation or division, resulting in decoupling of single-cell growth rate from population growth rate. (nature.com)
  • two protein structures were solved, and insights into their regulation and biological roles were gained through gene expression analysis and enzymatic assays on complex biomass. (proteopedia.org)
  • Biochemical and structural features of diverse bacterial glucuronoyl esterases facilitating recalcitrant biomass conversion. (proteopedia.org)
  • Arnling Baath J, Mazurkewich S, Knudsen RM, Poulsen JN, Olsson L, Lo Leggio L, Larsbrink J. Biochemical and structural features of diverse bacterial glucuronoyl esterases facilitating recalcitrant biomass conversion. (proteopedia.org)
  • The gene encoding the VHb polypeptide was isolated from a Vitreoscilla genomic library. (caltech.edu)
  • A) Genomic firm of genes encoding the mannitol-specific PTS elements as well as the MtlS sRNA (shaded arrow). (bassresearch.com)
  • Whole-genome sequencing also revealed divergence in malic enzyme-encoding genes between the strains predicted to impact the activity of the malate metabolic pathway. (nih.gov)
  • Comparative growth assays in urine comparing wild-type ABSA and gene-deficient mutants that were functionally inactivated for the malic enzyme metabolic pathway by targeted disruption of the maeE or maeK gene in ABSA demonstrated attenuated growth of the mutants in normal human urine as well as synthetic human urine containing malic acid. (nih.gov)
  • In this study, we significantly expanded the existing knowledge on CE15 with the in-depth characterization of ten bacterial GEs broadly spanning the phylogenetic tree, and also presented two novel enzyme structures. (proteopedia.org)
  • Transcriptional regulation of aquaporins in accessions of Arabidopsis in response to drought stress. (lu.se)
  • Transcriptional regulation of the genes in metabolic pathways is a highly successful strategy, which is virtually universal in microorganisms. (lu.se)
  • Citation: Troein C, Ahre´n D, Krogh M, Peterson C (2007) Is Transcriptional Regulation of Metabolic Pathways an Optimal Strategy for Fitness? (lu.se)
  • The gene expression analysis demonstrated that bacterial GE-encoding genes were differentially expressed as response to different carbon sources. (proteopedia.org)
  • Genes responsible for carbon source transport (the mal operon for maltose), protein folding (dnaK and mopAB), and iron acquisition (fepBD, entCBA, fecI, and exbBD) were positively controlled by RpoS. (mcmaster.ca)
  • Environmental cues such as rapid growth, the presence of preferred carbon sources, low pH, and/or high osmolarity were found to influence the production of AI-2 (M. G. Surette and B. L. Bassler, Mol. (mcmaster.ca)
  • On the other hand, mRNA is expressed in similar levels of the carbon supply useful for bacterial development regardless. (bassresearch.com)
  • Here, the function of regulation is quite clear: expressing energy and carbon, that a number around 0.2% would be the right genes at the right time will enable the cell to make the expected, and that the difference is more or less specific to the lac most of the resources within its reach, by maximizing the uptake operon [7]. (lu.se)
  • Furthermore, it is unclear if bacterial size modulation is simply a byproduct of the complex cellular response to changing environmental conditions, or if it serves as an adaptive mechanism employed by the cell to improve fitness in time-varying environments. (nature.com)
  • Gene expression is a mechanism at the molecular level by which a gene is able to express itself in the phenotype of an organism. (qforquestions.in)
  • So far, colistin has been best characterized with respect to its structure and biosynthesis, antibacterial mechanism and bacterial resistance, and toxicity and derivatives. (hindawi.com)
  • Furthermore, it was observed that VHb expression is under oxygen-dependent control in E. coli, suggesting that the mechanism of regulation of the gene in Vitreoscilla is also functional in E. coli. (caltech.edu)
  • Bacterial intercellular communication provides a mechanism for signal-dependent regulation of gene expression to promote coordinated population behavior. (mcmaster.ca)
  • The 3.9-kb operon comprises three genes, organized as homolog (25). (bassresearch.com)
  • In the case of the lac operon of E. coli, a well-studied system for whether a gene is regulated. (lu.se)
  • Here, we describe a phenotype of robust growth in human urine observed in ABU-causing S. agalactiae (ABSA) that was not seen among uropathogenic S. agalactiae (UPSA) strains isolated from patients with acute cystitis. (nih.gov)
  • In direct competition assays using pooled human urine inoculated with equal numbers of a prototype ABSA strain, designated ABSA 1014, and any one of several UPSA strains, measurement of the percentage of each strain recovered over time showed a markedly superior fitness of ABSA 1014 for urine growth. (nih.gov)
  • Even though diverse strains of S. aureus have been extensively studied, and subjected to genome sequencing, the function of a large proportion of their genes remains unidentified. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens is a major impediment to successful therapy, and in sever- al instances, bacterial strains have arisen that are refracto- ry to most available antimicrobial treatments (1). (cdc.gov)
  • The actual origins of acquired resistance genes are unknown, but environmental microbes, including the strains producing antimicrobial agents, are believed to be important sources (4,5). (cdc.gov)
  • Twenty-five lactic acid bacterial (LAB) strains have been isolated from traditional goat butter and three types of cheese (dry Klila, frech Klila, and Bouhezza) and evaluated for technological abilities, probiotic properties, and potentials as starter cultures. (calbinotox.fr)
  • Surprisingly, many previously identified RpoS stationary-phase dependent genes were not controlled by RpoS in exponential phase and several genes were RpoS-regulated only in exponential phase, suggesting the involvement of other regulators. (mcmaster.ca)
  • With maximum values of 0.23 g/(g h) at 37 °C, this constitutes a more than 60% increase compared to the production rate of 0.14 g/(g h) at the growth optimum of 30 °C. Interestingly however, control experiments unveiled that besides the regulatory effect of the RNA-thermometer, multiple metabolic effects may contribute equally to the observed increase in production rate. (springer.com)
  • In addition, use of starch stimulated the expression of regulatory gene spo0A but repressed the expression of another regulatory gene abrB . (hindawi.com)
  • In this context, DNA-binding transcription factors (TFs) play an important regulatory role by either repressing or activating genes in response to environmental and physiological conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Optimizing the parameters of the regulatory system allows us to quantify the fitness benefit of regulation. (lu.se)
  • In unicellular organisms like E. coli and yeast, the benefits of between potential cost and benefit, regulation can make the most a well-adapted regulatory system are readily quantified, as the difference to the long-term growth rate if the resource in question fitness of an individual can be estimated by its growth rate in is only available a similarly small fraction of the time. (lu.se)
  • Over evolutionary time scales, regulation must provide a fitness benefit that offsets the costs of maintaining the regulatory system. (lu.se)
  • All HPV subtypes contain early (E) genes and late (L) genes, which are essential to viral integration and replication. (medscape.com)
  • The sRNA gene is encoded between a CRISPR RNA locus and the Cas protein gene cluster, the s479 deletion strain is viable and was characterized in detail. (uni-stuttgart.de)
  • Transcriptome studies of wild type Haloferax cells and the deletion mutant revealed up-regulation of six genes in the deletion strain, showing that the sRNA has a clearly defined function. (uni-stuttgart.de)
  • Upregulation of these genes in the deletion strain was confirmed by northern blot and proteome analyses. (uni-stuttgart.de)
  • Separately, deletion of GCC increased tumor growth by releasing a restriction on the cell cycle normally constraining epithelial cell proliferation. (jefferson.edu)
  • The luxS gene product mediates the production of AI-2 (M. G. Surette, M. B. Miller, and B. L. Bassler, Proc. (mcmaster.ca)
  • Taken together, we propose a unique model for staphylococcal competence regulation by SigH that could help explain the acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer in this important pathogen. (hal.science)
  • The findings from this study were published recently in Nature Microbiology in an article entitled "LoaP Is a Broadly Conserved Antiterminator Protein That Regulates Antibiotic Gene Clusters in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens . (medicilon.com)
  • While previous studies have characterized bacterial growth physiology at steady-state, a quantitative understanding of bacterial physiology in time-varying environments is lacking. (nature.com)
  • To understand the dynamics of bacterial growth physiology and size control in dynamic nutrient environments, we have developed a coarse-grained proteome sector model which connects gene expression to growth rate and division control, and accurately predicts the cell-level E. coli response to nutrient perturbations in both exponential and stationary phase seen in experimental data 5 , 25 . (nature.com)
  • Variations in transcriptional responses of CE15-encoding genes under different growth conditions suggest nonredundant functions for enzymes found in species with multiple CE15 genes and further illuminate the importance of GEs in native lignin-carbohydrate disassembly. (proteopedia.org)
  • A common theme of the research programs is the application of modern recombinant DNA technology to the study of gene regulation and protein structure-function relationships. (nymc.edu)
  • Studies in fed-batch fermentations demonstrated that under oxygen limitation, the presence of the VHb gene on a multicopy plasmid enhanced the growth and respiratory characteristics of a recombinant E. coli host as compared to equivalent plasmid-carrying and plasmid-free cells. (caltech.edu)
  • Increasing gene dosage greatly enhances recombinant expression of aquaporins in Pichia pastoris. (lu.se)
  • Elimination of GCC expression in mice (GCC-/-) increased crypt length along a decreasing rostral-caudal gradient by disrupting component homeostatic processes. (jefferson.edu)
  • The expression of RpoS-dependent genes osmY, tnaA and malK was controlled by Crl, a transcriptional regulator that modulates RpoS activity. (mcmaster.ca)
  • In silico analysis of available array data showed that a large number of genes traditionally classified as PEP dependent genes are transcribed during early embryo development from the pre-globular stage to the mature-green-stage. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, full expression of those genes requires a QS-dependent secondary activator (HapR and QstR, respectively). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The third gene, vanA , Francisco, CA). encodes an ATP-dependent D-Ala-D-Lac ligase. (cdc.gov)
  • In that context, differentiated enterocytes in villi exhibit higher guanylin expression and ligand-dependent cGMP accumulation compared to proliferating progenitor cells in crypts. (jefferson.edu)
  • Taken together, our data demonstrated that starch instead of glucose can promote colistin production probably by affecting the expression of colistin biosynthesis-related genes, as well as reducing the repression of glucose to a secondary metabolic product. (hindawi.com)
  • A number of studies have explored how regulation of generally, and at least to a first approximation, it is obvious that metabolic pathways affects the growth rate of microorganisms, gene regulation only is useful if the environmental conditions vary both in the steady state and in response to changes in the local with time. (lu.se)
  • We saw no differences in the activity of promoters under growth with glucose and glycerol. (usp.br)
  • a plastid-encoded bacterial-type RNA polymerase (PEP) and a nuclear-encoded phage-type RNA polymerase (NEP), which recognize distinct types of promoters. (frontiersin.org)
  • mvaT is a major regulator, exerting negative control in many genes described. (usp.br)
  • RpoS is a major regulator of genes required for adaptation to stationary phase in E. coli. (mcmaster.ca)
  • This gene encodes a protein that is the master regulator of transformation and a homolog of Sxy, which was first described in Haemophilus influenzae [ 7 ],[ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 22 ]. The transcriptional regulator QstR, which might require a cofactor for its full activity (indicated by the triangle), positively regulates the comEA gene potentially by binding to a QstR-specific binding motif (indicated by the dashed box and so far unidentified). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Natural competence is a mode of horizontal gene transfer, which is based on the ability of a bacterium to take up free DNA from the environment and recombine it with the bacterial genome resulting in natural transformation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • E genes are responsible for episomal replication. (medscape.com)
  • As a result, the expression of genes directly involved in colistin biosynthesis and secretion increased, indicating that at the transcriptional level spo0A and abrB played opposite roles in regulating colistin biosynthesis in P. polymyxa . (hindawi.com)
  • As early as 1973, F have primarily been characterized as planktonic, freely Characklis (4) studied microbial slimes in industrial water sys- suspended cells and described on the basis of their growth tems and showed that they were not only very tenacious but characteristics in nutritionally rich culture media. (cdc.gov)
  • The physiological conditions experienced by a microbial community can thus be inferred using meta-transcriptomic sequencing by comparing transcription levels of specifically chosen genes. (osti.gov)
  • There are many approaches being used to control infections by suppressing its formation but CRISPR-CAS (gene editing technique) and photo dynamic therapy (PDT) are proposed to be used as therapeutic approaches to subside bacterial biofim infections, especially caused by deadly drug resistant bad bugs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Antibiotics , also called antibacterials, are a type of antimicrobial drug used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections. (medicilon.com)
  • A cluster and humans coming into contact with the animals (farm that includes three genes, vanH , vanA , and vanX , is required for high-level resistance to glycopeptides. (cdc.gov)
  • The prin2.2 and csp41b-2 single mutants displayed pale phenotypes, abnormal chloroplasts with reduced transcript levels of photosynthesis genes and defects in embryo development. (frontiersin.org)
  • DNase I-sensitivity correlated positively with transcript levels, implying that it was predictive of gene expression, and indicating increased accessibility of transcribed DNA. (uea.ac.uk)
  • In the vancomycin producer Amycolatopsis orientalis C329.2, homologs of these genes are present, suggesting an origin for the cluster. (cdc.gov)
  • Published September 5, 2007 transcription factors and replicating extra DNA, rather than going directly into growth of the cell. (lu.se)
  • As a result, it remains unclear how cells sense changes in the environment and dynamically regulate division and growth in response. (nature.com)
  • Thiamine is present in an array of organic materials, including plant matter, bacterial excrement and fungi. (highstreethydro.com)
  • The lecture sequence will comprise of a module introduction followed by lectures on specific aspects of bacterial cell biology. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • 4. Differentiate between bacterial transduction and bacterial transformation. (qforquestions.in)
  • Transduction involves bringing genes from a living host while transformation involves absorption of gene from nonliving medium. (qforquestions.in)
  • Transduction can occur any time while receptivity for transformation is present for a brief period at the end of active growth. (qforquestions.in)