• The Dutch biologist Frits Warmolt Went first described auxins and their role in plant growth in the 1920s.Kenneth V. Thimann became the first to isolate one of these phytohormones and to determine its chemical structure as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). (wikipedia.org)
  • The most important member of the auxin family is indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which generates the majority of auxin effects in intact plants, and is the most potent native auxin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Five naturally occurring (endogenous) auxins in plants include indole-3-acetic acid, 4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid, phenylacetic acid, indole-3-butyric acid, and indole-3-propionic acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Indole 3-acetic acid is the predominant form of auxin in plants. (mdpi.com)
  • By genomic analysis, we identified genes that are potentially involved in plant growth promotion such as genes participating in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis, siderophore, and trehalose production. (pacb.com)
  • Here, we describe the fate of Arabidopsis PIN2 protein, required for directional cellular efflux of the phytohormone auxin, and identify cis- and trans-acting mediators of PIN2 ubiquitylation. (cas.cz)
  • Linnemannia elongata (Mortierellaceae) stimulates Arabidopsis thaliana aerial growth and responses to auxin, ethylene, and reactive oxygen species. (duke.edu)
  • In this study, we focused on the symbiosis between soil fungus Linnemannia elongata (Mortierellaceae) and Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae), as both organisms have high-quality reference genomes and transcriptomes available, and their lifestyles and growth requirements are conducive to research conditions. (duke.edu)
  • We measured Arabidopsis aerial growth at early and late life stages, seed production, and used mRNA sequencing to characterize differentially expressed plant genes in response to fungal inoculation with and without bacterial endosymbionts. (duke.edu)
  • Notably, the presence of Mollicutes- or Burkholderia-related endosymbionts in Linnemannia did not impact the expression of genes in Arabidopsis or overall growth rates. (duke.edu)
  • Together, these results indicate that beneficial plant growth promotion and seed mass impacts of L. elongata on Arabidopsis are likely driven by plant hormone and defense transcription responses after plant-fungal contact, and that plant phenotypic and transcriptional responses are independent of whether the fungal symbiont is colonized by Mollicutes or Burkholderia-related endohyphal bacteria. (duke.edu)
  • Auxin promotes Arabidopsis root growth by modulating gibberellin response. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Here we show that auxin controls the growth of roots by modulating cellular responses to the phytohormone gibberellin (GA). GA promotes the growth of plants by opposing the effects of nuclear DELLA protein growth repressors, one of which is Arabidopsis RGA (for repressor of gal-3). (ox.ac.uk)
  • However, application of iGluR agonists L-glutamate recovered Arabidopsis root growth. (intechopen.com)
  • Taken together, these results suggest a correlation between the putative iGluR-like channel function and the alteration of root growth and development in the Arabidopsis roots. (intechopen.com)
  • Structural insights into auxin recognition and efflux by Arabidopsis PIN1. (nih.gov)
  • In Arabidopsis , auxin distribution along the central root axis has several maxima: in the root tip, in the basal meristem and at the shoot/root junction. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Collectively, our results establish lysine63-linked PM cargo ubiquitylation as a regulator of polar auxin transport and adaptive growth responses in higher plants. (cas.cz)
  • It is achieved through very complex and well-coordinated active transport of auxin molecules from cell to cell throughout the plant body - by the so-called polar auxin transport. (wikipedia.org)
  • IAA3/SHY2 is a pivotal negative regulator of root growth, which has been demonstrated to efficiently repress transcription of major auxin transport facilitators of the PIN-FORMED (PIN) gene family, thereby restricting polar auxin transport to the root tip and in consequence auxin-driven primary root growth. (uu.nl)
  • All active shoot apices export auxin into the polar auxin transport stream, which transports it rootward. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • Growth in plants is regulated by a variety of plant hormones, including auxins , gibberellins , cytokinins , and growth inhibitors, primarily abscisic acid and ethylene . (britannica.com)
  • The mathematical model was extended with rules for discontinuous cell dynamics so that cell divisions were also governed by auxin, and by another morphogen Division Factor which combines the actions of cytokinin and ethylene on cell division in the root. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Native auxins Auxins (plural of auxin /ˈɔːksɪn/) are a class of plant hormones (or plant-growth regulators) with some morphogen-like characteristics. (wikipedia.org)
  • Auxin mediates many of its effects through transcriptional changes via the well-known interaction between its co-receptors and transcriptional regulators (TIR1/AFB - Aux/IAA), but some auxin responses happen too quickly to be explained by transcriptional changes. (plantae.org)
  • Through inhibitor, mutant and artificial ligand studies, they show that the growth effect is mediated by interaction between auxin and TIR1, which " implies that this canonical signalling pathway regulates root growth via an unknown, non-transcriptional signalling branch . (plantae.org)
  • By applying bio-isosteric replacement we discovered that indole-3-tetrazole was active by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectrometry, showing that the tetrazole could initiate assembly of the TIR1 auxin co-receptor complex. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • Given the potential that a TIR1-selective auxin might have for unmasking receptor-specific actions, we followed a rational design, lead optimisation campaign and a set of chlorinated indole-3-tetrazoles was synthesised. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • The TIR1/AFB auxin co-receptors mediate diverse responses to the plant hormone auxin. (elifesciences.org)
  • We find that loss of all six TIR1/AFB proteins results in early embryo defects and eventually seed abortion, and yet a single wild-type allele of TIR1 or AFB2 is sufficient to support growth throughout development. (elifesciences.org)
  • Adenylate cyclase activity of TIR1/AFB auxin receptors in plants. (nih.gov)
  • And as native auxin, its equilibrium is controlled in many ways in plants, from synthesis, through possible conjugation to degradation of its molecules, always according to the requirements of the situation. (wikipedia.org)
  • the other three endogenous auxins seems to have marginal importance for intact plants in natural environments. (wikipedia.org)
  • Broad-leaf plants (dicots), such as dandelions, are much more susceptible to auxins than narrow-leaf plants (monocots) such as grasses and cereal crops, making these synthetic auxins valuable as herbicides. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phytohormones are chemical messengers that regulate the growth of plants and their response to the environment. (phys.org)
  • In land plants, auxin is an important and well-studied phytohormone that affects various aspects of plant development. (phys.org)
  • Auxin is the most important hormone in plants. (phys.org)
  • The distribution of auxins, which promote the lengthwise growth of plants, is correlated with the distribution of the growth regions of the plant. (britannica.com)
  • Other auxin-like compounds are used as selective weed killers (e.g., to disturb the leaf growth of dicotyledonous plants either in fields containing monocotyledonous cereal crops or on lawns) and as agents that remove leaves from dicotyledonous plants (defoliating agents). (britannica.com)
  • Gibberellins are named after the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi , which produces excessive growth and poor yield in rice plants. (britannica.com)
  • Gibberellins promote the growth of dwarf peas and are involved in the bolting (elongation) of rosette plants such as the carrot . (britannica.com)
  • In nitrogen-deficient plants, auxin also accumulates in the root vasculature but a more alkaline apoplast leads to retention of auxin in these tissues and prevents lateral root formation. (nature.com)
  • Written and edited by experts in the field, this collection from Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology covers recent insights into how auxin levels are regulated and, in turn, drive various developmental processes in plants. (cshlpress.com)
  • Auxin is one of the most important plant hormones and plays a central role in the control of a wide range of physiological and developmental processes in plants. (mdpi.com)
  • Auxin metabolism and signal transduction are involved in many aspects of plant development and responses of plants to environmental signals. (mdpi.com)
  • In plants, auxin is synthesised at different levels, in particular in meristems, young primordium, vascular tissues and reproductive organs. (mdpi.com)
  • Whereas transgenic gain-of-function approaches of these bZIPs interfere with the activity of the root apical meristem and result in root growth repression, root growth of loss-of-function plants show a pronounced insensitivity to low-energy conditions. (uu.nl)
  • a substance which, in small concentrations, promotes root formation, bud growth, or certain other processes such as fruit ripening or leaf drop in plants. (definitions.net)
  • To start, we can maximize root space and growth in order to grow plants large enough inside to maximize their indoor yield potential. (hightimes.com)
  • Plant hormones are natural to the plant kingdom and similarly to animal hormones, play major roles in a plants growth and development. (hightimes.com)
  • So how do PGRs actually manipulate a plants growth cycle and increase it's yields? (hightimes.com)
  • The agronomic parameters observed are notably the rate of recovery, the tillering index as well as the major growth parameters of the transplanted Pennisetum purpureum shoots in the field, including the diameter at the collar and the height of the plants. (ejsit-journal.com)
  • And the application of auxin, under the conditions of use defined during our experiments, did not sufficiently influence the average height of the plants and the average number of leaves per plant. (ejsit-journal.com)
  • Compared with those systems, the mechanisms of the ER stress response are poorly understood in plants, especially when considering the plant-specific mechanisms that may regulate growth under stress conditions. (boku.ac.at)
  • Thus, my PhD project aims to investigate the mechanisms by which PILS may balance stress adaptation and growth regulation in plants. (boku.ac.at)
  • Plant hormones control many of the plant behaviors you're used to seeing, such as the ripening of fruit, the growth of shoots upward and roots downward, the growth of plants toward the light, the dropping of leaves in the fall, and the growth and flowering of plants at particular times of the year. (dummies.com)
  • the growth of plants toward light). (dummies.com)
  • Plants are exquisitely environmentally responsive, dynamically adjusting their growth and development according to the prevailing environmental conditions. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • The establishment and growth of plants on mine soils and wastes often are limited by a physical effect rather than a chemical imbalance. (cdc.gov)
  • These common soil fungi form symbiotic associations with most higher plants and usually improve plant survival and growth, especially in nutrient-poor soils. (cdc.gov)
  • Recent technological advances have provided insights into mechanistic details of auxin signaling and its many roles in plant biology. (cshlpress.com)
  • In recent years, structural and biophysical studies clarified the molecular details of auxin perception, the recognition of DNA by auxin transcription factors, and the interaction of auxin transcription factors with repressor proteins. (duke.edu)
  • However, until now it has not been known how auxin regulates the cell proliferation and enlargement that characterizes organ growth. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Auxin is a plant hormone that regulates many aspects of plant growth and development. (broadinstitute.org)
  • They show that these rapid responses depend on the auxin influx carrier AUX1, suggesting that the growth response is mediated by intracellular auxin. (plantae.org)
  • Cell surface and intracellular auxin signalling for H + fluxes in root growth. (nih.gov)
  • The growth of plant organs is influenced by a stream of the phytohormone auxin that flows from the shoot apex to the tip of the root. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The result is the auxin creates "patterns" of auxin concentration maxima and minima in the plant body, which in turn guide further development of respective cells, and ultimately of the plant as a whole. (wikipedia.org)
  • The contributors discuss the biosynthesis, conjugation, and degradation of auxin, the various transporters, receptors, and transcription factors involved in auxin signaling, the interactions of auxin with other plant hormones, and how these are spatiotemporally coordinated. (cshlpress.com)
  • Alongside endogenous auxins, scientists and manufacturers have developed many synthetic compounds with auxinic activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many other naturally occurring and synthetic compounds called auxins also have growth-promoting properties, but they are not always as active as IAA. (britannica.com)
  • Other topics include the development of computational models for root and shoot growth, as well as chemical tools and synthetic systems to understand auxin biology. (cshlpress.com)
  • This Special Issue deals with the study of natural and synthetic auxin compounds, which are known to have growth-promoting properties. (mdpi.com)
  • Synthetic auxins exploit the auxin-signalling pathway and are valuable as herbicidal agrochemicals. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • Currently, despite a diversity of chemical scaffolds all synthetic auxins have a carboxylic acid as the active core group. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • This work expands the range of auxin chemistry for the design of receptor-selective synthetic auxins. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • The good news is that, on the whole, the systems map to each other, for example, HRAC Group O, Australian Group I, and WSSA Group 4 are synthetic auxins and contain the same list of herbicides. (weedscience.org)
  • For example, the ratio of auxin to cytokinin in certain plant tissues determines initiation of root versus shoot buds. (wikipedia.org)
  • The shoot auxin transport system involves diverse transporters and mounting evidence suggests that different transporters are differentially sensitive to shoot branching regulatory signals, including auxin flux, cytokinin and strigolactone. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • Organo-auxin (phenoxy) herbicides have found a place in weed control schemes for peanut, corn, small grains, sugarcane, turf, pasture and forage crops, and many other areas. (researchgate.net)
  • Auxin is a hormone that plays a central role in plant growth, tissue patterning, organogenesis, and responses to light. (cshlpress.com)
  • The evolutionary history of auxin signaling and its roles in environmental responses (e.g., plant-pathogen interactions) are also reviewed. (cshlpress.com)
  • On the molecular level, all auxins are compounds with an aromatic ring and a carboxylic acid group. (wikipedia.org)
  • To uncover the role of iGluR-like channels in plant root growth, we used a comprehensive set of compounds known to alter iGluR channels in the neurons. (intechopen.com)
  • These bacterial colonies provide auxins and other root stimulating compounds. (constantcontact.com)
  • We suggest a molecular context for how the auxin signal is propagated to exert its biological effects. (broadinstitute.org)
  • Classical molecular and genetic techniques employed over the past 20 years identified the major players in auxin-mediated gene expression and suggest a canonical auxin response pathway. (duke.edu)
  • Surprisingly, AFB1 has a specialized function in rapid auxin-dependent inhibition of root growth and early phase of root gravitropism. (elifesciences.org)
  • The mechanism is based on auxin's known activation and inhibition of expressed PIN family auxin carriers at low and high auxin levels, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Auxins play a cardinal role in coordination of many growth and behavioral processes in plant life cycles and are essential for plant body development. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, it is stringently required that energy-consuming stress-adaptation and growth-related processes are dynamically tuned according to the prevailing energy availability. (uu.nl)
  • A class of plant growth substance (often called phytohormones or plant hormones) which play an essential role in coordination of many growth and behavioral processes in the plant life cycle. (definitions.net)
  • Auxins are also involved in the processes of root initiation, bud formation, and fruit development. (definitions.net)
  • Auxin signalling may be one of such mechanisms since it is responsible for the regulation of many cellular and developmental processes and also integrates environmental cues into developmental programs. (boku.ac.at)
  • However, accumulating evidence concerning the primary role of auxin transport in both processes (reviewed in [ 2 ]) suggests that they can be united into a single system, the structural features and dynamics of which can be described by one mathematical model. (biomedcentral.com)
  • SIR1, an upstream component in auxin signaling identified by chemical genetics. (broadinstitute.org)
  • 2. Indole butyric acid IBA serves as signaling molecules necessary for development of plant organs and coordination of growth. (plant-growthregulators.com)
  • These studies refine the auxin signal transduction model and raise new questions that increase the complexity of auxin signaling. (duke.edu)
  • GA opposes the action of several DELLA proteins by destabilizing them, reducing both the concentration of detectable DELLA proteins and their growth-restraining effects. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These proteins work as activators or repressors of growth-stimulating genes. (hightimes.com)
  • I am a plant cell biologist and protein biochemist at Oxford Brookes University with expertise in the structure and function of the plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER), membrane proteins and auxin biosynthesis using biochemical techniques as well as high-resolution live cell imaging. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • In particular, the PIN1, PIN3, PIN4, and PIN7 proteins provide for a continuous auxin flow along the apical-basal root axis via the vascular system to the QC cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • PIN2 proteins mediate basipetal auxin transport from the root tip via the epidermis as well as acropetal auxin transport in cortex. (biomedcentral.com)
  • the geotropic response occurs because more auxin accumulates along the lower side of the coleoptile than along the upper side. (britannica.com)
  • The sir1 mutant was resistant to sirtinol, a small molecule that activates many auxin-inducible genes and promotes auxin-related developmental phenotypes. (broadinstitute.org)
  • Activities of pH and auxin reporters indicate that ammonium uptake mediated by ammonium transporters acidifies the root apoplast, which increases pH-dependent import of protonated auxin into cortical and epidermal cells overlaying lateral root primordia, and subsequently promotes their emergence from the parental root. (nature.com)
  • Thereby, ammonium-induced and H + -ATPase-mediated acidification of the apoplast allows auxin to bypass the auxin importers AUX1 and LAX3. (nature.com)
  • Nevertheless, mechanistic insights into plant growth control under energy deprived conditions remains largely elusive. (uu.nl)
  • The roles of auxin in specific organs and tissues-the shoot apical meristem, roots, vasculature, and flowers-are described in detail. (cshlpress.com)
  • Over the last 15 years I have developed a research pathway in auxin biosynthesis going back to my degree and PhD work at the Technical University of Munich where I studied the nitrilase pathway in maize auxin biosynthesis and maize tryptophan synthase complex. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • My additional independent research on ER localisation and splicing in auxin biosynthesis showed for the first time ER-localisation for an auxin biosynthetic protein. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • Based on this work I won a fellowship from the Korean Federation of Science and Technology Societies to investigate the subcellular localisation of maize auxin biosynthesis at Dankook University in Seoul which lead to a publication that showed for the first time that both steps of the TAA/YUC pathway of auxin biosynthesis can be ER-localised. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • It is mainly synthesized in cotyledons, young leaves and other growing tissues, and is transported to targeted issues via polar transport to regulate plant development and growth. (phys.org)
  • We also show that auxin is necessary for GA-mediated control of root growth, and that attenuation of auxin transport or signalling delays the GA-induced disappearance of RGA from root cell nuclei. (ox.ac.uk)
  • PIN-LIKES (PILS) are putative auxin transport facilitator that, presumably, transport auxin from the cytoplasm to the ER lumen, therefore limiting the available auxin for nuclear signalling (Figure 1). (boku.ac.at)
  • Figure 1: PILS presumably facilitate the transport of auxin from the cytoplasm into the ER lumen, preventing it to diffuse into the nucleus and interfering with auxin signalling. (boku.ac.at)
  • At the heart of this network is the auxin transport system. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • Thus ultimately all shoot apices are in communication through their export of auxin into shared auxin transport paths to the root. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • Herbicide binding at this protein location blocks electron transport from Q A to Q B and stops CO 2 fixation and production of ATP and NADPH 2 which are all needed for plant growth. (weedscience.org)
  • Another outcome of the reflected flow mechanism - the predominance of lateral or adventitious roots in different plant species - may be based on the different efficiencies with which auxin inhibits its own transport in different species, thereby distinguishing two main types of plant root architecture: taproot vs. fibrous. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We show that control of PIN2 proteolytic turnover via its ubiquitylation status is of significant importance for auxin distribution in root meristems and for environmentally controlled adaptations of root growth. (cas.cz)
  • The downward growth of roots is also associated with a greater quantity of auxin in their lower halves. (britannica.com)
  • they move upward from the roots in the xylem (woody tissue) and thus do not show the movement characteristic of auxins. (britannica.com)
  • Fig. 2: N nutrition modulates apoplastic pH and radial auxin distribution in lateral roots. (nature.com)
  • In plant roots, auxin is critical for patterning and morphogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Auxins were the first of the major plant hormones to be discovered. (wikipedia.org)
  • Auxins typically act in concert with, or in opposition to, other plant hormones. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many animal hormones may exert their effects by influencing protein synthesis , and evidence suggests that auxins may act in a similar way. (britannica.com)
  • Auxin is considered one of the cardinal hormones in plant growth and development. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • To begin defining exactly what plant growth regulators are we need to understand plant hormones, also known as phytohormones. (hightimes.com)
  • Fig. 4: N-dependent response of lateral root development to external auxin. (nature.com)
  • Several studies have also shown that auxin plays essential roles in the response to salt and water stress as well as other biotic and abiotic stresses. (mdpi.com)
  • Auxin is a type of plant hormone involved in regulating various aspects of plant growth and development, including cell elongation, phototropism (response to light), geotropism (response to gravity), and differentiation of vascular tissue. (definitions.net)
  • Here, we identified a Lettuce auxin response factor 3 ( LsARF3 ), the expression of which was enhanced by heat and auxin treatments. (frontiersin.org)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Refining the nuclear auxin response pathway through structural biology. (duke.edu)
  • In addition, the proximal maxima are formed under the reflected flow mechanism in response to periods of increasing auxin flow from the growing shoot. (biomedcentral.com)
  • When the plant is injured, the auxin can induce the cell differentiation and regeneration of the vascular tissues. (plant-growthregulators.com)
  • When a repressor is present, it stops the formation of growth-stimulating genes, in parallel activators start the transcription of growth-stimulating genes. (hightimes.com)
  • We propose a reflected flow mechanism for the formation of the auxin maximum in the root apical meristem. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This effect, which is the opposite to that found in coleoptiles, is attributed to an inhibitory action of auxins on root growth, but this aspect of auxin action is not yet fully understood. (britannica.com)
  • demonstrate that root growth rate slows within 30 seconds of auxin application, and accelerates within 2 minutes of auxin removal. (plantae.org)
  • In this work, we disclose the novel function of the low-energy activated group S1bZIP11-related TFs as regulators of auxin-mediated primary root growth. (uu.nl)
  • Water stress has been shown to inhibit shoot growth more than root growth (Sharp et al. (umsystem.edu)
  • Plant growth is driven by light and supplied with energy through photosynthesis by green leaves. (phys.org)
  • Carboxylic acids are plant growth regulators, imidazolinones and sulfonylureas are both inhibitors of ALS/AHAS enzyme, and triazines are photosynthesis inhibitors. (unl.edu)
  • Our study highlights the impact of externally available nitrogen forms on pH-dependent radial auxin mobility and its regulatory function in organ development. (nature.com)
  • They all have regulatory functions and can either inhibit or increase cellular growth and activity. (hightimes.com)
  • Simulations showed that these regulatory interactions are sufficient for self-organization of the auxin distribution pattern along the central root axis under varying conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In experimental conditions, auxins tend to inhibit the progress of plant aging, perhaps because of their stimulating effect upon protein synthesis. (britannica.com)
  • Our observations indicate that the shoot apex exerts long-distance control on the growth of plant organs through the effect of auxin on GA-mediated DELLA protein destabilization. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Here, we show that local ammonium supply stimulates the accumulation of shoot-derived auxin in the root vasculature and promotes lateral root emergence to build a highly branched root system. (nature.com)
  • inhibits cell growth and can help prevent water loss by triggering stomates to close. (dummies.com)
  • Auxin is present in all parts of a plant, although in very different concentrations. (wikipedia.org)
  • Differences in auxin concentrations in different regions of the plant result in dramatic changes in gene expression, up- or down-regulating distinct sets of target genes. (cshlpress.com)
  • Fig. 1: Shoot-derived auxin is critical for higher-order lateral root branching in presence of ammonium. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 3: Lowering pH restores radial auxin diffusion and higher-order lateral root branching under N deficiency. (nature.com)
  • PIN3 and PIN7 are also involved in the lateral redistribution of auxin in the root cap. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The genetic information provided here may help to expand this bacterium's biotechnological potential and to further improve its plant growth-promoting characteristics. (pacb.com)
  • However, the extent of the plant growth promotion (PGP) phenotype(s), their underlying mechanism(s), and the impact of bacterial endosymbionts on fungal-plant interactions remain poorly understood for Mortierellaceae. (duke.edu)
  • There is growing evidence suggesting that auxin may play a role in the regulation of ER homeostasis. (boku.ac.at)
  • This allows the "car" to drive ahead and create growth-stimulating genes. (hightimes.com)
  • When growth stimulating genes are activated, cells begin to grow and increase in size. (hightimes.com)
  • Complete genome sequence of plant growth-promoting bacterium Leifsonia xyli SE134, a possible gibberellin and auxin producer. (pacb.com)
  • The (dynamic and environment responsive) pattern of auxin distribution within the plant is a key factor for plant growth, its reaction to its environment, and specifically for development of plant organs (such as leaves or flowers). (wikipedia.org)