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GymnospermsAngiospermsPiceaCycasConiferophytaPinusTaxusPinaceaeGinkgo bilobaPinus taedaCycadophytaPhylogenyZamiaceaeEphedraFernsTreesSelaginellaceaeGenes, PlantOvuleOcoteaCambiumPseudotsugaLigninCupressaceaeDNA, PlantEvolution, MolecularPlantsGnetumPlant ProteinsGenome, ChloroplastGenome, PlantBryophytaThysanopteraCunninghamiaPinus sylvestrisPhloemSeedsGene Expression Regulation, PlantDNA ShufflingViridiplantaeFossilsExtinction, BiologicalCryptomeriaWoodSeed DispersalFlowersMolecular Sequence DataDNA, ChloroplastRNA, PlantBiological EvolutionExpressed Sequence TagsDiterpenes, KauranePlant LeavesPollen

ConifersFernsCycadsPteridophytesSpeciesGinkgoMossesSeedsSpermatophytes or seed plantsMonocotsBryophytesTaxaPollinationGymnospermaeExtantAlternationPhylogeneticGnetalesProteinsPinophytaCompriseTaxonomicLycophyteBractsExtinctConePaleobotanyCommonlyVesselGenesPollenConiferFloweringCompared to angiospermsCharacteristicsReproductionEvolutionary historyEndemicRadiationClassificationTreeMainPlant groupsGenetic

Conifers10

• revealed seeds) are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes, forming the clade Gymnospermae. (wikipedia.org)
• By far the largest group of living gymnosperms are the conifers (pines, cypresses, and relatives), followed by cycads, gnetophytes (Gnetum, Ephedra and Welwitschia), and Ginkgo biloba (a single living species). (wikipedia.org)
• About 65% of gymnosperms are dioecious, but conifers are almost all monoecious. (wikipedia.org)
• Conifers are by far the most abundant extant group of gymnosperms with six to eight families, with a total of 65-70 genera and 600-630 species (696 accepted names). (wikipedia.org)
• Gymnosperms are a group of land plants comprising the extant taxa, cycads, Ginkgo , gnetophytes and conifers. (nature.com)
• Gymnosperms, non-flowering plants that include conifers and ginkgo trees, were the most threatened group in the study. (smithsonianmag.com)
• In conifers and other similar plants known as gymnosperms, the ovules are borne on the surface of an ovuliferous (ovule-bearing) scale, usually within a cone, and are not enclosed. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• In gymnosperms, such as conifers, the food storage tissue is part of the female gametophyte, a haploid tissue. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• The members of this group include the cycadophytes, conifers, ginkgo tree, and the Ephedras. (northdakotadigitalnews.com)
• Most gymnosperms are conifers, that have needle-like leaves. (slideserve.com)

Ferns2

• Similar to bryophytes and the ferns and allies, the gymnosperms have no flowers. (cropsreview.com)
• This course intends to update and deepen the participants' knowledge with respect to the diversity, phylogeny and systematics of ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms. (lu.se)

Cycads5

• We re-evaluated cycads in the present study in the context of all gymnosperms, augmenting the genetic coverage from 58% to 80% of species. (nature.com)
• All gymnosperms are perennial woody plants, apart from the cycads. (wikipedia.org)
• Cycads are the next most abundant group of gymnosperms, with two or three families, 11 genera, and approximately 338 species. (wikipedia.org)
• Cycads (order Cycadales) are an evolutionarily very old and once very diverse group of palm-like plants that were widespread worldwide at the time of the dinosaurs. (sflorg.com)
• Cycads are an ancient group of seed plants with a crown of large compound leaves and a stout trunk. (vifabio.de)

Pteridophytes2

• Volume 1 of this flora (Marticorena & Rodríguez, 1995), containing introductory chapters and taxonomic treatments of the Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms, was published in 1995, and work on the remaining volumes is actively underway. (mobot.org)
• Gymnosperms act as a connecting link between pteridophytes and angiosperms. (plantscience4u.com)

Species18

• EDGE is applied to gymnosperms using a phylogenetic tree comprising DNA sequence data for 85% of gymnosperm species (923 out of 1090 species), to which the 167 missing species were added, and IUCN Red List assessments available for 92% of species. (nature.com)
• Gymnosperms are among the most threatened living organisms on the planet, with 40% of their species at high risk of extinction, which is about twice as many as the most recent estimates for all plants (i.e. 21.4%) 1 . (nature.com)
• Which species (and areas) should be prioritised in conservation programmes is a recurrent question, but even more so in groups with such high number of threatened species such as gymnosperms. (nature.com)
• The wealth of genetic data available for gymnosperms, their relatively well-known taxonomy and geographical distributions, and the fact that most species have been evaluated using the IUCN Red List criteria, make this group an ideal candidate for the application of the EDGE method. (nature.com)
• Over 1000 living species of gymnosperm exist. (wikipedia.org)
• It has been suggested that during the mid-Mesozoic era, pollination of some extinct groups of gymnosperms was by extinct species of scorpionflies that had specialized proboscis for feeding on pollination drops. (wikipedia.org)
• The other extant groups are the 95-100 species of Gnetales and one species of Ginkgo. (wikipedia.org)
• To explore if these traits are linked to taxonomic group identity and/or to other plant functional traits, we investigated the short-term stomatal CO 2 responses and the maximum rates of photosynthetic carboxylation ( V cmax ) and electron transport ( J max ) in an evolutionary broad range of tropical woody plant species. (springer.com)
• The study included 21 species representing four major seed plant taxa: gymnosperms, monocots, rosids and asterids. (springer.com)
• Therefore, a better understanding of the factors that control the large natural variation in short-term stomatal CO 2 responses would provide indication of which plant species and groups that are likely to experience large increases in water-use efficiency in future higher [CO 2 ] scenarios. (springer.com)
• Thus, no full genome sequence of a gymnosperm species is available at present, whereas 30 angiosperm and more basal plant genomes have been sequenced. (nature.com)
• Kellogg herself recognized that there was more variation within this group than could be encompassed by one or two single species: "It may still be useful for range managers to have a name for some of the groups formerly called species. (ou.edu)
• This group of plants became the most dominant, and make up the majority of plant species we see today. (science20.com)
• BOTNET has the goal of providing information for botanists on all public, professional and student levels, beginning with the Gymnosperms of the Southeastern United States -- a relatively small group of families, genera, and species, indexed by common name, scientific name and family. (ou.edu)
• There are more species of insects on Earth than any other group of organisms and they are of massive ecological and economic importance. (tcd.ie)
• We found that a consistent pattern of wound-induced KED gene expression is maintained across representative species of angiosperm and gymnosperm. (nih.gov)
• KED genes can be identified in species from all groups of land plants (Embryophyta). (nih.gov)
• Gymnosperm tree species. (cdc.gov)

Ginkgo2

• Living gymnosperms comprise four distinct lineages, Ginkgo (1 spp. (nature.com)
• Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves, which are often modified to form cones, or on their own as in yew, Torreya, Ginkgo. (wikipedia.org)

Mosses4

• The earliest land plants to evolve were the bryophyte group, which includes liverworts, hornworts and ancestral mosses, many of which still exist today. (science20.com)
• Clubmoss Leaf - Despite their common name, clubmosses are not technically mosses, but rather are evergreen herbs usually included in the group of plants known as fern allies. (olympusconfocal.com)
• Bryophytes are an informal group consisting of three divisions of non-vascular land plants (embryophytes): the liverworts, hornworts and mosses. (plantsnap.com)
• (D) The plant groups (green algae, mosses, gymnosperms and angiosperms) including the divergence time estimates of their crown subgroups (in 'million years ago', MYA) based on the current view of deep-level relationships (Franzke et al. (seedbiology.de)

Seeds6

• The non-flowering plants that use seeds are called gymnosperms. (ducksters.com)
• Gymnosperms are a diverse group of vascular plants whose seeds are not enclosed in an ovary. (tutordale.com)
• Opposed to a gymnosperm , a plant whose seeds are not contained in an ovary (e.g. an evergreen). (brown.edu)
• Gymnosperm seeds begin their development "naked" on the bracts of cones, although the seeds do become covered by the cone scales as they develop. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
• Gymnosperms make their seeds inside of cones. (sciencelearn.org.nz)
• Scientists divide plants into two main groups depending on whether they reproduce by seeds or spores. (sciencelearn.org.nz)

Spermatophytes or seed plants1

• The gymnosperms and angiosperms together comprise the spermatophytes or seed plants. (wikipedia.org)

Monocots3

• We found that stomatal closure responses to increased CO 2 were stronger in angiosperms than in gymnosperms, and in monocots compared to dicots. (springer.com)
• Currently, the BAHD family encompasses over sixty biochemically characterized members in plant taxa ranging from gymnosperms to monocots to legumes. (biomedcentral.com)
• These analyses show that Amborella (or Amborella plus Nymphaea ), but not monocots, is the sister group of all other angiosperms among this limited set of taxa and that the grasses-sister topology is a long-branch-attraction artifact leading to incorrect rooting of angiosperms. (biomedcentral.com)

Bryophytes1

• All the KED proteins from vascular plants (Tracheophyta) including angiosperm, gymnosperm, fern and lycophyte share a conserved 19-amino acid domain near the C-terminus, whereas bryophytes (moss, liverwort and hornwort) possess KED-rich, multi-direct-repeat sequences that are distinct from the vascular plant KEDs. (nih.gov)

Taxa1

• The PD of a group of taxa is equivalent to the sum of all the branches linking the members of this group in a phylogenetic tree, from the root to the tips 3 . (nature.com)

Pollination3

• The scorpionflies likely engaged in pollination mutualisms with gymnosperms, long before the similar and independent coevolution of nectar-feeding insects on angiosperms. (wikipedia.org)
• Regardless of pollination syndrome, drops eliminate fungi and bacteria that are also poised to enter these ovules that, characteristic of gymnosperms, are open to the outside. (uvic.ca)
• But the study authors believe the more likely explanation is that butterflies and moths evolved their proboscises before flowers came into being-possibly to help them lap up the sugary pollination drops produced by gymnosperms, the most common group of plants that sprung from the ground during the Jurassic. (smithsonianmag.com)

Gymnospermae2

• The wider "Gymnospermae" group includes extinct gymnosperms and is thought to be paraphyletic. (wikipedia.org)
• The spermatophytes are commonly grouped into two types: Gymnospermae or gymnosperms and Angiospermae or angiosperms. (cropsreview.com)

Extant1

• Gymnosperms first appeared more than 300 million years ago (Myr ago) 1 , well before the angiosperm lineage separated from the stem group of extant gymnosperms 2 . (nature.com)

Alternation1

• Gymnosperm lifecycles involve alternation of generations. (wikipedia.org)

Phylogenetic5

• It was previously widely accepted that the gymnosperms originated in the Late Carboniferous period, replacing the lycopsid rainforests of the tropical region, but more recent phylogenetic evidence indicates that they diverged from the ancestors of angiosperms during the Early Carboniferous. (wikipedia.org)
• Phylogenetic and functional signals in gymnosperm ovular secretions. (uvic.ca)
• Phylogenetic analysis of putative BAHD acyltransferase sequences from Arabidopsis , Medicago , Oryza , Populus , and Vitis , along with previously characterized proteins, supported a refined grouping of eight major clades for this family. (biomedcentral.com)
• When the term "sister" is used to refer to a phylogenetic placement it refers to the sister group to the rest of the angiosperms unless otherwise specified. (biomedcentral.com)
• Alternative phylogenetic hypotheses are highlighted for groups with uncertain position. (lu.se)

Gnetales1

• With the exception of gnetales , gymnosperms lack vessel elements and only have tracheids. (tutordale.com)

Proteins1

• Not until the evolution of the gymnosperms (flowering plants) 300 million years ago are these interacting proteins able to repress growth. (science20.com)

Pinophyta1

• The gymnosperms are subdivided into five Divisions, four of which, the Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, and Pinophyta (also known as Coniferophyta) are still in existence while the Pteridospermatophyta are now extinct. (wikipedia.org)

Comprise2

• The Flora de Chile is expected to comprise six or seven volumes, with taxonomic treatments contributed by specialists in various plant groups. (mobot.org)
• The phyla (or divisions) of the plant kingdom that comprise the gymnosperms are the Cycadophyta (ex. (cropsreview.com)

Taxonomic3

• 1. Phylogeny and major taxonomic groups. (lu.se)
• An overview of the major taxonomic groups of vascular plants. (lu.se)
• Each module treats one major taxonomic group and/or terminology as well as basic background knowledge. (lu.se)

Lycophyte1

• The lycophyte group, which evolved 400 million years ago, were the first plants to evolve vascular tissues - specialized tissues for transporting water and nutrients through the plant. (science20.com)

Bracts1

• The bracts of a gymnosperm cone are called sporophylls . (tutordale.com)

Extinct1

• Evidence has also been found that mid-Mesozoic gymnosperms were pollinated by Kalligrammatid lacewings, a now-extinct family with members which (in an example of convergent evolution) resembled the modern butterflies that arose far later. (wikipedia.org)

Cone1

• The enlightening and useful sixth chapter reviews the medical value of seven threatened groups-amphibians, bears, primates, gymnosperms, cone snails, sharks, and horseshoe crabs-giving advocates new and valuable ammunition. (nih.gov)

Paleobotany1

• The term "gymnosperm" is often used in paleobotany to refer to (the paraphyletic group of) all non-angiosperm seed plants. (wikipedia.org)

Commonly1

• group are commonly called algae. (sawaal.com)

Vessel1

• Most of these studies, as well as most subsequent analyses [ 10 - 17 ] have converged on the placement of the monotypic genus Amborella , a vessel-less shrub with unisexual flowers endemic to New Caledonia, as the sister-group to all living angiosperms (Fig. 1 , Table 1 ), with the next two divergences within angiosperms corresponding to the water lilies (Nymphaeaceae) and then the Austrobaileyales. (biomedcentral.com)

Genes2

• This group of plants also have the genes involved in the gibberellin signalling mechanism, and the products of their genes are able to interact with each other, and the hormone gibberellin. (science20.com)
• Numerous studies, using in aggregate some 28 genes, have achieved a consensus in recognizing three groups of plants, including Amborella , as comprising the basal-most grade of all other angiosperms. (biomedcentral.com)

Pollen3

• There are two types of pollen-producing plants, angiosperms and gymnosperms. (hudsonalpha.org)
• Reproduction in gymnosperms begins with interaction of pollen with ovules. (uvic.ca)
• 1. the upper parts of the stamen in which the pollen is produced, either in a single pollen sac or in groups of these sacs. (brown.edu)

Conifer1

• One of the major groups of gymnosperm plants is the conifer. (ducksters.com)

Flowering2

• 17 . The relationships among these groups, as well as their relationships to flowering plants (angiosperms), have been the subject of debates for decades and several, often quite different, hypotheses have been suggested 18 . (nature.com)
• There are two main groups of non-flowering plants. (ducksters.com)

Compared to angiosperms2

• There are no herbaceous gymnosperms and compared to angiosperms they occupy fewer ecological niches, but have evolved both parasites (Parasitaxus), epiphytes (Zamia pseudoparasitica) and rheophytes (Retrophyllum minus). (wikipedia.org)
• It is common in gymnosperms and rarely compared to angiosperms. (vedantu.com)

Characteristics1

• In fact, all plants are products of evolution and different groups with distinctive characteristics evolved at different periods of time. (cropsreview.com)

Reproduction1

• The importance of the seed relative to more primitive forms of reproduction and dispersal is attested to by the success of these two groups of plants in dominating the landscape. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Evolutionary history1

• The gymnosperms are more ancient in terms of evolutionary history. (cropsreview.com)

Endemic1

• A checklist of the complete Chilean flora was presented by Marticorena & Quezada (1985), and was analyzed statistically by region (i.e., separately for continental Chile and each island group) and by status (endemic, native, introduced) by Marticorena (1990). (mobot.org)

Radiation1

• The radiation of gymnosperms during the late Carboniferous appears to have resulted from a whole genome duplication event around 319 million years ago. (wikipedia.org)

Classification1

• A formal classification of the living gymnosperms is the "Acrogymnospermae", which form a monophyletic group within the spermatophytes. (wikipedia.org)

Tree1

• ENTS is the premiere tree measuring group of the eastern U.S. forest. (notabletrees.org.nz)

Main1

• This is consistent with the three phylogeographic breaks (Sichuan Basin, the Kaiyong Line and the 105°E line), where the Sichuan basin acts as the main barrier to gene flow between western and eastern groups. (bvsalud.org)

Plant groups2

• Today gymnosperms are the most threatened of all plant groups. (wikipedia.org)
• This means that we have access to experts on different plant groups from leading universities in Sweden, Norway and Denmark. (lu.se)

Genetic1

• Distribution patterns based on nSSR data revealed that there are three genetic groups in P. lasiocarpa. (bvsalud.org)