Granule cells interneurons. Medical search. Frequent questions

Excitatory hilar mossy cells (MCs) in the dentate gyrus receive inputs from dentate granule cells (GCs) and project back to GCs locally, contralaterally, and along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus, thereby establishing an associative positive-feedback loop and connecting functionally diverse hippocampal areas. (nih.gov)
A paper recently published by eLife on forebrain cortical synaptic plasticity reports that retinoic acid (RA) alters synaptopodin-dependent metaplasticity in mouse dentate granule cells (Lenz et al. (preprints.org)
11. Physiological studies of human dentate granule cells. (elsevier.com)

For instance, olfactory bulb granule cells are GABAergic and axonless, while granule cells in the dentate gyrus have glutamatergic projection axons. (wikipedia.org)
MCs also synapse with GABAergic interneurons that mediate feed-forward inhibition onto GCs. (nih.gov)
Inhibition generated by granule cells, the most common GABAergic cell type in the olfactory bulb, plays a critical role in shaping the output of the olfactory bulb. (jneurosci.org)
The convergence of two types of excitatory inputs onto GABAergic granule cells provides a novel mechanism for regulating the degree of interglomerular processing of sensory input in the olfactory bulb through piriform cortex/olfactory bulb synaptic interactions. (jneurosci.org)
Lowered c-Fos activity in the external plexiform layer and a reduction in the number of dendritic processes of somatostatin-releasing, GABAergic interneurons (SOM-INs) in the ELS mice led us to hypothesise the underlying circuit. (nature.com)
The team's observations show that this elusive type of cell is GABAergic, which means that it releases an inhibitory neurotransmitter. (medicalxpress.com)
Arshad MN, Aaron GB, Naegele JR. ( 2021 ) Optogenetic Interrogation of ChR2-Expressing GABAergic Interneurons After Transplantation into the Mouse Brain. (neurotree.org)
2020 ) Development of electrophysiological and morphological properties of human embryonic stem cell-derived GABAergic interneurons at different times after transplantation into the mouse hippocampus. (neurotree.org)
2019 ) Restrained Dendritic Growth of Adult-Born Granule Cells Innervated by Transplanted Fetal GABAergic Interneurons in Mice with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. (neurotree.org)
2014 ) Long-term seizure suppression and optogenetic analyses of synaptic connectivity in epileptic mice with hippocampal grafts of GABAergic interneurons. (neurotree.org)
2012 ) Differentiation and functional incorporation of embryonic stem cell-derived GABAergic interneurons in the dentate gyrus of mice with temporal lobe epilepsy. (neurotree.org)
Vílchez-Acosta A, Manso Y, Cárdenas A, Elias-Tersa A, Martínez-Losa M, Pascual M , Álvarez-Dolado M, Nairn AC, Borrell V , Soriano E . Specific contribution of Reelin expressed by Cajal-Retzius cells or GABAergic interneurons to cortical lamination. (neurotree.org)
In rodent models for neuropsychiatric disorders reduced number of hippocampal interneurons have been reported, but the total number of GABAergic neurons in the normal rat hippocampus is yet unknown. (akjournals.com)
Benes, F. M., Berretta, S. (2001) GABAergic interneurons: implications for understanding schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. (akjournals.com)

The name granule cell has been used for a number of different types of neurons whose only common feature is that they all have very small cell bodies. (wikipedia.org)
Cerebellar granule cells account for the majority of neurons in the human brain. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] The existence of gap junctions between granule cells allows multiple neurons to be coupled to one another allowing multiple cells to act in synchrony and to allow signalling functions necessary for granule cell development to occur. (wikipedia.org)
The granule cells in the dorsal cochlear nucleus are small neurons with two or three short dendrites that give rise to a few branches with expansions at the terminals. (wikipedia.org)
Because in α 6 −/− neurons the remaining α 1 , β 2/3 , and γ 2 subunits cannot rescue the δ subunit, certain potential subunit combinations may not be found in wild-type cells. (jneurosci.org)
A puzzling case is presented by cerebellar granule cells (GrC), the most numerous neurons of the brain 4 . (nature.com)
Neurons called granule cells are thought to play a central role in hippocampal pattern separation. (elifesciences.org)
They revealed that in the olfactory bulb, where new neurons are continuously formed, the connections between these new neurons and neighboring cells are significantly rearranged throughout their lifetime. (neurosciencenews.com)
Glomeruli are also permeated by dendrites from neurons called mitral cells , which in turn output to the olfactory cortex . (wikidoc.org)
As a neural circuit, the olfactory bulb has one source of sensory input (axons from olfactory receptor neurons of the olfactory epithelium), and one output (mitral cell axons). (wikidoc.org)
Using a combination of biochemical, behavioral, and imaging approaches, we found that mice lacking mTOR in VIP neurons displayed erratic circadian behavior and weakened synchronization among cells in the SCN, the master circadian pacemaker in mammals. (concordia.ca)
Pernía-Andrade and Jonas now show that granule cell neurons send signals only at specific times in the cycle of oscillations. (ist.ac.at)
Within the hippocampus, cx I mRNA was primarily expressed by interneurons and cx II mRNA by granule cells and pyramidal neurons. (ox.ac.uk)
The robust native fluorescence of these reporters enables direct visualization of fine dendritic structures and axonal projections of the labeled neurons, which is useful in mapping neuronal circuitry, imaging and tracking specific cell populations in vivo. (bioseek.eu)
cnd-1 expression was first detected in neuroblasts of the AB lineage in 14 cell embryos and maintained in many neuronal descendants of the AB lineage during embryogenesis, diminishing in most terminally differentiated neurons prior to hatching. (biologists.com)

Proximal cortical feedback inputs can relieve the tonic Mg block of NMDA receptors (NMDARs) at distal synapses and gate dendrodendritic inhibition onto mitral cells. (jneurosci.org)
These findings raise the possibility that the pattern of interneuronal activation, and thus lateral inhibition onto principal cells, is not regulated predominately by dendrodendritic synaptic inputs but instead may reflect the temporal coincidence of several types of synaptic inputs to granule cells. (jneurosci.org)
These results suggest that the proximal excitatory inputs to granule cells may play an important role in gating recurrent and lateral dendrodendritic inhibition (DDI) in the olfactory bulb. (jneurosci.org)
Mitral cells are connected by interneurons known as granule cells , which by some theories produce lateral inhibition between mitral cells. (wikidoc.org)
Effect confirmation in SH-SY5Y cells occurred after ATM depletion and osmotic stress better than nutrient / oxidative stress, not after ATM kinase inhibition or DNA stressor bleomycin. (preprints.org)
They discovered that excitatory and inhibitory synaptic signals contributed to different frequencies of oscillations, with excitation from the entorhinal cortex generating theta oscillations and inhibition by local dentate gyrus interneurons generating gamma oscillations. (ist.ac.at)
These techniques allow now to record the activity of several cells simultaneously, monitoring their interactions and evaluating excitation-inhibition integration and synaptic plasticity. (frontiersin.org)
Medial septal facilitation of hippocampal granule cell activity is mediated by inhibition of inhibitory interneurons. (oribarri.com)
If the degree of inhibition in the brain cells changes, malfunctions can arise in the processing, enciphering and accessing of information. (uni-freiburg.de)
Elgueta, C., Bartos, M. (2019): Dendritic inhibition differentially regulates excitability of dentate gyrus parvalbumin-expressing interneurons and granule cells. (uni-freiburg.de)
Cyfip1 Haploinsufficiency Does Not Alter GABA Receptor d-Subunit Expression and Tonic Inhibition in Dentate Gyrus PV Interneurons and Granule Cells. (cdc.gov)

Granule cells are found within the granular layer of the cerebellum, the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, the superficial layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, the olfactory bulb, and the cerebral cortex. (wikipedia.org)
1 . Masoli S, Tognolina M, Laforenza U, Moccia F, D'Angelo E (2020) Parameter tuning differentiates granule cell subtypes enriching transmission properties at the cerebellum input stage. (yale.edu)
TITLE Cerebellum Granule Cell Model COMMENT basato sul modello di Raman a 13 stati. (yale.edu)
Additionally, they found that candelabrum cells are the most common interneuron in the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum and that they can be found in all cerebellar lobules. (medicalxpress.com)
Our study represents the first detailed characterization of a cell type that was first identified in the 1990s and we expect it to change how the field thinks about the circuit of the cerebellum. (medicalxpress.com)
Immunohistochemical analysis of the cerebellum determined that both γ 2 and γ 4 are present in the molecular layer, particularly in Purkinje cell bodies and dendrites, but have an inverse expression pattern to one another in the dentate cerebellar nucleus. (biomedcentral.com)
The human γ 2 , γ 3 and γ 4 stargazin-like proteins are detected only in the CNS and display differential distributions among brain regions and several cell types in found in the cerebellum and hippocampus. (biomedcentral.com)

Granule cells (save for those of the olfactory bulb) have a structure typical of a neuron consisting of dendrites, a soma (cell body) and an axon. (wikipedia.org)
The main intrinsic granule cell in the vertebrate olfactory bulb lacks an axon (as does the accessory neuron). (wikipedia.org)
Finally, we used single nuclei RNA sequencing to learn the molecular identity of candelabrum cells and how they relate genetically to other neuron types of the cerebellar cortex. (medicalxpress.com)
10. Morphological development and maturation of granule neuron dendrites in the rate dentate gyrus. (elsevier.com)
Typically, the basic organization of cerebellar cortex neural circuitry is also well conserved in vertebrates, which mainly comprises of two types of input systems: mossy and climbing fibers in addition to the granule cells, modulatory interneurons including stellate, golgi and basket cells which regulate the discharge of single output Purkinje neuron [9,11,12]. (als-journal.com)
Minimally, a recep- tor includes a peripheral axon terminal of one pri- mary afferent neuron, whose cell body is sited proximally in the dorsal root ganglion. (cdc.gov)
A neuron generates and propagates an action potential along its axon, then transmits this signal across a synapse by releasing neurotransmitters, which trigger a reaction in another neuron or an effector cell (eg, muscle cells, most exocrine and endocrine cells). (msdmanuals.com)
Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind briefly to specific receptors on the adjoining neuron or effector cell. (msdmanuals.com)

In the mammalian olfactory bulb, granule cells can process both synaptic input and output due to the presence of large spines. (wikipedia.org)

These parallel fibers form thousands of excitatory granule-cell-Purkinje-cell synapses onto the intermediate and distal dendrites of Purkinje cells using glutamate as a neurotransmitter. (wikipedia.org)
The vast majority of granule cell axonal synapses are found on the parallel fibers. (wikipedia.org)
However, relatively little is known about the synaptic mechanisms responsible for activating these interneurons in addition to the specialized dendrodendritic synapses located on distal dendrites. (jneurosci.org)
Using two-photon guided minimal stimulation in acute rat brain slices, we found that distal and proximal excitatory synapses onto granule cells are functionally distinct. (jneurosci.org)
Most excitatory synapses we examined onto granule cells activated both NMDARs and AMPA receptors, whereas a subpopulation appeared to be NMDAR silent. (jneurosci.org)
Tetanic stimulation of axons in the granule cell layer (GCL) not only activates granule cells but also relieves the Mg blockade of NMDA receptors at distal dendrodendritic synapses ( Halabisky and Strowbridge, 2003 ). (jneurosci.org)
Shipley and Adamek, 1984 ) innervate granule cells at proximal synapses. (jneurosci.org)
A , Schematic diagram of excitatory synapses onto granule cells. (jneurosci.org)
Like the main olfactory bulb, axonal input to the accessory olfactory bulb forms synapses with mitral cells within glomeruli. (wikidoc.org)
26. Comparison of cellular mechanisms of long-term depression of synaptic strength at perforant path-granule cell and Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses. (elsevier.com)

Adult-born granule cells (abGCs) project to the CA2 region of the hippocampus, but no previous studies have assigned a behavioral function to this circuit. (researchgate.net)
Adult-born granule cells (ABGCs) are involved in certain forms of hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. (elifesciences.org)
These cells, unlike the majority of nerve cells, can form at any time, and those that form in the mature brain are called adult born granule cells (ABGCs). (elifesciences.org)

Second, these antibodies impair the induction of synaptic plasticity, rebound potentiation, and LTD, on Purkinje cells, resulting in loss of restoration and compensation of the distorted "internal models. (springer.com)
Cerebellar granule cells project up through the Purkinje layer into the molecular layer where they branch out into parallel fibers that spread through Purkinje cell dendritic arbors. (wikipedia.org)
Axon: Each granule cell sends a single axon onto the Purkinje cell dendritic tree. (wikipedia.org)
Synapse: 100-300,000 granule cell axons synapse onto a single Purkinje cell. (wikipedia.org)
The axon of a cerebellar granule cell splits to form a parallel fiber which innervates Purkinje cells. (wikipedia.org)
In their study Purkinje cells, interneurons, and granule cells where the focus. (noldus.com)
Our analysis of SCA1 transgenic mice revealed that the mutant protein aggregates in the nuclei of cerebellar Purkinje cells and that these aggregates stain positively for ubiquitin, the proteasome, and some chaperones. (bcm.edu)
Recognizing the importance of protein interactions for mediating SCA1 pathogenesis, and given that SCA1 shares clinical and pathological features with several other inherited ataxias, we proposed that understanding the interactions of Ataxin-1 as they relate to the interactions of proteins implicated in other ataxias might provide better insight about molecular mechanisms leading to Purkinje cell degeneration and ataxia. (bcm.edu)
This image shows mRNA signal from candelabrum cells using single molecule fluorescent in-situ hybridization and emphasizes the abundance of CCs and their location in the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellar cortex. (medicalxpress.com)
In particular, candelabrum cells are excited by mossy fiber inputs and granule cells , but strongly inhibited by Purkinje cells. (medicalxpress.com)
They also inhibit molecular layer interneurons, leading to the disinhibition of Purkinje cells. (medicalxpress.com)
So far, most cerebellar research has focused on known cell types, such as Purkinje or granule cells," Osorno and Rudolph added. (medicalxpress.com)
Whilst the fact that neither γ 2 nor γ 4 modulated the properties of a VDCC complex with which they could associate in vivo in Purkinje cells adds weight to the hypothesis that the principal role of these proteins is not as auxiliary subunits of VDCCs, it does not exclude the possibility that they play another role in VDCC function. (biomedcentral.com)

These two populations of granule cells are also the only major neuronal populations that undergo adult neurogenesis, while cerebellar and cortical granule cells do not. (wikipedia.org)
Alonso J.R. (1995) Calbindin D-28k and parvalbumin expression in mitotic cells of rat primary cortical cultures. (uv.es)

Alonso J.R. (1996) Segregated distribution of nitric oxide synthase-positive cells in the periglomerular region of typical and atypical olfactory glomeruli. (uv.es)
Numerous interneuron types exist in the olfactory bulb including periglomerular cells which synapse within and between glomeruli, and granule cells which synapse with mitral cells. (wikidoc.org)
the periglomerular cells, and the granule cells. (wikidoc.org)

The hippocampus stains for γ 2 and γ 4 throughout the layers of the every CA region and the dentate gyrus, whilst γ 3 appears to be localized particularly to the pyramidal and granule cell bodies. (biomedcentral.com)

These granule cells receive excitatory input from mossy fibers originating from pontine nuclei. (wikipedia.org)
The dorsal cochlear granule cells are small excitatory interneurons which are developmentally related and thus resemble the cerebellar granule cell. (wikipedia.org)
Cerebellar granule cells receive excitatory input from 3 or 4 mossy fibers originating from pontine nuclei. (wikipedia.org)
Mossy fibers make an excitatory connection onto granule cells which cause the granule cell to fire an action potential. (wikipedia.org)

Although the dendritic arborization of granule cells is relatively small (50-200 μm) ( Shepherd and Greer, 1998 ), a single granule cell may receive synaptic inputs from mitral cells several millimeters away ( Shepherd and Greer, 1998 ), providing a theoretical basis for massive synaptic divergence. (jneurosci.org)
The dendritic appendages of the nerve cells receive incoming signals rather similarly to antennae. (uni-freiburg.de)

Glomerulus-Selective Regulation of a Critical Period for Interneuron Plasticity in the Drosophila Antennal Lobe. (tcd.ie)

Synaptic excitation of individual rat cerebellar granule cells in situ: evidence for the role of NMDA receptors. (modeldb.science)

Distribution of interneurons expressing EGFP from the GAD65 promoter in the day 14 mouse hippocampus colabelled for the CB1 cannabinoid receptor (red) and counterstained with DAPI (blue) to show the cell layers. (ucsd.edu)
To understand how oscillations are generated and which synaptic events trigger these oscillations, the researchers looked at synaptic transmission in granule cells (principal cells at the main entrance of the hippocampus) from both the extracellular (oscillations) and the intracellular perspectives (synaptic currents and neuronal firing), and then correlated the two. (ist.ac.at)

Layer 4 granule cells of the cerebral cortex receive inputs from the thalamus and send projections to supragranular layers 2-3, but also to infragranular layers of the cerebral cortex. (wikipedia.org)
They also highlight these cells' unique molecular make-up and prove that they are highly sensitive to synaptic inputs. (medicalxpress.com)
Overall, the findings gathered by this team of researchers suggest that all inputs, outputs and local signals in the cerebellar cortex converge onto candelabrum cells, which could mean that they play an important part in controlling cerebellar activity. (medicalxpress.com)

Tomas Osorno et al, Candelabrum cells are ubiquitous cerebellar cortex interneurons with specialized circuit properties, Nature Neuroscience (2022). (medicalxpress.com)

Its axon projects to the molecular layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus where it forms parallel fibers, also similar to cerebellar granule cells. (wikipedia.org)
Localized cx II mRNA signal was seen in the dentate gyrus molecular layer, suggestive of its transport into granule cell dendrites. (ox.ac.uk)

In vivo recordings, however, suggest that unlike glutamatergic mitral cells, inhibitory granule cells are only weakly activated after sensory stimulation ( Cang and Isaacson, 2003 ). (jneurosci.org)
However, mitral cells in the accessory olfactory bulb project their axons to targets in the amygdala and hypothalamus where they may influence aggressive and mating behavior. (wikidoc.org)

Thus, ABGCs provide two temporally overlapping but functionally distinct neuronal cell populations, adding a novel level of complexity to our understanding of how life-long neurogenesis contributes to adult brain function. (elifesciences.org)

2003). In vivo whole-cell recording of odor-evoked synaptic transmission in the rat olfactory bulb. (modeldb.science)

The Functional Role of Olfactory Bulb Granule Cell Subtypes Derived From Embryonic and Postnatal Neurogenesis. (researchmap.jp)
2004) mTOR is essential for growth and proliferation in early mouse embryos and embryonic stem cells. (concordia.ca)
2004) Disruption of the mouse mTOR gene leads to early postimplantation lethality and prohibits embryonic stem cell development. (concordia.ca)

Interneurons can be severely inhibited by chloride transporters, which enhance the inhibitory signals, and the high density of GABA A receptors. (uni-freiburg.de)
Granule cells on the other hand have lower densities of GABA A receptors and are mildly inhibited: they process and encipher signals from the environment which results in a map-like representation of the environment in the dentate gyrus. (uni-freiburg.de)

We tested this hypothesis in cells, fruit flies, and mice and found that indeed chaperone overexpression mitigates SCA1 neuropathology and phenotypes. (bcm.edu)
We recorded reduced synaptic inhibitory feedback on mitral/tufted (M/T) cells, in the OB slices from ELS mice, explaining the learning deficiency caused by compromised refinement of OB output. (nature.com)
The Cre/lox system is widely used in mice to achieve cell-type-specific gene expression. (bioseek.eu)

An exam- ple of a slowly adapting position detector is a Type I Iggo corpuscle, featured by a myelinated axon ter- minating at the base of a small dome-like elevation in the skin (Merkel cells). (cdc.gov)
Displacement of the dome by as little as 5 ,um can result in a supra-threshold generator potential within the Merkel cell-axon ter- minal complex. (cdc.gov)

Insets show magnified views of granule cell dendrites with spines located on both distal bifurcated dendrites in the EPL (top) and the proximal primary dendrite (bottom). (jneurosci.org)

The cerebellar granule cells (GrCs) are classically described as a homogeneous neuronal population discharging regularly without adaptation. (nature.com)

The signal may stimulate or inhibit the receiving cell, depending on the neurotransmitter and receptor involved. (msdmanuals.com)

Dendrites: Each granule cell has 3 - 4 stubby dendrites which end in a claw. (wikipedia.org)
The granule cell has a characteristic cone-shaped tree of spiny apical dendrites. (wikipedia.org)
The dendrites are short with claw-like endings that form glomeruli to receive mossy fibers, similar to cerebellar granule cells. (wikipedia.org)
Each cell gives rise to short central dendrites and a single long apical dendrite that expands into the granule cell layer and enters the mitral cell body layer. (wikipedia.org)

12. Hilar mossy cells: functional identification and activity in vivo. (elsevier.com)

For example, cerebellar granule cells express six subunit genes abundantly (α 1 , α 6 , β 2 , β 3 , γ 2 , and δ), and so they probably have several distinct GABA A receptor subtypes of unknown subunit stoichiometry. (jneurosci.org)
Synapsin function in GABA-ergic interneurons is required for short-term olfactory habituation. (tcd.ie)

With Stereo Investigator, you can perform unbiased quantification of cell populations, lengths of fibers or vessels, or area and volume of regions using design-based stereology, a set of methods for rigorous quantitative analysis of the size, shape, and number of objects. (mbfbioscience.com)

Mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling controls cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism in dividing cells. (concordia.ca)

These new methods are helping neuroscientists to better understand the functions and organization of specific cell populations in the brain. (medicalxpress.com)

Das Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre organisiert die Veranstaltung in Kooperation mit Verbundforschungsprojekten unserer Universität. (uni-muenster.de)

Identification and structural characterization of interneurons of the Drosophila brain by monoclonal antibodies of the Würzburg hybridoma library. (tcd.ie)

Receptor tyrosine kinase EphA7 is required for interneuron connectivity at specific exploit compartments of granule cells. (gemstonestatue.com)
9. Ultrastructure and synaptic connectivity of cell types in the adult rat dentate gyrus. (elsevier.com)

Using the Cre-LoxP system, the mTOR gene was specifically knocked out in cells expressing Vip (vasoactive intestinal peptide), which represent a major population of interneurons widely distributed in the neocortex, suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), olfactory bulb (OB), and other brain regions. (concordia.ca)
Using these reporters and a high-throughput in situ hybridization platform, we are systematically profiling Cre-directed gene expression throughout the mouse brain in several Cre-driver lines, including new Cre lines targeting different cell types in the cortex. (bioseek.eu)

In the olfactory bulb (OB), locally generated inhibitory synaptic interactions play a central role in shaping mitral and tufted cell responses to sensory stimuli ( Hamilton and Kauer, 1985 , 1989 ). (jneurosci.org)

Our laboratory uses genetic, cell biological, and biochemical approaches to explore the pathogenesis of polyglutamine neurodegenerative diseases, the function of Math1 in neurodevelopment, and how MECP2 mutations cause postnatal neurodevelopmental disorders. (bcm.edu)
Altered Ribostasis: RNA-Protein Granules in Degenerative Disorders. (tcd.ie)

In the transmission electron microscope, these cells are characterized by a darkly stained nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm. (wikipedia.org)
In the nucleus of proliferating cells, ATM senses DNA double-strand breaks and coordinates their repair. (preprints.org)

First, we used acute cerebellar slices, which preserve the local circuits and allow us to study the properties of candelabrum cells and how they are connected to other cell types ," Osorno and Rudolph explained. (medicalxpress.com)
VDCCs are intrinsically involved in the regulation of a multiplicity of Ca 2+ dependent processes in many different cell types where they are inserted into the plasma membrane as hetero-oligomeric complexes of a pore-forming α 1 subunit with auxiliary β, α2δ and possibly γ subunits [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Both types of cell process information and differentiate closely-related memories. (uni-freiburg.de)
13. Interneurons of the dentate gyrus: an overview of cell types, terminal fields and neurochemical identity. (elsevier.com)

The granule cells, produced by the rhombic lip, are found in the granule cell layer of the cerebellar cortex. (wikipedia.org)
The granule cells are tightly packed in the granular cell layer of the dentate gyrus. (wikipedia.org)
They are also detected in the interneurons of the granule cell layer though only γ 2 is clearly detected in granule cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy63

Organisms19

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs97

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Psychiatry and Psychology6

Phenomena and Processes41

Disciplines and Occupations4

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science1

Health Care3

Dentate granule cells3

GABAergic14

Neurons15

Inhibition11

Cerebellum7

Neuron8

Olfactory bulb granule cells1

Synapses10

Adult-born granule3

Purkinje13

Cortical2

Periglomerular3

Pyramidal1

Excitatory4

Dendritic2

Plasticity1

Excitation1

Hippocampus2

Inputs3

20221

Molecular layer2

Mitral cells2

Functionally distinct1

Synaptic transmission1

Embryonic3

Receptors2

Mice3

Axon2

Spines1

Neuronal1

Neurotransmitter1

Dendrites4

Vivo1

GABA2

Fibers1

Mammalian1

Populations1

Centre1

Characterization1

Connectivity2

Gene2

Sensory1

Disorders2

Nucleus2

Types4

Layer3