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Penicillin ResistanceNeisseria gonorrhoeaePenicillinsPenicillin GStreptococcus pneumoniaeGonorrheaPenicillin VPneumococcal InfectionsMicrobial Sensitivity TestsPenicillin-Binding ProteinsAnti-Bacterial AgentsDrug Resistance, MicrobialPenicillinaseMuramoylpentapeptide CarboxypeptidaseHexosyltransferasesPeptidyl TransferasesDrug Resistance, BacterialPoint MutationPenicillin G ProcaineMutationMutation, MissensePenicillin AmidaseBacterial ProteinsLactamsPenicillin G BenzathineSerotypingDrug ResistanceTransformation, BacterialAminoacyltransferasesDrug Resistance, MultipleErythromycinDrug Resistance, Multiple, BacterialMolecular Sequence DataNeisseriabeta-LactamasesDNA, BacterialTetracyclineAmpicillinCarrier ProteinsSpectinomycinCefotaximeNeisseria meningitidisMacrolidesGenes, BacterialStreptococcal InfectionsPolymerase Chain ReactionTransformation, GeneticBase SequenceFrameshift MutationPlasmidsStreptococcusNasopharynxPneumococcal VaccinesOxacillinbeta-LactamsAmino Acid SequenceDrug Resistance, NeoplasmR FactorsCulture MediaMoraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalisPneumonia, PneumococcalStaphylococcusCefiximeGerm-Line MutationEscherichia coliCeftriaxoneStaphylococcus aureusDrug Resistance, ViralElectrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-FieldCephalosporinsCarrier StateTetracycline ResistanceSequence Analysis, DNADisease ResistanceHaemophilus influenzaeRespiratory Tract InfectionsSpainBacteriaPedigreeGenotypeVascular ResistanceCommunity-Acquired InfectionsMolecular EpidemiologyChlamydia trachomatisPhenotypeUrethritisDNA FingerprintingUrethraBacterial Typing TechniquesAnti-Infective AgentsBacteremiaMutation RateAllelesBacterial Outer Membrane ProteinsCiprofloxacinAmino Acid SubstitutionChlamydia InfectionsStreptomycinExonsMutagenesis, Site-Directed
NeisseriaStrainsAntibioticCeftriaxoneAzithromycinAntibioticsGonorrheaCiprofloxacinBacteriumFluoroquinolonesChromosomallyUrethritisAntimicrobialsCephalosporinsBacteriaIsolateSusceptibilitiesTetracycline resistancePlasmid-mediatedGISPStreptococcusGeneticDeterminantsGeneBeta-lactam resistanceAssayPathogenMICsGonorrhoeaOrganismDrug resistanceSporadicallyInfections causedGenomicAsymptomaticSequenceEffluxThreatMechanismsTreatment
Neisseria25
Strains15
  • Antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance helps prevent spread of highly resistant N. gonorrhoeae strains. (cdc.gov)
  • In the 1940s effective treatment with penicillin became available, but by the 1970s resistant strains predominated. (wikipedia.org)
  • N. gonorrhoeae has a high affinity for horizontal gene transfer, and as a result, the existence of any strain resistant to a given drug could spread easily across strains. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, certain strains of N. gonorrhoeae can be resistant to antibiotics that are normally used to treat it. (wikipedia.org)
  • We collected draft genome sequence data and associated metadata data on 76 N. gonorrhoeae strains from around the globe and searched for known determinants of antibiotics resistance within the strains. (peerj.com)
  • Strains with resistance phenotypes to more recent antibiotics ( azithromycin and cefixime ) were mostly found in two of the five population subgroups. (peerj.com)
  • Over the past decade, strains of N gonorrhoeae have been reported to develop high levels of resistance against several antimicrobial agents previously used for treatment of gonorrhoea. (bmj.com)
  • There are 60-some mutations on the PBP2 protein in the resistant strains of gonorrhea. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Suppose a spontaneous mutation in a bacterium causes it to be resistant to antibiotic X. In that case, all the non-resistant strains will die when exposed to antibiotic X, leaving the resistant ones to reproduce. (futurescienceleaders.com)
  • The Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) was established in 1986 as a sentinel surveillance system to monitor trends in antimicrobial susceptibilities of N. gonorrhoeae strains in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Despite the MIC decrease (i.e., trend of improved cefixime susceptibility) during 2012-2013, the increase in the number of strains with Cfx-RS in 2014 underscores the potential threat of cephalosporin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae . (cdc.gov)
  • Herein, the prevalence and trends of gonococcal AMR and molecular epidemiological characteristics of N. gonorrhoeae strains from 2010 to 2013 in Belarus, are described. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The efficacy of CEFTIN in the treatment of penicillin -resistant strains of Streptococcus pyogenes has not been demonstrated in clinical trials. (rxlist.com)
  • caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (excluding penicillin-resistant strains), Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae (including beta-lactamase-producing strains), or Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis (including beta-lactamase-producing strains). (globalrph.com)
  • The cure rate did not differ significantly between urogenital and rectal infection (P = 0.359).Sitafloxacin monotherapy was highly effective against infection caused by M. genitalium, except strains with combined parC and gyrA mutations. (stanford.edu)
Antibiotic28
  • There are three general mechanisms that may allow bacteria to become resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics: inability to access/target penicillin-binding protein (PBP) enzyme inhibition of binding to PBP via modification of the enzyme hydrolysis/inactivation of the antibiotic by beta-lactamases. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a result of antibiotic resistance, there are now limited options for treating patients. (peerj.com)
  • Gonococci develop their antibiotic resistance through plasmidmediated and chromosomal mechanisms. (pediagenosis.com)
  • Davies said it appears that the mutations restrict the protein's flexibility, preventing the structural changes needed to bind the antibiotic. (sciencedaily.com)
  • If those movements are critical to its job of binding to peptides and building the mesh that keeps the cell wall intact, how can the mutations block the antibiotic but still allow the normal reaction? (sciencedaily.com)
  • Since the development of the first antibiotic, Penicillin, in 1928, scientists have identified the possible risk of antibiotic resistance. (futurescienceleaders.com)
  • In this experiment, several generations of the bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens were created, compared, and tested for antibiotic resistance to Neomycin. (futurescienceleaders.com)
  • Antibiotic resistance occurs when a microbe resists the effects of medication that once could successfully eliminate it. (futurescienceleaders.com)
  • Antibiotic Resistance is becoming more and more prevalent as the use of antibiotics increases. (futurescienceleaders.com)
  • The rise of antibiotic resistance can largely be attributed to the agricultural industry and the medical practice of overprescription. (futurescienceleaders.com)
  • Patients diagnosed with antibiotic resistance are found to have higher rates of mortality and are a greater cost to the medical system. (futurescienceleaders.com)
  • Whereas efflux pumps such as MexAB-OprM have been thought to predominate, here we show that a novel ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) transporter that mediates influx of carbenicillin from the periplasm to the cytoplasm and away from its cell wall target plays an important role in the resistance of P. aeruginosa to this antibiotic. (allergy-link.com)
  • Among the determinants of antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa , efflux pumps belonging to the resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family confer resistance to a broad range of antibacterial compounds. (allergy-link.com)
  • Data from 77 countries show that antibiotic resistance is making gonorrhoea - a common sexually-transmitted infection - much harder, and sometimes impossible, to treat. (advocatesaz.org)
  • An STD most people haven't even heard of is rapidly evolving antibiotic resistance. (advocatesaz.org)
  • Sexually Transmitted Diseases , the medical journal of the American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association, did just that in an editorial called "Mycoplasma genitalium on the Loose: Time to Sound the Alarm," which accompanied two studies detailing antibiotic resistance in a little-known STD called mycoplasma genitalium , or MG for short. (advocatesaz.org)
  • First you're telling me there's an STD called MG, which most people haven't even heard of, and now you're telling me I already need to worry about antibiotic resistance? (advocatesaz.org)
  • Unfortunately, gonococci - the species of bacteria that cause gonorrhea - have been evolving resistance to every antibiotic we've thrown at them, including sulfonamides, penicillins, tetracyclines, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and narrow-spectrum cephalosporins. (advocatesaz.org)
  • The emergence of antibiotic-resistant gonorrhea is considered one of the most pressing problems in infectious disease - just two years ago, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention named it an "urgent threat," and indeed, gonorrhea seems to be evolving resistance to drugs at quite a rapid clip. (advocatesaz.org)
  • First, a genetic mutation can endow bacteria with special antibiotic-fighting powers, making it harder for a drug like penicillin to attach to their cells and destroy them. (advocatesaz.org)
  • Such a mutant is more likely to gain evolutionary traction if it finds itself in an antibiotic-drenched environment in which resistance to that drug allows it to "outcompete" other bacteria. (advocatesaz.org)
  • Indeed, antibiotic resistance was first documented in the 1940s, just years after sulfonamides and penicillin were introduced as the first effective cures for gonorrhea. (advocatesaz.org)
  • Clinical Questions Prior to the First Edition, the most effective practice for remedy of those that do not experience spontaneous recovery was not clearly defned antibiotic resistance leadership group [url=https://energy.gov.bz/order/Clindamycin/]300 mg clindamycin generic visa[/url]. (ehd.org)
  • A metagenomic whole genome shotgun sequencing approach was used for rhizospheric soil micribiome of the wild plant Abutilon fruticosum in order to detect antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) along with their antibiotic resistance mechanisms and to detect potential risk of these ARGs to human health upon transfer to clinical isolates. (springeropen.com)
  • The most highly abundant resistance mechanisms included antibiotic efflux pump, antibiotic target alteration, antibiotic target protection and antibiotic inactivation. (springeropen.com)
  • antimicrobial resistance (AMR) families of the resistance mechanism of antibiotic efflux pump included resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump (for mtrA , soxR and golS genes), major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump (for soxR gene), the two-component regulatory kdpDE system (for kdpE gene) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump (for efrA gene). (springeropen.com)
  • AMR families of the resistance mechanism of antibiotic target alteration included glycopeptide resistance gene cluster (for vanRO gene), rifamycin-resistant beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (for rpoB2 gene) and antibiotic-resistant isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (for ileS gene). (springeropen.com)
  • AMR families of the resistance mechanism of antibiotic target protection included bacterial RNA polymerase-binding protein (for RbpA gene), while those of the resistance mechanism of antibiotic inactivation included rifampin ADP-ribosyltransferase (for arr-1 gene). (springeropen.com)
Ceftriaxone10
  • The highest ceftriaxone MIC reported in Canada was 0.25 mg/L, representing only 0.45% (49/10,805) of all N. gonorrhoeae isolates tested during 2010‒2016 ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • We describe ceftriaxone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae isolated in Canada. (cdc.gov)
  • Ceftriaxone and spectinomycin demonstrated lower MICs and so are recommended for N gonorrhoeae . (bmj.com)
  • During this cephalosporins (such as cefixime and ceftriaxone) were the time, however, the gonococcus acquired genetic mutations that only remaining antimicrobials recommended for treatment conferred increasing penicillin resistance, necessitating increas- of gonococcal infections. (cdc.gov)
  • Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveil ance Programme has antimicrobials representing four different classes, namely operated in the Western Pacific and South-East Asian penicil in (PEN), ciprofloxacin (CIP), tetracycline (TCY), regions since 1992, but surveil ance of gonococcal anti- ceftriaxone (CRO) and cefixime (CFX), by disc diffusion microbial resistance (AMR) remains limited in the Asia- and gradient diffusion (Etest, BioMerieux). (who.int)
  • Among isolates tested for susceptibility to other antimicrobial agents, no evidence was found of decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone, cefixime, or azithromycin, or resistance to spectinomycin. (cdc.gov)
  • Because dual therapy with ceftriaxone plus azithromycin is the only recommended gonorrhea treatment, increases in azithromycin and cephalosporin MICs are cause for concern that resistance to these antimicrobial agents might be emerging. (cdc.gov)
  • One isolate was resistant to cefixime, but no resistance to ceftriaxone or spectinomycin was found. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The results of the present surveillance initiated in 2009 were also used to replace penicillin G with ceftriaxone (1 g single dose intramuscularly) as the first-line drug for empiric treatment of gonorrhoea in the national treatment guidelines in Belarus in late 2009. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have one remaining first-line gonorrhea treatment left: extended-spectrum cephalosporins, which include cefixime, which is taken orally, and ceftriaxone, which is administered as a shot - and resistance is emerging to those drugs, as well. (advocatesaz.org)
Azithromycin3
  • Tests of cure by NAAT and cervical culture were performed during this visit and were negative for N. gonorrhoeae , indicating a successful initial treatment with cefixime and azithromycin administered 14 days earlier. (cdc.gov)
  • 4 While men and women, 2 with higher rates of 7.7% and 10.8% resistance to azithromycin has also increased global y, 1 among men who have sex with men at two different sites resistance to the dual therapy remains low. (who.int)
  • During 2010-2013, the N. gonorrhoeae population in Belarus displayed high and relatively stable resistance levels to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and penicillin G, while the resistance to azithromycin declined. (biomedcentral.com)
Antibiotics12
  • Efflux pumps mediate resistance to a variety of compounds including antibiotics, detergents, and dyes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The penB gene encodes the porins for N. gonorrhoeae and when this gene undergoes mutations, there is a decrease in permeability of the cell wall to hydrophilic antibiotics like penicillin. (wikipedia.org)
  • The concordance between phenotypic and genotypic resistance was 92.38% overall for five antibiotics in four classes. (who.int)
  • N. gonorrhoeae has developed resistance to to front-line antibiotics triggered a global action plan from first-line antibiotics such as sulfonamides, penicil ins, WHO to control the spread and impact of gonococcal tetracyclines, macrolides, fluoroquinolones and early resistance and a call for international col aborative ac- cephalosporins. (who.int)
  • Chromosomally mediated resistance is more general and involves mutations that alter cell wall permeability or the affinity of binding proteins to antibiotics. (pediagenosis.com)
  • On October 17, 1997, the STD Program of the San Diego Department of Health was notified by the GISP laboratory that the N. gonorrhoeae isolates from patients 1 and 2 were resistant to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin (minimum inhibitory concentration {MIC} 16 ug/mL for both antibiotics). (cdc.gov)
  • Davies' team has identified six mutations that are at the root of the resistance and is looking at how the mutations change the way the protein reacts to antibiotics. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Once researchers understand how the mutations are preventing antibiotics from doing their work, new drugs can be developed, Davies said. (sciencedaily.com)
  • This type of bacteria has grown immune to traditional antibiotics through random mutation. (futurescienceleaders.com)
  • However, treatment has been compromised by the absence of routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing in clinical care and evolution of antimicrobial resistance to the antibiotics used to treat gonorrhea. (cdc.gov)
  • The resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to antibiotics is multi factorial and complex. (allergy-link.com)
  • Gonococci can acquire resistance to antibiotics in three ways. (advocatesaz.org)
Gonorrhea5
  • Beta-lactams like penicillin were widely used to treat gonorrhea in the 1940s. (wikipedia.org)
  • Penicillin rhea treatment ( 3 ) Spectinomycin, an alternative treatment, was then found to be effective for gonorrhea treatment and had not been available in the United States since 2006, so became the therapy of choice for several decades. (cdc.gov)
  • By * In GISP, N. gonorrhoeae isolates are collected from the first 25 men with urethral gonorrhea attending STD clinics each month in approximately 28 cities in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Steadily and relentlessly, the bacterium that causes gonorrhea has slipped past medicine's defenses, acquiring resistance to once-reliable drugs, including penicillin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Penicillin, the first reliable cure for gonorrhea, was mass produced in the 1940s. (advocatesaz.org)
Ciprofloxacin5
Bacterium1
  • When N. gonorrhoeae encodes penA, the new PBP-2 that is synthesized is no longer recognized by the beta-lactams rendering the bacterium resistant. (wikipedia.org)
Fluoroquinolones4
  • citation needed] Fluoroquinolones were a useful next-line treatment until resistance was achieved through efflux pumps and mutations to the gyrA gene, which encodes DNA gyrase. (wikipedia.org)
  • however, the emergence of gonococcal isolates with reduced susceptibility or resistance to fluoroquinolones has been a significant concern in several countries, including Japan. (bmj.com)
  • collected throughout the United States, prompting CDC to However, widespread gonococcal resistance to sulfonamides no longer recommend the use of fluoroquinolones for gonor- occurred rapidly and was common by the 1940s. (cdc.gov)
  • Sulfa drugs, penicillins, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones - they all make a gonococcus heave a bored sigh. (advocatesaz.org)
Chromosomally3
  • Resistance to penicillin has developed through two mechanisms: chromosomally mediated resistance (CMRNG) and penicillinase-mediated resistance (PPNG). (wikipedia.org)
  • Chromosomally mediated resistance occurred through step-wise changes over many years. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chromosomally mediated penicillin and tetracycline resistance was identified in 12.6% and 33.3% of the isolates. (bmj.com)
Urethritis4
  • Isolates of N gonorrhoeae from male urethritis patients attending four urological clinics in Hyogo and Osaka prefectures in Japan were collected during 2002. (bmj.com)
  • We investigated MICs of N gonorrhoeae isolated from men with urethritis in an urban area of Japan to establish a rational treatment strategy appropriate to the area. (bmj.com)
  • Infection with N. gonorrhoeae is spread through sexual con- supported sentinel surveillance system that monitors gonococ- tact and, depending on the anatomic site of exposure, can cause cal antimicrobial susceptibility among urethral N. gonorrhoeae acute urethritis, cervicitis, proctitis, or pharyngitis. (cdc.gov)
  • Each month, N. gonorrhoeae isolates are collected from up to the first 25 men with gonococcal urethritis attending each of the participating sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics at 27 sites. (cdc.gov)
Antimicrobials1
  • Knowledge of local N gonorrhoeae susceptibilities to various antimicrobials is important for establishing a rational treatment strategy in each region. (bmj.com)
Cephalosporins4
  • N eisseria gonorrhoeae is a leading cause of for gonorrhoea is limited to one last effective class of an- sexually transmitted infections, with an estimated timicrobials, the extended-spectrum cephalosporins (e.g. (who.int)
  • Davies' team has just published a paper showing how cephalosporins bind and inactivate a gonococcal protein dubbed penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2). (sciencedaily.com)
  • Four-membered cyclic AMIDES, best known for the PENICILLINS based on a bicyclo-thiazolidine, as well as the CEPHALOSPORINS based on a bicyclo-thiazine, and including monocyclic MONOBACTAMS. (lookformedical.com)
  • This specificity is based on the structure of the CTX-M β-lactam binding site which only allows the efficient recognition of penicillins, first-generation cephalosporins and cefotaxime (Figure 14) (Chen et al. (open.edu)
Bacteria2
  • Alpit is a combination product consisting of a penicillin-class antibacterial, piperacillin, and a β-lactamase inhibitor, tazobactam, indicated for the treatment of patients with moderate to severe infections caused by susceptible isolates of the designated bacteria in the conditions listed below. (sdrugs.com)
  • The BETA-LACTAMASES hydrolyze the beta lactam ring, accounting for BETA-LACTAM RESISTANCE of infective bacteria. (lookformedical.com)
Isolate2
  • The bacterial isolate from our patient was confirmed to be N. gonorrhoeae by API NH (bioMérieux), VITEK (bioMérieux), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (bioMérieux), and whole-genome sequencing. (cdc.gov)
  • The culture grew N. gonorrhoeae and was sent for antimicrobial susceptibility testing as part of the national Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP). (cdc.gov)
Susceptibilities1
  • Susceptibilities of N gonorrhoeae should be monitored periodically by region. (bmj.com)
Tetracycline resistance1
Plasmid-mediated1
GISP2
  • The culture grew N. gonorrhoeae and was sent to the GISP laboratory for susceptibility testing. (cdc.gov)
  • This is the first report to present comprehensive surveillance data from GISP and summarize gonococcal susceptibility over time, as well as underscore the history and public health implications of emerging cephalosporin resistance. (cdc.gov)
Streptococcus1
  • Linear Regression Equations To Predict β-Lactam, Macrolide, Lincosamide, and Fluoroquinolone MICs from Molecular Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants in Streptococcus pneumoniae. (mun.ca)
Genetic2
  • AMR evolution should be considered in the context of the genetic structure of the N. gonorrhoeae population. (peerj.com)
  • Antimicrobial resistance occurs through different mechanisms, which include spontaneous (natural) genetic mutations and horizontal transfer of resistant genes through deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (who.int)
Determinants1
  • The multilocus sequence type, multiantigen sequence type, presence of determinants of antimicrobial resistance and relatedness among the isolates were all derived from the sequence data. (who.int)
Gene5
  • The penA gene encodes an alternative penicillin-binding protein, PBP-2. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] The mtr (multiple transferable resistance) gene encodes for an efflux pump. (wikipedia.org)
  • Docking and pharmacological analyses showed that verapamil and carbenicillin compete for the same site on the PA1113 gene protein, explaining the inhibitory effect of verapamil on carbenicillin uptake, and furthermore suggest that the PA1113 ABC transporter accounts for about 30% of P. aeruginosa carbenicillin resistance. (allergy-link.com)
  • Our findings demonstrate that the PA1113 gene product helps mediate carbenicillin resistance by transporting it away from its cell wall target and represents a promising new therapeutic target. (allergy-link.com)
  • In some cases of penicillin resistance, the transpeptidase gene mutated https://www.germanautomotives.co.uk/can-you-take-amoxicillin-and-flagyl-together/ such that penicillin no longer effective. (church-stmichael.org)
Beta-lactam resistance2
Assay1
  • Antibacterial activities for octenidine dihydrochloride, disodium carbenicillin, octenidine/carbenicillin and stoichiometrically equivalent 1:1 octenidine dihydrochloride to disodium carbenicillin were assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assay for N. gonorrhoeae (ATCC 49226) and three clinical isolates. (allergy-link.com)
Pathogen1
  • It may result from opportunistic colonization following immunosuppression by the primary pathogen and can be influenced by the time interval between infections, microbial physiology, or host resistance. (lookformedical.com)
MICs1
Gonorrhoea2
  • N. gonorrhoeae has developed antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to all drugs previously recommended for treatment of gonorrhoea. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Additive in vitro antibacterial activities against N. gonorrhoeae were observed in this study, which suggests octenidine/carbenicillin could be a useful agent in reducing N. gonorrhoeae transmission and minimizing gonorrhoea infections. (allergy-link.com)
Organism1
Drug resistance2
  • The report also includes a summary on the status of drug resistance for TB, HIV and malaria. (who.int)
  • The first drug-resistance strategy involves modification of the lungs, become stronger. (church-stmichael.org)
Sporadically1
  • thus, gonococcal anti- ing the 1990s and was observed sporadically in the United microbial resistance poses a grave challenge. (cdc.gov)
Infections caused2
  • There are many similarities between the infections caused by N. gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) . (pediagenosis.com)
  • The efficacy of cefpodoxime in treating male patients with rectal infections caused by N. gonorrhoeae has not been established. (globalrph.com)
Genomic1
  • This first genomic survey of N. gonorrhoeae isolates collected by ARSP will be used to contextualize prospective surveillance. (who.int)
Asymptomatic1
  • He was asymptomatic and his urinary NAAT screening result was negative for N. gonorrhoeae . (cdc.gov)
Sequence3
  • Despite the small number of isolates studied, they were genetically diverse, as shown by the sequence types, the N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing types and the tree. (who.int)
  • N. gonorrhoeae isolates (n=193) obtained in the Mogilev (n=142), Minsk (n=36) and Vitebsk (n=15) regions of Belarus in 2010 (n=72), 2011 (n=6), 2012 (n=75) and 2013 (n=40) were analyzed in regards to AMR using the Etest method and for molecular epidemiology with N. gonorrhoeae multi-antigen sequence typing (NG-MAST). (biomedcentral.com)
  • This concept is particularly applicable to microbes which are diagnosed by molecular techniques such as PCR where only a minor mutation or deletion can potentially create sufficient change in the base sequence to make the microbe undetectable by the original molecular test. (microbiologymatters.com)
Efflux2
  • mtr encodes for the protein MtrD which is the efflux pump for N. gonorrhoeae. (wikipedia.org)
  • MtrD is among the Resistance Nodulation Division (RND) efflux pump superfamily. (wikipedia.org)
Threat1
  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains an alarming public health threat worldwide. (who.int)
Mechanisms2
  • Chromosomal mutations in the penA, mtr, and penB genes are the major mechanisms for CMRNG. (wikipedia.org)
  • The spread of the penicillinase resistance was much faster compared to the chromosomal-mediated resistance mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
Treatment6
  • ingly higher doses of penicillin to ensure treatment success. (cdc.gov)
  • resistance associated with clinical treatment failure has been reported previously in only one person, who probably acquired the infection in the Philippines (3-5). (cdc.gov)
  • Gonococcal AMR surveillance nationally and internationally, to identify emerging resistance and inform treatment guidelines, is imperative for public health purposes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Data do not support the use of cefpodoxime proxetil in the treatment of pharyngeal infections due to N. gonorrhoeae in men or women. (globalrph.com)
  • Mycoplasma genitalium has a tendency to develop macrolide and quinolone resistance.We investigated the microbiological cure rate of a 7 day course of sitafloxacin for the treatment of rectal and urogenital infections in MSM.This open-label, prospective cohort study was conducted at the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan from January 2019 to August 2022. (stanford.edu)
  • Sitafloxacin monotherapy can be used as a first-line treatment for M. genitalium infections in settings with a high prevalence of parC mutations and a low prevalence of gyrA mutations. (stanford.edu)