AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation ScienceHealth Care
CyclacillinPenicillin ResistancePenicillinsPenicillin GStreptococcus pneumoniaePenicillin VPneumococcal InfectionsPenicillin-Binding ProteinsAnti-Bacterial AgentsMicrobial Sensitivity TestsMuramoylpentapeptide CarboxypeptidaseDrug Resistance, MicrobialHexosyltransferasesPeptidyl TransferasesDrug Resistance, BacterialPenicillin G ProcainePenicillinasePenicillin AmidaseNeisseria gonorrhoeaePenicillin G BenzathineLactamsAminoacyltransferasesSerotypingDrug ResistanceDrug Resistance, MultipleBacterial ProteinsErythromycinDrug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterialbeta-LactamasesTransformation, BacterialStreptococcal InfectionsMacrolidesAmpicillinCarrier ProteinsTetracyclineNasopharynxPneumococcal VaccinesCefotaximeOxacillinAmino AcidsStreptococcusbeta-LactamsDrug Resistance, NeoplasmTransformation, GeneticMoraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalisMutationPneumonia, PneumococcalMolecular Sequence DataDNA, BacterialGenes, BacterialR FactorsStaphylococcusPlasmidsStaphylococcus aureusSequence Homology, Amino AcidCarrier StateDisease ResistanceRespiratory Tract InfectionsElectrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field
Isolate Surveillance ProjectAntimicrobial resistanceInhibit bacterialSusceptibilityUrethritisGonorrhoeae isolatesIntramuscularCephalosporinsInfectionBacterialIsolatesStrainsChemicallyPotassiumAzithromycinNeisseriaAcidsAntibiotic resistanceAntibioticsCiprofloxacinBrothMeningitisNucleicTherapyClinicalWhole genomePrevalentPatientsOrganismsMutationsMosaicNaturalCefiximeMillion unitsGroupsIncludeMainResearchTreatment
Isolate Surveillance Project2
  • RESULTS: We selected 14 unique N. gonorrhoeae isolates from the 2006-2012 Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) collection. (cdc.gov)
  • The Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) was established in 1986 as a sentinel surveillance system to monitor trends in antimicrobial susceptibilities of N. gonorrhoeae strains in the United States. (blogspot.com)
Antimicrobial resistance4
  • Enhanced global antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance is crucial to controlling further spread of AMR strains. (cdc.gov)
  • BACKGROUND: Historically, antimicrobial resistance has been rare in US invasive meningococcal disease cases. (cdc.gov)
  • Gonococcus has developed antimicrobial resistance to each previously used antibiotic for gonorrhea therapy. (cdc.gov)
  • However, treatment has been compromised by the absence of routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing in clinical care and evolution of antimicrobial resistance to the antibiotics used to treat gonorrhea. (blogspot.com)
Inhibit bacterial2
  • Penicillins inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins. (medscape.com)
  • Doxycycline, a long-acting tetracycline derived from oxytetracycline, is used to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis and treat non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis, exacerbations of bronchitis in patients with COPD, and adult periodontitis. (illumina.com)
Susceptibility4
  • We describe the emergence and subsequent national spread of N. gonorrhoeae strains with mosaic penA alleles associated with decreased susceptibility and resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. (cdc.gov)
  • We curated a gonococcal Ciprofloxacin Antibiotic Resistance Isolate Bank panel (Cipro-panel) as a tool for validating or developing new tests to determine ciprofloxacin susceptibility. (cdc.gov)
  • Appropriate culture and susceptibility tests should be done before treatment in order to isolate and identify organisms causing infection and to determine their susceptibility to penicillin G. (rxlist.com)
  • This is the first report to present comprehensive surveillance data from GISP and summarize gonococcal susceptibility over time, as well as underscore the history and public health implications of emerging cephalosporin resistance. (blogspot.com)
Urethritis1
  • Each month, N. gonorrhoeae isolates are collected from up to the first 25 men with gonococcal urethritis attending each of the participating sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics at 27 sites. (blogspot.com)
Gonorrhoeae isolates1
  • Nearly all N. gonorrhoeae isolates with clinical or in vitro resistance to ESCs contain a mosaic penA allele. (cdc.gov)
Intramuscular2
  • A number of natural penicillins have been discovered, but only two purified compounds are in clinical use: penicillin G (intramuscular or intravenous use) and penicillin V (given by mouth). (wikipedia.org)
  • Only penicillin by the intramuscular route of administration has been shown to be effective in the prophylaxis of rheumatic fever. (globalrph.com)
Cephalosporins1
  • During the past 2 decades, N. gonorrhoeae strains with resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs), including ceftriaxone, the last remaining option for empiric first-line gonorrhea treatment, have emerged and spread internationally, which is a serious concern worldwide ( 2 - 23 ). (cdc.gov)
Infection3
  • Fleming's student Cecil George Paine was the first to successfully use penicillin to treat eye infection (neonatal conjunctivitis) in 1930. (wikipedia.org)
  • Patients with herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection or gonococcal upper airway disease also benefit from specific treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Amoxicillin is the equivalent of penicillin for bacteriologic eradication of group A streptococcal infection from the tonsillopharynx. (medscape.com)
Bacterial2
  • Penicillins were among the first medications to be effective against many bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci. (wikipedia.org)
  • They are still widely used today for different bacterial infections, though many types of bacteria have developed resistance following extensive use. (wikipedia.org)
Isolates2
  • CONCLUSION: Penicillin- and ampicillin-intermediate isolates were common, but resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics remained rare. (cdc.gov)
  • The percentage of isolates resistant to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, penicillin, or all three antimicrobials, was greater in isolates from MSM than from MSW. (blogspot.com)
Strains10
  • Gonococcal strains with mosaic penA alleles emerged in the international hubs of Seoul in Gyeonggi Province and Busan in South Gyeongsang Province and subsequently spread across South Korea. (cdc.gov)
  • We also identified mosaic penA- 34.001 and penA -60.001, both of which are associated with multidrug-resistant gonococcal strains and spread of cefixime and ceftriaxone resistance. (cdc.gov)
  • ESC resistance and ESC-resistant N. gonorrhoeae strains with the mosaic penA -10.001 allele were observed in 2011 in South Korea ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Since the early 2000s, ESC-resistant N. gonorrhoeae strains containing the mosaic penA -10.001, associated with cefixime resistance, have been prevalent and caused cefixime treatment failures in Japan ( 4 , 5 , 7 , 33 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Ampicillin is a second-generation penicillin that is active against many strains of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella, Shigella, and Haemophilus influenzae. (medscape.com)
  • caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (excluding penicillin-resistant strains), Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae (including beta-lactamase-producing strains), or Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis (including beta-lactamase-producing strains). (globalrph.com)
  • Penicillin G Potassium for Injection, USP is indicated in the treatment of serious infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated micro organisms in the conditions listed below. (rxlist.com)
  • We collected draft genome sequence data and associated metadata data on 76 N. gonorrhoeae strains from around the globe and searched for known determinants of antibiotics resistance within the strains. (peerj.com)
  • Strains with resistance phenotypes to more recent antibiotics ( azithromycin and cefixime ) were mostly found in two of the five population subgroups. (peerj.com)
  • High levels of recombination could confound studies of the gonococcal populations, especially if the studies are based on few genetic loci within strains as compared to the entire genomes. (peerj.com)
Chemically1
  • Other named constituents of natural Penicillium, such as penicillin A, were subsequently found not to have antibiotic activity and are not chemically related to antibiotic penicillins. (wikipedia.org)
Potassium11
  • One unit of penicillin V potassium is defined as 0.625 micrograms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Penicillin G Potassium for Injection is an antibiotic used to treat severe infections including strep and staph infections, diphtheria , meningitis , gonorrhea , and syphilis . (rxlist.com)
  • Penicillin G potassium is available in generic form. (rxlist.com)
  • What Are Side Effects of Penicillin G Potassium? (rxlist.com)
  • Dosage of Penicillin G Potassium is dependent upon what it is being used to treat. (rxlist.com)
  • What Drugs, Substances, or Supplements Interact with Penicillin G Potassium? (rxlist.com)
  • If you are pregnant, only take Penicillin G Potassium if clearly needed. (rxlist.com)
  • Penicillin G Potassium passes into breast milk. (rxlist.com)
  • Our Penicillin G Potassium Side Effects Center provides a comprehensive view of available drug information on the potential side effects when taking this medication. (rxlist.com)
  • Penicillin G Potassium , USP is a natural penicillin. (rxlist.com)
  • Penicillin G Potassium Injection, USP (equivalent to 1, 2, or 3 million units of penicillin G) is a 50 mL premixed, iso-osmotic, sterile, nonpyrogenic, frozen solution for intravenous administration. (rxlist.com)
Azithromycin1
  • Because dual therapy with ceftriaxone plus azithromycin is the only recommended gonorrhea treatment, increases in azithromycin and cephalosporin MICs are cause for concern that resistance to these antimicrobial agents might be emerging. (blogspot.com)
Neisseria1
Acids1
  • In the current study, Raman analysis of fresh tissue samples showed that OSCC tissues contained significantly higher levels of nucleic acids, proteins, and several amino acids compared to the adjacent healthy tissues. (bvsalud.org)
Antibiotic resistance2
  • R-plasmids are important in antibiotic resistance. (abcmedicalnotes.com)
  • As a result of antibiotic resistance, there are now limited options for treating patients. (peerj.com)
Antibiotics2
  • Penicillins (P, PCN or PEN) are a group of β-lactam antibiotics originally obtained from Penicillium moulds, principally P. chrysogenum and P. rubens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by Ceftriaxone for Injection or other antibacterial drugs in the future.Diarrhea is common problem caused by antibiotics which usually ends when the antibiotic is discontinued. (drugcentral.org)
Ciprofloxacin2
  • The first two positions (272 and 284) have been linked previously with resistance to ciprofloxacin (i.e. amino acid positions 91 and 95). (cdc.gov)
  • One location (amino acid 87) has been previously reported to be associated with ciprofloxacin resistance. (cdc.gov)
Broth1
  • Fleming explained in his 1929 paper in the British Journal of Experimental Pathology that "to avoid the repetition of the rather cumbersome phrase 'Mould broth filtrate', the name 'penicillin' will be used. (wikipedia.org)
Meningitis1
  • Fleming first used the purified penicillin to treat streptococcal meningitis in 1942. (wikipedia.org)
Nucleic1
  • Implementation of molecular resistance prediction from N. gonorrhoeae -positive nucleic acid amplification test specimens is imperative in South Korea and internationally. (cdc.gov)
Therapy1
  • This in turn suggests that targeted therapy could slow resistance development to currently recommended empirical treatments. (cdc.gov)
Clinical1
  • Most penicillins in clinical use are synthesised by P. chrysogenum using deep tank fermentation and then purified. (wikipedia.org)
Whole genome1
  • Resistance mechanisms were characterized using whole genome sequencing. (cdc.gov)
Prevalent1
  • Awareness of local trends in prevalent organisms and local resistance patterns is key. (medscape.com)
Patients1
  • Ten percent of the population claims penicillin allergies but because the frequency of positive skin test results decreases by 10% with each year of avoidance, 90% of these patients can eventually tolerate penicillin. (wikipedia.org)
Organisms2
Mutations1
  • For the currently recommended ESCs, resistance is influenced by many different mutations in various genes that collaboratively increase the MICs of ESCs ( 4 , 5 , 7 , 24 ). (cdc.gov)
Mosaic3
  • Nevertheless, the main mechanism for ESC resistance is the acquisition of a mosaic penA allele encoding a mosaic version of the ESC lethal target, penicillin-binding protein 2 ( 24 - 32 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Accordingly, a molecular assay detecting all types of mosaic penA alleles can predict ESC resistance with a high sensitivity but lower specificity ( 24 - 31 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Currently, no molecular assays for detection of mosaic penA alleles and prediction of ESC resistance are commercially available. (cdc.gov)
Natural3
  • The term "penicillin" is defined as the natural product of Penicillium mould with antimicrobial activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • In modern usage, the term penicillin is used more broadly to refer to any β-lactam antimicrobial that contains a thiazolidine ring fused to the β-lactam core and may or may not be a natural product. (wikipedia.org)
  • Like most natural products, penicillin is present in Penicillium moulds as a mixture of active constituents (gentamicin is another example of a natural product that is an ill-defined mixture of active components). (wikipedia.org)
Cefixime1
  • 94.7%), which is associated with cefixime resistance. (cdc.gov)
Million units1
Groups2
Include3
  • Several semisynthetic penicillins are effective against a broader spectrum of bacteria: these include the antistaphylococcal penicillins, aminopenicillins, and antipseudomonal penicillins. (wikipedia.org)
  • The principal active components of Penicillium are listed in the following table: Other minor active components of Penicillium include penicillin O, penicillin U1, and penicillin U6. (wikipedia.org)
  • No single laboratory test is highly specific or sensitive for the disease, but studies that can be used to support the diagnosis include the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), the C-reactive protein (CRP) level, and chlamydial and gonococcal DNA probes and cultures. (medscape.com)
Main1
  • When phenoxyethanol or phenoxyacetic acid are added to the culture medium, the mould produces penicillin V as the main penicillin instead. (wikipedia.org)
Research1
  • The purified compound (penicillin F) was isolated in 1940 by a research team led by Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain at the University of Oxford. (wikipedia.org)
Treatment1
  • Penicillin is the antimicrobial agent of choice for treatment of group A streptococcal pharyngitis. (medscape.com)