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Coxiella burnetiiCoxiellaQ FeverGoatsGoat DiseasesAntibodies, BacterialSheep DiseasesEndocarditis, BacterialZoonosesDNA, BacterialSeroepidemiologic StudiesComplement Fixation TestsRickettsia typhiRickettsiaAbortion, VeterinaryVacuolesRickettsia rickettsiiVeterinariansMilkDairyingPefloxacinHeart ValvesDoxycyclineBartonella quintanaLivestockTicksSheepPolymerase Chain ReactionChlamydophilaCattle DiseasesBartonellaAntigens, BacterialBlotting, SouthwesternBacterial VaccinesEnvironmental MicrobiologyFluorescent Antibody Technique, IndirectRickettsia InfectionsBacterial Secretion Systems
FeverCattleBacteriumSheep and goatObligate intracellularOrganismInfectionAntibodiesBacteriaSeroprevalenceHumansRuminantPneumoniaExposureAerosolsFindingsIsolationPrevalenceHerdsStrainsDetectionIdentified goats and sheepAbortionMethodsEndemicMilk samplesAsymptomaticVaccinationDiseaseBrucellaAnimalsSamples collectedClinicalAntibodyCheeseImmuneIncubationStudyCaliforniaHighly resistantBovine
Fever33
  • Goats are known reservoirs of Coxiella burnetii, the etiologic agent of Q fever. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Coxiella burnetii , an obligate intracellular pathogen of both humans and animals is the causative agent of Q-fever [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Loftis and others detected C. burnetii in 42.9% (9/21) of commercial raw milk samples in the US [ 7 ], and a recent case report found Q fever clusters among raw milk consumers in the State of Michigan [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A review of the burden of Q fever in the US revealed a 41.6% average prevalence of C. burnetii infection in goats [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Anyone who was infected with C. burnetii may be at risk for developing chronic Q fever, however, people with a history of valvular defects, arterial aneurisms, or vascular grafts are at increased risk. (cdc.gov)
  • Women infected by C. burnetii during pregnancy and those with immunosuppression have also been linked to the development of chronic Q fever. (cdc.gov)
  • Detection of C. burnetii DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can rapidly confirm an acute Q fever infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Q fever or query fever is a disease caused by infection with Coxiella burnetii, a bacterium that affects humans and other animals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Q fever (see the image below) is a zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii, an obligate gram-negative intracellular bacterium. (medscape.com)
  • Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of the zoonotic disease Q fever, and ruminants being considered as the main source for human infection. (ac.ir)
  • Dr. David Swerdlow] Coxiella burnetii is an intracellular bacterium that causes Q fever. (cdc.gov)
  • In view of liver enzyme elevation and positive serology for Coxiella burnetii , the overall features are compatible with the clinical suspicion of Q fever associated hepatitis. (pathologyoutlines.com)
  • Coxiella burnetii is a bacterial pathogen of both ruminant livestock and human beings, and most human Q Fever outbreaks have been blamed on ruminant livestock. (usda.gov)
  • Better understanding of how C. burnetii interferes with inflammatory processes and potetnial immune responses will be beneficial to the development of preventative and interventional therapies for ruminant coxiellosis and human Q fever. (usda.gov)
  • Coxiella burnetii, a highly adapted obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen and the cause of the zoonosis Q fever, is a re-emerging public health threat. (usda.gov)
  • Determining mechanisms employed by C. burnetii to avoid cytosolic detection by NLRP3 inflammasomes will be beneficial to the development of preventative and interventional therapies for Q fever. (usda.gov)
  • Coxiella burnetii, bacteria that cause Q fever. (umn.edu)
  • The bacterium Coxiella burnetii (which causes Q fever) had the highest incidence because of a goat-related Q fever epidemic in the Netherlands from 2007 to 2019, peaking at 2,424 cases in 2009. (umn.edu)
  • Q fever is a disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii, which can be transmitted to humans from animals such as sheep, goats, and cattle. (cdc.gov)
  • The good news: Most people infected with C. burnetii show no signs of disease or develop a mild illness, and the vast majority of infected people recover from Q fever, even without treatment. (cdc.gov)
  • Several methods have been employed to identify Coxiella burnetii isolates based on the specific Coxiella burnetii QpH1 plasmid to distinguish the acute form from the chronic form of Q fever disease in humans and animals owing to the presence of unique gene sequences in this plasmid. (ijmm.ir)
  • Animals and humans can become infected mostly by inhaling Coxiella burnetii , the bacterium responsible for Q fever. (ceva.pro)
  • Coxiella burnetii is a gram-negative bacterium that is the etiologic agent of the zoonotic disease Q fever. (bvsalud.org)
  • Q fever is a worldwide disease caused by the bacteria Coxiella burnetii. (ketoxmelt.net)
  • Q fever is caused by a bacteria (Coxiella burnetii) primarily found in sheep, goats, and cattle. (amazonaws.com)
  • If people may have been exposed to sheep, cattle, or goats and doctors suspect Q fever, they may do blood tests and examine a sample of infected tissue to confirm the infection. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The bacteria that cause Q fever live mainly in sheep, cattle, and goats. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Q fever , an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Coxiella burnetii , is common among livestock such as cattle, sheep and goats. (biotech-calendar.com)
  • Because Marburg has a high case fatality rate of up to 90%, Soviet scientists preferred it to Coxiella burnetii (Q fever). (kignasu.com)
  • Coxiella burnetii , the only member of an intracellular bacteria genus that is related to the Rickettsia genus, causes Q fever. (tewhatuora.govt.nz)
  • Q fever bacterium common in U.S. An environmental study determined that Coxiella burnetii , the causative agent of Q fever - a bacterial infection that can affect the lungs, liver, heart, and other parts of the body - is fairly common in the United States, suggesting that exposure to the bacterium may be more frequent than what is suggested by the number of reported cases - fewer than 200 annually. (mlo-online.com)
  • The organism, Coxiella burnetii, that causes Q Fever in humans can exist in a variety of domestic and wild animals without the animal displaying apparent signs of infection. (qfever.org)
  • The consumption of unpasteurized milk from infected cows and goats has accounted for small numbers of Q Fever cases yet, in some instances, drinking infected raw milk has had an immunising effect in the absence of a clinical disease. (qfever.org)
Cattle9
Bacterium1
  • C. burnetii is a small Gram-negative bacterium that is highly resistant to environmental stresses such as high temperature, osmotic pressure, and ultraviolet light. (geneticpcr.com)
Sheep and goat5
  • But the productivity of these ruminants is threatened by diseases such as sheep and goat pox, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (goat pneumonia) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR), also known as goat plague, which can lead to the death of up to 100% of a flock. (ilri.org)
  • Researchers from the BUILD project assessed the effect of coadministration of vaccines on the effectiveness of the individual vaccines for goat plague, goat pneumonia and sheep and goat pox. (ilri.org)
  • Genotyping of Coxiella burnetii in sheep and goat abortion samples. (ijmm.ir)
  • There were also reports on sheep health, feeding system performance in commercial dairy sheep and goat farms, and potential climate change effects on tick-borne disease incidence in lambs. (iga-goatworld.com)
  • There were also reports on benzimidazole-resistant Haemonchus contortus in Norwegian sheep, field efficacy of anthelmintic treatments on sheep and goat farms in Germany, and a comparison of two anaerobic methods of fecal sample storage for in vitro diagnostics of anthelmintic resistance. (iga-goatworld.com)
Obligate intracellular1
  • Contrary to most obligate intracellular parasites, Coxiella burnetii can be grown in an axenic culture, but its culture is technically difficult and not routinely available in most microbiology laboratories. (wikipedia.org)
Organism3
  • goats that abort are probably immune for life but their ability to shed the organism is unknown, and there is no vaccine approved for use in goats. (oregonstate.edu)
  • A single C. burnetii organism may cause disease in a susceptible person. (cdc.gov)
  • C. burnetii is considered a possible bioterrorism agent because it is quite hardy in the environment, infects people who breathe aerosols containing the organism, and has a very low infectious dose (one organism can cause disease in a susceptible person). (cdc.gov)
Infection12
  • This study indicates that seroprevalence of C. burnetii in Boer goats raised in Missouri was low, but it does not preclude the existence of a higher level of infection in Missouri's meat goat herds. (biomedcentral.com)
  • More research is warranted to corroborate the preliminary findings reported here in order to determine the public health significance C. burnetii infection risks associated with contemporary goat production systems in the US. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that the clinically healthy dairy livestock and their dairy products are important sources of C. burnetii infection. (ac.ir)
  • Infection with Coxiella burnetii can be asymptomatic, acute, or chronic. (cdc.gov)
  • We used cell culture and a mouse model of respiratory infection to show that C. burnetii primes but avoids detection by NLRP3 inflammasomes. (usda.gov)
  • We show that C. burnetii does not activate caspase-1 during infection of mouse macrophages in vitro. (usda.gov)
  • La fièvre Q est-elle une infection émergente en Turquie? (who.int)
  • This study was conducted to investigate the pathological changes and distribution of B. melitensis in the urinary tract of pregnant goats following acute experimental infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To the best of our knowledge, no comprehensive study was done to assess the lesions in the urinary system of female goats following infection with B. melitensis . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hence, all isolates were genetically identical, and the infection in animals could originate from one Coxiella burnetii strain (Nine Mile RSA493 strain). (ijmm.ir)
  • PCR, immunohistochemistry, or culture of affected tissue can provide definitive confirmation of infection by Coxiella burnetii. (medscape.com)
  • Exposure is usually via aerosol, is broadly interpreted, and may be unknown (especially for chronic infection), but often includes the presence of goats, sheep, or other livestock, especially during periods of parturition. (cdc.gov)
Antibodies5
  • Banked serum samples were secondarily tested for C. burnetii specific antibodies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • paratuberculosis (MAP) in Missouri Boer goat herds were secondarily tested for C. burnetii specific antibodies [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recently, we at CDC's Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch and our colleagues at the National Center for Health Statistics tested blood samples from the 2003-04 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and found that 3.1% of the general U.S. population have antibodies to C. burnetii. (cdc.gov)
  • Additionally, in collaboration with the Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, we tested 508 veterinarians and found that slightly more than 22% had antibodies to C. burnetii. (cdc.gov)
  • Prevalence of peste des petits ruminants virus antibodies in sheep and goats sera from. (aosis.co.za)
Bacteria2
  • There is evidence that C. burnetii is a public health hazard in the US with humans being exposed to the bacteria through milk. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Airborne droplets containing the bacteria can travel long distances affecting people living downwind of an infected goat or sheep farm. (msdmanuals.com)
Seroprevalence3
  • The animal and herd-level seroprevalence estimates for C. burnetii were 1.2% (3/249) and 4.2% (1/24) respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This result is inconclusive because this study was disadvantaged by the small number of individual animal and herds tested, which compromised the statistical power of this study to detect a possible higher seroprevalence of C. burnetii in this population, if present. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The aim of this pilot investigation was to determine whether Boer goats, the preponderant meat goat breed in Missouri, were exposed to C. burnetii and to estimate seroprevalence of the exposure. (biomedcentral.com)
Humans4
  • Title : Epidemic Genotype of Coxiella burnetii among Goats, Sheep, and Humans in the Netherlands Personal Author(s) : Tilburg, Jeroen J.H.C.;Roest, Hendrik-Jan I.J.;Buffet, Sylvain;Nabuurs-Franssen, Marrigje H.;Horrevorts, Alphons M.;Raoult, Didier;Klaassen, Corné H.W. (cdc.gov)
  • Coxiella burnetii is a category B bioterrorism agent because it is highly infectious, rather resistant to heat and drying, and can become airborne and inhaled by humans. (cdc.gov)
  • These animals shed C. burnetii into the environment, and humans are infected by inhalation of aerosols. (bvsalud.org)
  • Humans acquire C. burnetii by inhaling contaminated aerosols or dust generated by placental tissues, birth fluids or excreta of infected animals. (tewhatuora.govt.nz)
Ruminant2
  • The third session focused on a few small ruminant diseases, such as ovine anaplasmosis in growing lambs, Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxaemia in newborn lambs, and Coxiella burnetii in dairy goat herds. (iga-goatworld.com)
  • The special session was dedicated to small ruminant lentiviraus infections in goats and sheep. (iga-goatworld.com)
Pneumonia1
  • The results mean that small ruminants can benefit from combined vaccination against new diseases that farmers may be unaware of such as goat plague, when the animals are being vaccinated against goat pneumonia and other diseases whose impact on flocks is well known. (ilri.org)
Exposure3
  • However, there has been very little research on the prevalence of C. burnetii exposure and risk in meat goats farmed in the US. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dr. David Swerdlow] If there were an intentional spread of Coxiella burnetii , we didn't know who should be given preventative treatment, called post-exposure prophylaxis or PEP, to prevent illness. (cdc.gov)
  • Pregnant women are also at high risk following exposure to Coxiella burnetii . (cdc.gov)
Aerosols2
  • It is transmitted by ingestion of infected food, commonly unpasteurized milk or goat cheese, as well as inhalation of aerosols or direct contact with infected animals. (picmonic.com)
  • Brucellosis is transmitted by ingestion of infected food, commonly unpasteurized milk or goat cheese, as well as inhalation of aerosols or direct contact with infected animals. (picmonic.com)
Findings1
  • Together these findings indicate that C. burnetii primes but avoids cytosolic detection by NLRP3 inflammasomes, which are not required for the clinical resistance of C57BL/6 mice. (usda.gov)
Isolation2
  • Growth in ACCM-2 may not be suitable for isolation of many C. burnetii strains. (bvsalud.org)
  • Isolation of C. burnetii from a clinical specimen by culture. (cdc.gov)
Prevalence1
  • No studies have evaluated the prevalence and risk factors of C. burnetii infections in meat goats farmed in Missouri. (biomedcentral.com)
Herds3
  • A recent report found that 94% of bulk tank milk samples collected from US dairy herds contained C. burnetii specific DNA [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Briefly, Boer goat herds in the State of Missouri constituted the sampling unit, and the target population included goats 24 months of age and older. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Herds containing other breeds of goats were excluded. (biomedcentral.com)
Strains3
  • 2. Sobotta K, Hillarius K, Jiménez PH, Kerner K, Heydel C, Menge C. Interaction of Coxiella burnetii Strains of Different Sources and Genotypes with Bovine and Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages. (ijmm.ir)
  • 4. Heinzen R, Stiegler G, Whiting L, Schmitt S, Mallavia L, Frazier M. Use of Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis to Differentiate Coxiella burnetii Strains a. (ijmm.ir)
  • These results suggest that a limited number of C. burnetii sequence types are circulating in the U.S. environment and these strains have close associations with specific reservoir species. (bvsalud.org)
Detection2
  • C. burnetii-infected cells did not develop NLRP3 and ASC foci indicative of lack of cytosolic detection. (usda.gov)
  • The CoxBur dtec-qPCR comprises a series of species-specific targeted reagents designed for Coxiella burnetii detection by using qPCR. (geneticpcr.com)
Identified goats and sheep1
  • The Uganda National Development Plan III has identified goats and sheep as a priority commodity and major thematic area to address limitations in food security, household income and improvement of export earnings. (ilri.org)
Abortion1
  • Published trials proved that use of a registered phase vaccine (Coxevac) on infected farms is a tool of major interest to manage or prevent early or late abortion, repeat breeding, anoestrus, silent oestrus, metritis, and decreases in milk yield when C. burnetii is the major cause of these problems. (wikipedia.org)
Methods1
  • METHODS: Touch-down PCR was used to examine the presence of C. burnetii on 147 dairy product samples collected from local traditional and commercial markets in Mashhad-Khorasan Razavi province- Iran. (ac.ir)
Endemic1
Milk samples3
  • RESULTS: 2 of 28 (7.14%) cheese samples, 2 of 26 (7.69%) yoghurt samples, 8 of 23 (34.78%) sheep milk samples, and 2 of 60 (3.33%) cow milk samples were found to be positive for C. burnetii DNA. (ac.ir)
  • However, 10 goat milk samples were found to be negative. (ac.ir)
  • Khademi P, Ownagh A, Mardani K, Khalili M. PCR-RFLP of Coxiella burnetii Plasmids Isolated from Raw Milk Samples in Iran. (ijmm.ir)
Asymptomatic1
  • While infected ruminants remain largely asymptomatic, the primary signs of C. burnetii include spontaneous, late-term abortions in pregnant animals. (biomedcentral.com)
Vaccination1
  • The intradermal vaccination is composed of killed C. burnetii organisms. (wikipedia.org)
Disease2
Brucella1
  • Brucella melitensis was successfully isolated at low concentration (3.4 × 10 3 cfu/g) in the various organs of the urinary tract and at high concentration (2.4 × 10 8 cfu/mL) in the vaginal swabs of all infected goats. (biomedcentral.com)
Animals2
  • C. burnetii can be found in many different body fluids and excreta of infected animals but are particularly concentrated in placental tissues. (tewhatuora.govt.nz)
  • In Australia C. burnetii is maintained in the wild by bush animals such as kangaroos, bandicoots and rodents and their attendant ticks. (qfever.org)
Samples collected1
  • Lastly, we at RZB conducted a study to detect C. burnetii DNA in environmental samples collected across the U.S. (6 states including west coast, southwest, upper Midwest, east coast, southeast) and found 23.8% of all samples positive! (cdc.gov)
Clinical1
Antibody1
  • Has serologic evidence of elevated phase II IgG or immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody reactive with C. burnetii antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), dot-ELISA, or latex agglutination. (cdc.gov)
Cheese1
  • Following the introduction, participants tasted products made by Mrs. Wróblewska, including milk, yogurt, various types of goat cheese, and some meat products. (iga-goatworld.com)
Immune2
  • C. burnetii employs a Type IV secretion system (T4SS) to establish and maintain its intracellular niche and to modulate host immune responses including the inhibition of apoptosis, a form of caspase-mediated cell death. (usda.gov)
  • In opposition to phase 2, phase 1 Coxiella burnetii trigger a high immune response by activating both cell (T lymphocytes) and humoral (B lymphocytes) immune responses. (ceva.pro)
Incubation1
  • After incubation at 37 o C for 30 minutes, the slides are washed with PBS and normal yolk sac and fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated goat anti-human IgG (gamma-chain specific) added at the optimal dilution. (cdc.gov)
Study1
  • OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the contamination rate of milk and unpasteurized dairy products with C. burnetii. (ac.ir)
California1
  • APHL/EID Fellow Teresa Wolfe and James Glover (California State Health Department) collecting environmental samples at a grocery store in northen California to test for C. burnetii. (cdc.gov)
Highly resistant1
  • C. burnetii is highly resistant to drying and to a variety of physical and chemical agents, so viable organisms may remain in contaminated soils for several months. (tewhatuora.govt.nz)
Bovine1
  • Serial twofold dilutions of sera will be prepared in phosphate-buffered saline containing 1% bovine serum albumin and 1% normal goat serum. (cdc.gov)