Glycogen synthesis. Medical search. Frequent questions

These mice have reduced glycogen stores in adipose tissue, liver, heart, and skeletal muscle, corresponding with decreased glycogen synthase activity and glycogen synthesis rate. (jci.org)
The activated glucosyl unit of UDP-glucose is then transferred to the hydroxyl group at the C-4 of a terminal residue of glycogen to form an α-1,4-glycosidic linkage, a reaction catalyzed by glycogen synthase. (wikipedia.org)
Importantly, glycogen synthase can only catalyze the synthesis of α-1,4-glycosidic linkages. (wikipedia.org)
These genes provide instructions for making different versions of an enzyme called glycogen synthase. (medlineplus.gov)
Both versions of glycogen synthase have the same function, to form glycogen molecules by linking together molecules of the simple sugar glucose, although they perform this function in different regions of the body. (medlineplus.gov)
Mutations in the GYS1 or GYS2 gene lead to a lack of functional glycogen synthase, which prevents the production of glycogen from glucose. (medlineplus.gov)
Insulin also activates the enzyme glycogen synthase, which synthesizes glycogen by adding one glucose at a time to the glycogen chain. (tripod.com)
Insulin also activates several of the enzymes that are directly involved in glycogen synthesis, including phosphofructokinase and glycogen synthase. (assignmentexpert.com)
In a previous report, we identified the role of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) in NF-κB activation by regulating IKKγ/NEMO. (mdpi.com)
In the present study, using transgenic fly lines for the human glycogen synthase, we investigated the sex-specific effects of glycogen on stress resistance, fitness, and survival. (biologists.com)
AEG was found to enhance glycogen synthesis through the inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β. (wiley.com)
The class Ia PI3-kinase plays a pivotal role in signal transduction pathways linking insulin with many of its specific cellular responses, including GLUT4 vesicle translocation to the plasma membrane and the inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3. (lu.se)

In addition to these hepatic forms, 4 neuromuscular forms of glycogen-storage disease type IV have recently been identified. (medscape.com)
FGF-19 suppresses bile acid synthesis and enhances hepatic protein and glycogen synthesis. (rndsystems.com)
These authors recognized that defects in the enzymology of hepatic glycogen-storage disease may cause a heterogeneous group of disorders. (medscape.com)
Because free glucose is the product of the hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase reaction, either type leads to accumulation of liver glycogen, accompanied by fasting hypoglycemia . (medscape.com)

Since glycogen is a readily mobilized storage form of glucose, the extended glycogen polymer is branched by glycogen branching enzyme to provide glycogen breakdown enzymes, such as glycogen phosphorylase, with many terminal residues for rapid degradation. (wikipedia.org)
Ketones are molecules produced during the breakdown of fats, which occurs when stored sugars (such as glycogen) are unavailable. (medlineplus.gov)
It causes increased fat synthesis and slows the breakdown of fats. (rxlist.com)
Coordinated regulation of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and glycogen breakdown/synthesis. (up.ac.za)
2 On the other hand, if amino acid concentrations are maintained at normal or higher concentrations, net protein deposition in muscle will occur because of stimulation of synthesis and possibly because of a simultaneous decrease in breakdown. (bmj.com)
The importance of amino acid availability for the stimulatory effects of insulin to be evident was highlighted by Bennet et al , 3 who reported that insulin, given with sufficient amino acids, can stimulate leg and whole body protein balance by mechanisms including stimulation of protein synthesis and inhibition of protein breakdown. (bmj.com)
Net Protein Balance (skeletal muscle mass) = Muscle Protein Synthesis - Muscle Protein Breakdown and how meal timing plays a role. (nfpt.com)
Lactate exits the hepatocyte, causing clinically significant lactic acidemia in proportion to the degree of stimulus for glycogen breakdown. (medscape.com)
In an unaffected individual, active muscle is initially fueled by glucose derived from glycogen breakdown and then from blood-borne sources such as glucose and free fatty acids. (medscape.com)

Protein targeting to glycogen (PTG) is a scaffolding protein that targets protein phosphatase 1α (PP1α) to glycogen, and links it to enzymes involved in glycogen synthesis and degradation. (jci.org)
Glycogen branching enzyme belongs to the α-amylase family of enzymes, which include α-amylases, pullulanas/isoamylase, cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGT), and branching enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
Glycogen binding enzymes in other organisms have also been crystallized and structurally determined, demonstrating both similarity and variation to GBE found in Escherichia coli. (wikipedia.org)
A number of enzymes and accessory proteins play a rote in DNA synthesis at the replication fork. (assignmentexpert.com)
To test this hypothesis, we selectively deleted both TG-synthesis enzymes, DGAT1 and DGAT2, in adipocytes (ADGAT DKO mice). (elifesciences.org)
We generated mice lacking both known TG synthesis enzymes, DGAT1 and DGAT2 1 , 2 , in adipocytes. (elifesciences.org)
He also investigated the formation and utilization of glycogen and discovered certain liver enzymes that are involved in its synthesis from glucose. (britannica.com)
There are many numbered and named types, all of which are caused by deficiencies of enzymes involved in glycogen synthesis or. (msdmanuals.com)

These data suggest that PTG plays a critical role in glycogen synthesis and is necessary to maintain the appropriate metabolic balance for the partitioning of fuel substrates between glycogen and lipid. (jci.org)

When we think of the science behind muscle protein synthesis we think of two proteins, mTOR and S6K. (muscleandstrength.com)
It is useful in the increased synthesis of proteins. (rxlist.com)
Steroids), synthesis of proteins, glycogen and fats. (horse-canada.com)
Synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin, and clotting factors. (upmc.com)

The contribution of energetic metabolism to glycogen metabolism was estimated. (biomedcentral.com)
Butyrate, known to reduce oxidative phosphorylation yield and to induce a glucose-sparing effect, delayed the transient increase in mitochondrial ATP turnover and hence energy contribution to glycogen metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
In rodents, 4 weeks of chronic moderate exercise-enhancing endurance and cognition increases brain glycogen in the hippocampus and cortex, which is an adaption of brain metabolism achieved through exercise. (frontiersin.org)
To date, however, the understanding of human brain glycogen metabolism is still less clear. (frontiersin.org)
Akt pathways have effects on apoptosis, protein synthesis, metabolism and cell cycle. (springer.com)
Glycogen Storage Diseases Glycogen storage diseases are carbohydrate metabolism disorders. (msdmanuals.com)

Glycogen-storage disease type IV is actually a clinically heterogeneous disorder in which the age of onset, specific organ involvement, severity of symptoms, and degree of accumulation of abnormal glycogen in different tissues vary. (medscape.com)
Although this brain adaptation is likely induced due to the accumulation of acute endurance exercise-induced brain glycogen supercompensation, its molecular mechanisms and biomarkers are unidentified. (frontiersin.org)
Hepatomegaly, the natural consequence of glycogen accumulation, is the clinical hallmark of the disease. (medscape.com)
The accumulation of lactic acid in blood can cause true acidosis with a large anion gap, a characteristic of glycogen-storage disease type I. (medscape.com)
Glycogen accumulation is a consequence of impaired degradation or excess synthesis. (medscape.com)
Consequently, glycogen synthesis is impaired and leads to accumulation of poorly branched glycogen known as polyglucosan. (bvsalud.org)

Progressive liver cirrhosis characterizes the classic form of glycogen-storage disease type IV. (medscape.com)
Glycogen-storage disease type IV represents an uncommon form of glycogen-storage disease. (medscape.com)
Because carbohydrates play such an important role in producing energy for the body, they are stored in the form of glycogen in both skeletal muscles and in the liver. (tripod.com)
Calcium converts the inactive form of glycogen phosphorylase to a more active form of glycogen phosphorylase. (tripod.com)

This process is accomplished by activating the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase. (tripod.com)
Glycogen phosphorylase removes glucose units, one at a time, from the glycogen chain. (tripod.com)
Glycogen phosphorylase is activated automatically when muscles begin to contract. (tripod.com)
If the exercise continues for any length of time the body begins to produce hormones that also activate glycogen phosphorylase. (tripod.com)
These hormones activate both muscle and liver glycogen phosphorylase. (tripod.com)

The performance of acute exercise enhances muscle protein remodeling by stimulating protein synthesis rates for several hours after each bout, further enhanced by consuming protein during the post-exercise recovery period. (nfpt.com)
This 2-prong approach enhances glycogen refueling as it supports muscle protein synthesis. (nfpt.com)
In conclusion, AEG enhances glucose transport by modulating the proximal and distal markers involved in glucose uptake and its transformation into glycogen. (wiley.com)

The hexose monophosphates, which accumulate because of the enzymatic block, activate glycogen synthetase. (medscape.com)

Consumption of protein/amino acids and carbohydrate immediately before and after training sessions may augment protein synthesis, muscle glycogen resynthesis and reduce protein degradation. (springer.com)
Appropriate resistance exercise leads to significant skeletal muscle hypertrophy, which can occur through an increase in protein synthesis, a decrease in protein degradation, or both. (bmj.com)
Training increases protein synthesis, but it may also activate muscle protein degradation. (nfpt.com)
Training intensely plus proper nutritional intake will always encourage synthesis over degradation. (nfpt.com)

One of the critical components of recovery is how quickly you can replenish your glycogen stores. (muscleandstrength.com)
In other words, consuming excess carbohydrates (more than is needed to replenish glycogen stores) shifts the body from burning primarily fats at rest to consuming primarily carbohydrates at rest. (tripod.com)
It takes your body about 24 hours to replenish muscle glycogen stores from a normal diet-that's one without post-workout carbs. (bodybuilding.com)

Butyrate, end-product of intestinal fermentation, is known to impair oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver and could disturb glycogen synthesis depending on the ATP supplied by mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and cytosolic glycolysis. (biomedcentral.com)
Glycogen synthesis, which is located in cytosol, depends on the UTP supply and hence on ATP supply resulting from both mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and cytosolic glycolysis. (biomedcentral.com)
Paradoxically, even in the face of hypoglycemia, patients with glycogen-storage disease I do not develop significant ketosis because the abundance of acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) derived from glycolysis activates the acetyl CoA carboxylase enzyme that produces malonyl CoA in the first step of fatty acid synthesis. (medscape.com)

A Ketone Ester Drink Increases Postexercise Muscle Glycogen Synthesis in Humans. (ox.ac.uk)
INTRODUCTION: Physical endurance can be limited by muscle glycogen stores, in that glycogen depletion markedly reduces external work. (ox.ac.uk)
Here we determined whether a dietary ketone ester, combined with plentiful glucose, can increase postexercise glycogen synthesis in human skeletal muscle. (ox.ac.uk)
Skeletal muscle glycogen content was determined in muscle biopsies of vastus lateralis taken before and after the 2-h clamps. (ox.ac.uk)
CONCLUSION: In the presence of constant high glucose concentrations, a ketone ester drink increased endogenous insulin levels, glucose uptake, and muscle glycogen synthesis. (ox.ac.uk)
The main reason people use BCAAs is to optimize muscle building, and in the land of BCAAs, leucine is the king of promoting muscle protein synthesis. (muscleandstrength.com)
For example, 5g of leucine elicits a greater muscle protein synthesis signal than 5g of a mixture of BCAAs. (muscleandstrength.com)
Leucine is probably pretty important for muscle protein synthesis. (muscleandstrength.com)
Abnormal glycogen in skeletal muscles may cause weakness, exercise intolerance, and muscle atrophy. (medscape.com)
During cardiac muscle contractions or rapid or sustained movement of skeletal muscle, glycogen stored in muscle cells is broken down to supply the cells with energy. (medlineplus.gov)
Mutations that cause GSD 0 result in a complete absence of glycogen in either liver or muscle cells. (medlineplus.gov)
therefore a doubling in glycogen stores can increase the bodybuilder s apparent muscle mass. (tripod.com)
Glycogen makes up about 1-2% of muscle weight and 6-10% of liver weight. (tripod.com)
Although the liver has a higher concentration of glycogen than muscle there is more glycogen stored in muscle tissue because muscle tissue is more abundant than liver tissue. (tripod.com)
Since 1 gram of carbohydrate contains 4 Calories, the body stores approximately 2000 Calories in the form of muscle and liver glycogen. (tripod.com)
The glycogen stored in muscle and liver comes from dietary carbohydrates if sufficient quantities of dietary carbohydrates are consumed. (tripod.com)
When muscle and liver glycogen levels are replenished, the excess glucose is burned preferentially to fat. (tripod.com)
Changes in human muscle protein synthesis after resistance exercise. (springer.com)
Additionally, WWBV+DHEA supplementation improved exercise performance, testosterone levels and glycogen contents of both liver and muscle. (medsci.org)
Endurance exercise induced fatigue factors such as a decrease in blood glucose, an increase in blood lactate, and the depletion of muscle glycogen, but those parameters recovered to basal levels within 6 h after exercise. (frontiersin.org)
Obviously, the hormonal milieu of the muscle also has a major impact on protein synthesis. (bmj.com)
Also, it is well established that the stimulatory effect of amino acids on muscle protein synthesis is greater after exercise than at rest. (bmj.com)
But because our bodies use stored muscle glycogen so well during a workout, it's easy to get way too much of a good thing. (bodybuilding.com)
Research has shown that even after a hard workout, the same person burns only about 25 percent of that muscle glycogen. (bodybuilding.com)
One study noted that a group of bodybuilders performing heavy resistance exercises burned an average of 28 percent of their muscle glycogen, but burned slightly more-30 percent-from fat. (bodybuilding.com)
As a result, whether resistance-based and aerobic in nature, exercise appears to temporarily depress muscle protein synthesis (MPS). (nfpt.com)
The leucine content of a protein source causes the greatest impact on protein synthesis and muscle hypertrophy. (nfpt.com)
Consuming this combined supplement immediately post-workout (or within a 45-minute window following exercise) most effectively increases muscle protein synthesis and thus greater muscle hypertrophy and strength. (nfpt.com)
[ 1 ] Increased muscle glycogen content and high levels of hexose monophosphates were noted. (medscape.com)

METHODS: After an interval-based glycogen depletion exercise protocol, 12 well-trained male athletes completed a randomized, three-arm, blinded crossover recovery study that consisted of consumption of either a taste-matched, zero-calorie control or a ketone monoester drink, followed by a 10-mM glucose clamp or saline infusion for 2 h. (ox.ac.uk)
The glycogen supercompensation effect (achieving supraphysiological glycogen levels due to carbohydrate depletion followed by loading) was first demonstrated in 1967. (tripod.com)
Endurance athletes benefit from glycogen supercompensation because fatigue in events lasting longer than one hour is related primarily to glycogen depletion. (tripod.com)
Glycogen supercompensation is probably of little use to power athletes since fatigue in these events is not related to glycogen depletion and the weight gain may be a liability. (tripod.com)

In animals and in the presence of glucose, D-β-hydroxybutyrate promotes insulin secretion and increases glycogen synthesis. (ox.ac.uk)
Branching also importantly increases the solubility and decreases the osmotic strength of glycogen. (wikipedia.org)

Finally, a subset of patients with clinically diagnosed adult polyglucosan body disease (APBD) have deficient glycogen-branching enzyme activity and diffuse CNS and peripheral nervous system dysfunction. (medscape.com)
Deficient glycogen-branching enzyme activity results in the formation of abnormal glycogen with long, unbranched outer chains and decreased solubility. (medscape.com)
Thus, tissues deficient in PFK cannot use free or glycogen-derived glucose as a fuel source. (medscape.com)
Glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD IV) is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by pathogenic variants in GBE1 which results in reduced or deficient glycogen branching enzyme activity. (bvsalud.org)

Glycogen branching enzyme is an enzyme that adds branches to the growing glycogen molecule during the synthesis of glycogen, a storage form of glucose. (wikipedia.org)
More specifically, during glycogen synthesis, a glucose 1-phosphate molecule reacts with uridine triphosphate (UTP) to become UDP-glucose, an activated form of glucose. (wikipedia.org)
Branching of the chains is essential to increase the solubility of the glycogen molecule and, consequently, in reducing the osmotic pressure within cells. (wikipedia.org)
A glycogen molecule would consist of thousands of these linkages with occasional cross linkages as illustrated in Figure 2. (tripod.com)
One of the byproducts can lead to the synthesis of glycogen, an energy storage molecule kept in the liver and muscles. (flatheadbeacon.com)

Consuming 0.5 to 0.7 grams of carbohydrates per pound (1.1 to 1.5 grams/kg) of body weight within 30 minutes of training aids in proper glycogen resynthesis. (goodhealthmedicine.com)

These fatty acids are transported to the liver, where they are used for triglyceride synthesis and are exported as very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), which is elevated in these patients. (medscape.com)

When the liver is saturated with glycogen, any additional glucose taken up by hepatocytes is shunted into pathways leading to synthesis of fatty acids, which are exported from the liver as lipoproteins. (assignmentexpert.com)
Insulin promotes the uptake of fatty acids and the synthesis of lipids, whilst inhibiting lipolysis. (assignmentexpert.com)
AMPK pathways inhibit biosynthetic pathways with energy consumption, such as protein, fatty acid and glycogen synthesis. (springer.com)

The present study discusses the efficacy of Aloe emodin-8-O-glycoside (AEG), a plant derived anthroquinone, on alleviating insulin resistance and augmenting glycogen synthesis in L6 myotubes and 3T3L1 adipocytes. (wiley.com)

To test this hypothesis, we used a rat model of endurance exercise, a microwave irradiation for accurate detection of glycogen in the brain (the cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus), and capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry-based metabolomics to observe the comprehensive metabolic profile of the blood. (frontiersin.org)

Glycogen supercompensation occurs only when a low carbohydrate diet is combined with vigorous exercise followed by a high carbohydrate diet. (tripod.com)
Glycogen supercompensation occurs only in muscles that were trained and is maximal at a carbohydrate intake of approximately 25 grams per hour for average adults and possibly 40 grams or more per hour for bodybuilders. (tripod.com)
Since noradrenaline synthesized from blood-borne tyrosine activates not only glycogenolysis but also glycogenesis in astrocytes, we hypothesized that blood tyrosine is a mechanistic-based biomarker of acute exercise-induced brain glycogen supercompensation. (frontiersin.org)
Brain glycogen decreased during endurance exercise and showed supercompensation within 6 h after exercise. (frontiersin.org)
This is the first study to produce a broad picture of plasma metabolite changes due to endurance exercise-induced brain glycogen supercompensation. (frontiersin.org)

The liver is the main site of glycogen contribution to the regulation of blood glucose. (biomedcentral.com)
Glycogen that is stored in the liver can be broken down rapidly when glucose is needed to maintain normal blood glucose levels between meals. (medlineplus.gov)

Mutations in this gene are associated with glycogen storage disease type IV (also known as Andersen's disease). (wikipedia.org)
The classic presentation of glycogen-storage disease type IV (GSD IV), also known as Andersen disease, includes hepatosplenomegaly and failure to thrive during the first year of life, followed by progressive liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension and death, usually by age 5 years. (medscape.com)
Hypoglycemia is not a common feature in glycogen-storage disease type IV. (medscape.com)
glycogen-storage disease type IV accounts for approximately 3% of all cases. (medscape.com)
Classic glycogen-storage disease type IV causes progressive liver cirrhosis and death in children by age 5 years unless liver transplantation is performed. (medscape.com)
Glycogen storage disease type 0 (also known as GSD 0) is a condition caused by the body's inability to form a complex sugar called glycogen, which is a major source of stored energy in the body. (medlineplus.gov)
The body cannot use glycogen as a source of energy in its storage form. (tripod.com)
It helps convert glucose to a storage product called 'glycogen. (rxlist.com)
Storage of glycogen c. (histology-world.com)
A large fraction of glucose absorbed from the small intestine is immediately taken up by hepatocytes, which convert it into the storage polymer glycogen. (assignmentexpert.com)
Ivy says the value in taking in carbohydrates and protein immediately after a workout is two-fold: it fires up protein synthesis and enables glycogen storage. (stack.com)
Both protein synthesis and glycogen storage are processes that require energy," Ivy explains. (stack.com)
Storage of glycogen, vitamins, and minerals. (upmc.com)
In 1929, von Gierke provided the initial description of glycogen-storage disease type I (GSD I) from autopsy reports of 2 children whose large livers contained excessive glycogen. (medscape.com)
glycogen-storage disease type Ia (GSD Ia) designates the true enzyme defect, and glycogen-storage disease type Ib (GSD Ib) designates the intracellular transport defect. (medscape.com)
Glycogen-storage disease type I (subtypes Ia and Ib) is one of the few genetic-biochemical causes of hypoglycemia in newborns. (medscape.com)
In recent years, glycogen, the storage form of glucose, has been shown to cause rapid aging upon forced synthesis in healthy neurons. (biologists.com)
Tarui disease (ie, glycogen-storage disease type VII) has since been described in approximately 100 patients worldwide. (medscape.com)
Tarui disease is the least common glycogen-storage disease. (medscape.com)

Moreover, PI3-kinase is necessary, if not sufficient, for the insulin-stimulated increase in glucose uptake, and glycogen synthesis in insulin-sensitive tissues. (lu.se)

A subgroup of patients, primarily people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, have clinically diagnosed polyglucosan body disease and decreased glycogen-branching enzyme activity. (medscape.com)

In the hepatocyte, the glycogen catabolic machinery normally responds to stimuli caused by hypoglycemia (eg, neural, hormonal), ending in a flood of glucose-6-phosphate that cannot be released from the cell. (medscape.com)

In glycogen, every 10 to 14 glucose units, a side branch with an additional chain of glucose units occurs. (wikipedia.org)

The average person would store about 400 grams of glycogen in their muscles and 100 grams in their liver. (tripod.com)
Yes, carbohydrates play a major role in replenishing glycogen, the carbs stored in your liver and muscles. (bodybuilding.com)

A group of low-molecular-weight carbohydrates produced by the hydrolysis of STARCH or GLYCOGEN. (bvsalud.org)

As discussed above, insulin is stimulatory to synthesis of glycogen in the liver. (assignmentexpert.com)

The protein encoded by this gene is a glycogen branching enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of alpha-1,4-linked glucosyl units from the outer end of a glycogen chain to an alpha-1,6 position on the same or a neighboring glycogen chain. (wikipedia.org)
A net linear flux of glycogen synthesis (~11.10 ± 0.60 μmol glucosyl units.h -1 .g -1 liver wet weight) occurred until the 6th hr post-feeding in both groups, whereas butyrate delayed it until the 8th hr. (biomedcentral.com)

In the nervous system, abnormal glycogen may lead to impaired cognition and both neuromuscular and neurovisceral dysfunction. (medscape.com)

The quicker one can reload their glycogen stores, the faster they are able to recover. (muscleandstrength.com)
Once the glycogen stores in the liver are full, the process seems to shift to the production of triglycerides, which are essentially a form of fat. (flatheadbeacon.com)

Brain glycogen, localized in astrocytes, produces lactate as an energy source and/or a signal factor to serve neuronal functions involved in memory formation and exercise endurance. (frontiersin.org)
Our findings suggest that plasma glycogenic amino acids are sensitive indicators of brain glycogen levels in endurance exercise. (frontiersin.org)
In particular, plasma tyrosine as a precursor of brain noradrenaline might be a valuable mechanistic-based biomarker to predict brain glycogen dynamics in endurance exercise. (frontiersin.org)
Therefore, brain glycogen dynamics during and following exercise can be a valuable parameter for exercises as training/conditioning for athletes and/or a therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. (frontiersin.org)
To resolve this issue, non-invasive identification of biomarkers that can predict brain glycogen dynamics with exercise is desirable. (frontiersin.org)

Glycogen is stored in the liver. (histology-world.com)

Glycogen content varies during the day, generally increasing from a nadir at the end of the post-absorptive period to a maximal content about 4-5 hours after a meal. (biomedcentral.com)

More recently, we demonstrated in isolated rat liver that a butyrate perfusion of the organ decreases the oxidative phosphorylation yield in the whole organ by decreasing the mitochondrial synthesis flux of ATP [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Glycogen in the form of corpora amylacea in the aging brain is also widely reported. (biologists.com)

The evidence of a late and transient increase in mitochondrial ATP turnover reflects an energetic need, probably linked to a glycogen cycling. (biomedcentral.com)

Shown by x-ray crystallography, glycogen branching enzyme has four marginally asymmetric units each that are organized into three domains: an amino-terminal domain, involved in determining the length of the chain transfer, a carboxyl-terminal domain, involved in substrate preference and catalytic capacity, and a central (α/β) barrel catalytic domain. (wikipedia.org)
Additionally, during the off-season, adequate protein must be available to provide amino acids for protein synthesis. (springer.com)

Anatomy17

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Molecule5

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Polyglucosan1

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Exercise5

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Meal1

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Amino2