Lysophosphatidic acidGPATDiacylglycerolPhosphatidic acidProteinDihydroxyacetone phosphateEnzymesDehydrogenaseSynthesisEsterBackboneSynthaseEnzymeSolubleVitroDerivativesLipidsLiverProteinsIntracellularSubunitInositolAcetylPathwayGenesActivatesHydrolysisMembraneUltimatelyCellChainsCellsOrganicMOLECULARProductCholesterolDiseases
Lysophosphatidic acid4
- Glycerol-3-phosphate is first acylated with acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) to form lysophosphatidic acid, which is then acylated with another molecule of acyl-CoA to yield phosphatidic acid. (hmdb.ca)
- Catalyzes the transfer of an acyl group from acyl-ACP to glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) to form lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). (cusabio.com)
- Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a ubiquitous lysophospholipid and one of the main membrane-derived lipid signaling molecules. (hindawi.com)
- Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) consists of an acyl chain at the sn-1 (or sn-2) position of a glycerol backbone and a phosphate head group. (hindawi.com)
GPAT1
- Fundamental Study of the Structure of the Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase (GPAT) Protein from Chlorella Sp. (iium.edu.my)
Diacylglycerol6
- Synthesis of diacylglycerol begins with glycerol-3-phosphate, which is derived primarily from dihydroxyacetone phosphate, a product of glycolysis (usually in the cytoplasm of liver or adipose tissue cells). (hmdb.ca)
- Phosphatidic acid is then de-phosphorylated to form diacylglycerol.Diacylglycerols are precursors to triacylglycerols (triglyceride), which are formed by the addition of a third fatty acid to the diacylglycerol under the catalysis of diglyceride acyltransferase. (hmdb.ca)
- Shown on the right is 1- palmitoyl -2- oleoyl - glycerol but diacylglycerol can have many different combinations of fatty acids attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. (wikidoc.org)
- Although inositol triphosphate (IP 3 ) diffuses into the cytosol , diacylglycerol (DAG) stays close to the plasma membrane , due to its hydrophobic properties. (wikidoc.org)
- Diacylglycerol is a precursor to triacylglycerol (triglyceride), which is formed in the addition of a third fatty acid to the diacylglycerol under the catalysis of diglyceride acyltransferase . (wikidoc.org)
- Since diacylglycerol is synthesized via phosphatidic acid, it will usually contain a saturated fatty acid at the C-1 position on the glycerol moiety and an unsaturated fatty acid at the C-2 position. (wikidoc.org)
Phosphatidic acid4
- Hydrolysis of phosphatidic acid gives rise to one molecule each of glycerol and phosphoric acid and two molecules of fatty acids. (wikipedia.org)
- Phosphatidic acid consists of a glycerol backbone, with, in general, a saturated fatty acid bonded to carbon-1, an unsaturated fatty acid bonded to carbon-2, and a phosphate group bonded to carbon-3. (wikipedia.org)
- Since diacylglycerols are synthesized via phosphatidic acid, they will usually contain a saturated fatty acid at the C-1 position on the glycerol moiety and an unsaturated fatty acid at the C-2 position. (hmdb.ca)
- The lipid precursor phosphatidylethanolamine (PTLM), through the action of N -acyltransferase (NAT) and of arachidonic acid (ARa), leads to the formation of N -arachidonoyl-phosphatidylethonolamine (NAPE), which, through the action of NAPE-phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD), forms N -Arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide-AEA) and phosphatidic acid (PHa). (encyclopedia.pub)
Protein2
- Both cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) are, in fact, part of the heptahelical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family and can inhibit adenyl cyclase activity or even stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), being, therefore, classified as Gi/0 receptors [ 3 - 5 ]. (irjournal.org)
- actin related protein 2/3 complex subun. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate1
- In mammalian and yeast cells, two different pathways are known for the de novo synthesis of PA, the glycerol 3-phosphate pathway or the dihydroxyacetone phosphate pathway. (wikipedia.org)
Enzymes4
- The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is composed of the classic cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1R and CB2R, respectively), their endogenous ligands, namely endocannabinoids, and enzymes involved in the synthesis and degradation of these molecules [ 1 , 2 ]. (irjournal.org)
- More importantly, most maize genes encoding lipid-related transcription factors, triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthetic enzymes, pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and Calvin Cycle proteins were not regulated during seed oil synthesis, despite the presence of many homologs in the maize genome. (researchsquare.com)
- IL23 is the Janus mitochondria JAK2 and TYK2, rotting in membrane of the combination senescence, which is the being enzymes for Signal efficiency and water of library 3( STAT3) and STAT4 to be and be Prolonged. (evakoch.com)
- Enzymes that transfer an amino group from an amino acid to an acceptor molecule, typically an alpha-ketoacid. (cdghub.com)
Dehydrogenase2
- In the sixth step of the glycolytic pathway, the first step of the second phase, the payoff phase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.12) catalyses the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG), with the concomitant reduction of NAD + to NADH. (imingo.net)
- 7a-hydroxycholesterol then becomes 7a-hydroxy-cholestene-3-one, which is made possible by the enzyme 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 7. (smpdb.ca)
Synthesis2
- The glycerol 3-phosphate pathway for de novo synthesis of PA is shown here: In addition, PA can be converted into DAG by lipid phosphate phosphohydrolases (LPPs) or into lyso-PA by phospholipase A (PLA). (wikipedia.org)
- Nevertheless, it is involved in a wide range of activities, from phospholipid synthesis to a number of physiological responses as a lipid mediator [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
Ester3
- It is a glyceride consisting of two fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through ester linkages. (hmdb.ca)
- Cholesterol is a hydrophobic compound, with a single hydroxyl group located at carbon 3 of the A ring, to which a fatty acid can be attached, producing an even more hydrophobic cholesteryl ester. (pharmacy180.com)
- These fatty acids are not in glycerol ester form. (lookformedical.com)
Backbone1
- PA is a unique phospholipid in that it has a small highly charged head group that is very close to the glycerol backbone. (wikipedia.org)
Synthase1
- Hepatic steatosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and hepatocyte ballooning in the liver and increased hepatic mRNA expression of fatty acid synthase and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase were observed in the MSG-treated mice. (biomedcentral.com)
Enzyme1
Soluble3
- Biological molecules that are insoluble in aqueous solutions and soluble in organic solvents are classified as lipids. (medmuv.com)
- They function to keep lipids (primarily triacyl-glycerol [TAG] and cholesteryl esters) soluble as they transport them between tissues. (pharmacy180.com)
- Cells and organisms use lipoproteins to move hydrophobic lipid molecules, which are not water soluble, through the aqueous blood and tissue lymph environment. (nihatodabasi.com)
Vitro2
- However, it is worth noting that in vitro, the various acyltransferases exhibit different substrate specificities with respect to the acyl-CoAs that are incorporated into PA. (wikipedia.org)
- CGI-58, at least in vitro, also acts as an acyl-CoA-dependent acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase. (imingo.net)
Derivatives2
- It is then transported back into intracellular space, where after its used in 3 different reactions, its derivatives interact with intestinal microflora in the extracellular space to become lithocholyltaurine, lithocholic acid glycine conjugate, and lithocholic acid. (smpdb.ca)
- Revisiting 7a-hydroxy-cholestene-3-one, the second chain of reactions it is involved in follows a similar path as the first, moving through the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisome until choloyl-CoA is formed, which then is used in three reactions so that its derivatives may leave the cell to interact with intestinal microflora and become taurodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid glycine conjugate and deoxycholic acid. (smpdb.ca)
Lipids1
- Although lipids are a distinct class of biomolecules, we shall see that they often occur combined, either covalently or through weak bonds, with members of other classes of bio-molecules to yield hybrid molecules such as glycolipids , which contain both carbohydrate and lipid groups, "and lipoproteins , which contain both lipids and proteins. (medmuv.com)
Liver2
- Before the bile acids leave the liver, they are conjugated to a molecule of either glycine or taurine, producing the conjugated bile salts glycocholic or taurocholic acid and glycochenodeoxycholic or taurochenodeoxycholic acid. (pharmacy180.com)
- The glycerol is metabolized by the liver. (pharmacy180.com)
Proteins1
- An enclosed structure that transports proteins and other molecules around the cell or to the cell surface. (cdghub.com)
Intracellular1
- Different acyltransferases also have different intracellular distributions, such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the mitochondria or peroxisomes, and local concentrations of activated fatty acids. (wikipedia.org)
Subunit1
- COP9 signalosome subunit 3 [Source:HGNC. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Inositol1
- Lipid molecules have these properties because they consist largely of long hydrocarbon tails which are lipophilic in nature as well as polar headgroups (e.g. phosphate-based functionality, and/or inositol based functionality). (medmuv.com)
Acetyl2
- All the carbon atoms in cholesterol are provided by acetyl coenzyme A (CoA), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate provides the reducing equivalents. (pharmacy180.com)
- The pathway is driven by hydrolysis of the high-energy thioester bond of acetyl CoA and the terminal phosphate bond of adenosine triphosphate. (pharmacy180.com)
Pathway1
- Lipolysis /lɪˈpɒlɪsɪs/ is the metabolic pathway through which lipid triglycerides are hydrolyzed into a glycerol and three fatty acids. (imingo.net)
Genes2
- Proliferation cluster comprised 1028 genes up-regulated from days 3 to 8 of culture meanwhile the differentiation cluster was characterized by 2140 induced genes from days 15 to 21. (biomedcentral.com)
- ii) the expression of two key genes indicative of the P-starvation response and phosphate (Pi) uptake, TaIPS1 and TaPHT1.6-B1. (rothamsted.ac.uk)
Activates2
- Apo C-II activates endothelial lipoprotein lipase (LPL), which degrades the TAG in chylomicrons to fatty acids and glycerol. (pharmacy180.com)
- The first-in-class small-molecule HIF-P4H inhibitor that activates the hypoxia response has been approved for treatment of renal anemia and several others are in clinical trials [ 10 , 11 ]. (springer.com)
Hydrolysis2
- Lipolysis is the metabolic process through which triacylglycerols (TAGs) break down via hydrolysis into their constituent molecules: glycerol and free fatty acids (FFAs). (imingo.net)
- To obtain energy from fat, triglycerides must first be broken down by hydrolysis into their two principal components, fatty acids and glycerol. (imingo.net)
Membrane2
- They are fatty acid-derived molecules, synthesized by membrane phospholipids [ 9 , 10 ]. (irjournal.org)
- Metabolic alterations can be the consequence of genetic changes in metabolic pathways, but they also reflect control of enzymatic activities by signaling pathways, catabolism (including membrane turnover) and competitive inhibition or activation by small molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
Ultimately2
- SCIRP: Food and Nutrition Sciences, Vol. In this process, both in vivoand in cultur… This binding will likewise lead to the cAMP/PKA-led phosphorylation of hormone sensitive lipase, that will ultimately drive the release of free fatty acids and glycerol. (imingo.net)
- Metabolic changes precede overt phenotypic changes, because cellular regulation ultimately affects the use of small-molecule substrates for cell division, growth or environmental changes such as hypoxia. (biomedcentral.com)
Cell1
- These human RNAs Do a removing download Ethos and see cities, overhangs, cells, ATPases operators, 7SL RNA, 7SK RNA, the RNA cell of RNase transfer RNA, the RNA number of RNase MRP, and the RNA molecule of conservation. (evakoch.com)
Chains1
- 7a-hydroxy-cholestene-3-one then is used in two different chains of reactions. (smpdb.ca)
Cells2
- This suggests that the various acyltransferases present in mammalian and yeast cells may be responsible for producing different pools of PA. (wikipedia.org)
- We found that three tetrameric isoenzymes composed of LDHA and LDHB (LDH-3/4/5) comprise the LDH spectrum in T cells. (biomed.news)
Organic1
- The addition of an organic acid radical into a molecule. (lookformedical.com)
MOLECULAR1
- Nevertheless, there are over 100 molecular structures [ 3 ] existing as types of C-terpenopenols, which, based on their atomic dispositions and their macrostructures, have been classified as delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC), Δ9-THC, CBD, and cannabicyclol. (encyclopedia.pub)
Product1
- What about the other product of lipolysis: glycerol? (flashcardmachine.com)
Cholesterol2
- The pancreas secretes pancreatic lipase , colipase, and cholesterol esterase , which hydrolyze the lipid into cholesterol , fatty acids , and 2-monoglyceride molecules. (amboss.com)
- Lipoprotein X is a lipoprotein that is found only in the plasma of subjects with cholestasis or who have familial lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency. (nihatodabasi.com)
Diseases1
- Recent analyses revealed that bacterial flora and dietary microbial metabolites, such as SCFA, contributed to homeostasis as well as various diseases in humans [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)