Glycan. Medical search. Frequent questions

Glycans can be found attached to proteins as in glycoproteins and proteoglycans. (wikipedia.org)
Chaperone proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, such as calnexin and calreticulin, bind to the three glucose residues present on the core N-linked glycan. (wikipedia.org)
These chaperone proteins then serve to aid in the folding of the protein that the glycan is attached to. (wikipedia.org)
Glycans, either alone or complexed with glycan-binding proteins, can deliver intracellular signals or control extracellular processes that promote initiation, execution and resolution of cell death programs. (nature.com)
Herein, we review the role of glycans and glycan-binding proteins as essential components of the cell death machinery during physiologic and pathologic settings. (nature.com)
De Leoz, at the time a research chemist at the National Institute for Standards and Technology, or NIST, was planning a study on how pharmaceutical and academic laboratories measure glycans, complex carbohydrate molecules that cells use to post-translationally modify various proteins. (phys.org)
These bisected N -glycans and their non-bisected counterparts were used to construct a distinctive glycan microarray to study their recognition by a wide variety of glycan-binding proteins (GBPs), including plant lectins, animal lectins, and influenza A virus hemagglutinins. (rsc.org)
All cells are surrounded by a coating of glycans known as the glycocalyx, and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins outside of the cell are often glycosylated. (ddw-online.com)
Although a number of important interactions by proteins such as selectins, galectins, and sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins are thought to mainly rely on sulfated O-glycans, our insight into the sulfotransferases that modify these glycoproteins, and in particular GalNAc-type O-glycoproteins, is limited. (lu.se)
Lectins are glycan binding proteins and each lectin will only bind to particular glycans. (bmgrp.com)
GPIs can be found as free glycolipids or attached to the C-terminus of the proteins using a phosphoethanolamine unit on the Man-III residue of the glycan core forming the so-called GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs). (fu-berlin.de)
These cells produce excessive amounts of abnormal matrix (consisting of collagen, other glycoproteins, and glycans) and matricellular proteins. (msdmanuals.com)

The glycan that is initially attached to the protein is then enzymatically modified to generate a wide variety of individual structures ( Figure 1 ). (genengnews.com)
Identification of individual glycan structures generally relies on MS-based techniques. (genengnews.com)
The glycosylation machinery is responsible for assembling a diverse repertoire of glycan structures, collectively termed 'glycome', through the synchronized action of a portfolio of glycan-modifying enzymes including glycosyltransferases and glycosidases. (nature.com)
To create the large repertoire of glycan structures, each of these glycosyltransferases uses a single-nucleotide sugar substrate and forms specific linkages between one monosaccharide and a glycan precursor. (nature.com)
Glycans' complex and heterogeneous structures make analysis difficult. (phys.org)
I already set-up preliminary methods for the use of lipidated N-glycan structures and extensive knowledge on SEEL is present in the department (AIM 2). (europa.eu)
The most conserved glycans were less flexible in the structures, interacting with protein residues and contributing to receptor folding and expression. (nih.gov)
Consequently, where C. jejuni grew most and inhibition was weakest in the in-vitro experiment, far fewer O-Glycan structures were detected. (thermofisher.com)
Although it cannot identify glycan structures perfectly, it is a powerful system to identify differences of glycan structures like glycan isomers in a small amount of sample. (bmgrp.com)
To obtain a better understanding of the GPI structures and biological functions of these glycolipids, in the second part of this work a paramagnetic NMR technique was employed along with the MD simulations to study the conformation and dynamics of the glycan part of the core of GPI anchors. (fu-berlin.de)

10 Galectins can function inside the cells by modulating signaling pathways, 11 although they also act extracellularly by establishing multivalent interactions with cell surface glycans and delivering signals that lead to disruption of cellular homeostasis. (nature.com)
Yet cell-surface glycans are extraordinarily challenging molecules to characterize, requiring major investments in highly specialized technology and expertise. (uga.edu)

For bioengineered therapeutic mAbs, the glycans are primarily attached to the asparagine Asn297 residue in the conserved Fc region of the antibody. (genengnews.com)
Glycans on antibody drugs can significantly affect their safety and efficacy. (phys.org)
76 labs (mapped at left) measured the glycans in samples of the same antibody and reported their findings (example glycan shown at right). (phys.org)
Glycans make up no more than 3% of the weight of an antibody-based drug, but they have an outsized impact. (phys.org)
A rhesus recombinant monoclonal antibody from a vaccinated macaque bound to the V3-glycan site at the same amino acids as broadly neutralizing antibodies. (ku.edu)
A structure of the antibody bound to glycan revealed that the three variable heavy-chain complementarity-determining regions formed a cavity into which glycan could insert and neutralized multiple HIV-1 isolates with high-mannose glycans. (ku.edu)
Lectin-glycan interactions are known to be relatively weak compared to antigen-antibody and biotin-avidin interactions. (bmgrp.com)
We have applied the lectin Amaranthin, having a nominal specificity for Galβ1,3GalNAcR and Neu5Ac2,3Galβ1,3GalNAcα-R, and a monoclonal antibody raised against Galβ1,3GalNAcαR to examine the distribution of these simple O-glycans in adult rat kidney. (uzh.ch)
However, there was lower G0 glycan content in CT-P13 compared with both United States- and European-sourced Remicade, which resulted in lower binding to the Fc-gamma-RIIIa receptor and, as a result, lower antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) in certain assays. (medscape.com)

Intracellular lectins and glycan-modifying enzymes mediate autophagy and control host immunity and inflammation. (nature.com)
Endogenous lectins and glycans are critical signals in the resolution of cell death. (nature.com)
Although lectins were already known because of their ability to agglutinate red blood cells, 3 the involvement of lectins and glycans in PCD had not been elucidated. (nature.com)
Included in the kit is a diverse panel of glycan binders (lectins) ideal for the preliminary screening of tissue samples with unknown glycosylation changes with specificity to mannose, complex N -glycan, core O -glycan, fucose, sialic acid, sulfation, GlcNAc, chitin, galactose, and LacNAc. (vectorlabs.com)
Each of the three Glysite Scout Glycan Screening Kits, Immunofluorescence contain the same lectins but with a different fluorescent streptavidin detection reagent, offering a choice of Dylight ™ 488 (GSK-3000), Dylight ™ 594 (GSK-2000), or Dylight ™ 649 (GSK-1000). (vectorlabs.com)
The Cy3 molecules attached to glycans that have successfully bound to lectins will fluoresce and the total LecChip™ fluorescence pattern can be captured with the scanner. (bmgrp.com)
By contrast, Cy3-tagged glycans that interact with the lectins located on the LecChip™ are contained in the stronger part of the evanescent field and are effectively excited. (bmgrp.com)

Cartridges are available to clean up glycans once they have been released from glycoproteins or following labelling. (pharmaceutical-business-review.com)
If a washing process is applied to the LecChip™ to remove non-lectin binding redundant glycoproteins, many of the specifically bound glycans are also lost. (bmgrp.com)
Our data show that in rat kidney simple O-linked glycans are expressed in a highly specialized manner along the renal tubule and can be detected only on a few glycoproteins. (uzh.ch)

However, in practice the term glycan may also be used to refer to the carbohydrate portion of a glycoconjugate, such as a glycoprotein, glycolipid, or a proteoglycan, even if the carbohydrate is only an oligosaccharide. (wikipedia.org)
Minimal structural modifications can significantly influence glycoprotein function, so detailed characterisation of glycan pattern is important in disease and pharmaceutical research. (ddw-online.com)
Metabolic regulation of UDP-GlcNAc supply to Golgi N-glycan remodeling regulates glycoprotein affinities for galectins -and in turn, trafficking and presentation at the cell surface. (gr.jp)

Two decades later, pioneering studies suggested that lectin-like molecules constitutively expressed on the surface of macrophages can selectively recognize changes on glycans decorating the surface of apoptotic thymocytes, 4 , 5 although these studies likewise did not provide substantial insight into the mechanisms by which lectin-glycan interactions regulate cell death. (nature.com)
Understanding the function of lectin-glycan recognition systems in cell death will facilitate the implementation of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at controlling unbalanced cell proliferation and survival in several pathologic conditions. (nature.com)
Fortunately, evanescent-field fluorescence excitation allows for generation of lectin-glycan affinity data from unwashed samples by taking advantage of the higher signal strength of specifically bound glycans. (bmgrp.com)

High mannose glycans were absent in ICAM-1, which did not bind to the lectin, but they appeared in ICAM-1 mutants with additional N-linked glycosylation and lectin binding activity. (nih.gov)
To determine whether immunization could induce antibodies to the V3-glycan bnAb binding site, we repetitively immunized macaques over a 4-year period with an Env expressing V3-high mannose glycans. (ku.edu)
Env immunizations elicited plasma antibodies that neutralized HIV-1 expressing only high-mannose glycans-a characteristic shared by early bnAb B cell lineage members. (ku.edu)

In summary, synthesized compounds and the unique glycan microarray provide ideal standards and tools for glycoanalysis and functional glycomic studies. (rsc.org)
The microarray data provide new information regarding the fine details of N -glycan recognition by GBPs, and in turn improve their applications. (rsc.org)
The glycan-bind property is monitored through glycan microarray, MDCK cell-binding assay, Hemagglutination assay, solid-phase lectin binding assay, and immunofluorescence of tissue sections, and its esterase property is analyzed via esterase enzymatic activity assay. (flu.org.cn)

Experiments with soluble molecules having the N-terminal two domains of human ICAMs identified glycans of the high mannose type N-linked to the second domain of the dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing nonintegrin lectin-ligands ICAM-2 and ICAM-3. (nih.gov)

Molecules called glycans may play in the function of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, researchers report. (futurity.org)
Lesser known in the anatomy of viruses, however, are a class of molecules called glycans. (futurity.org)
As he explains, HIV uses glycans as a shield, employing these molecules to hide from virus-fighting antibodies. (futurity.org)
About 40% of those receptor molecules bear endoglycosidase H sensitive glycans responsible of the lectin binding activity. (nih.gov)

N-linked glycans are extremely important in proper protein folding in eukaryotic cells. (wikipedia.org)
N-linked glycans also contribute to protein folding by steric effects. (wikipedia.org)
The glycan structure attached to the protein during glycosylation is particularly important because it affects biological activity. (genengnews.com)
The N-glycans must be cleaved from the protein using the enzyme PNGase-F. You achieve this cleavage by incubation for three hours at 37 °C. The cleaved N-glycans must then be purified from the cleavage solution by solid phase extraction (SPE). (genengnews.com)
A new study by scientists from the University of California San Diego, USA and Maynooth University, Ireland and published on the preprint server bioRxiv* in June 2020 reports preliminary results showing that the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2, as well as its glycan coat, has "hitherto unseen functional and structural" properties. (news-medical.net)
First, I will highlight how tools to detect glycan-protein interactions, validate binding sites, and generate precise animal models were used to uncover polysaccharide ligands for a mammalian orphan receptor that regulates vascular physiology. (uci.edu)
In a new study, his team analyzed a subset of glycans called N-glycans, with a focus on N-glycans that are attached to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. (futurity.org)
The researchers found that several of these N-glycans-in particular those attached to the spike protein at sites known as N61 and N801-are likely critical for SARS-CoV-2 function. (futurity.org)
We discovered that specific N-glycans seem to regulate the development and functional maturation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein," Neelamegham says. (futurity.org)
The VLPs used in the research were designed to specifically prevent the formation of various N-glycans on the spike protein. (futurity.org)
The findings highlight N-linked glycans on the spike protein as potential drug targets for COVID-19. (futurity.org)
Bisected N -glycans represent a unique class of protein N -glycans that play critical roles in many biological processes. (rsc.org)
Polysialic acid (polySia) is a large glycan with restricted expression, typically found attached to the protein scaffold neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). (ca.gov)

Researchers will investigate how glycan specificity changes due to immune pressure, attempting to identify the glycan that is utilised by all human influenza A viruses. (europa.eu)
By using antigenically drifted viruses, we expect to understand how glycan specificity changes due to immune pressure but it will also lead to the identification of a glycan that is utilized by all human IAV viruses. (europa.eu)
We used the engineered cell library to dissect the binding specificity of galectin-4 and confirmed binding to the 3-O-sulfo-core1 O-glycan. (lu.se)

Using a novel and sophisticated cell-engineering tool, based on lipidated sugars, we will show functional glycan receptor usage. (europa.eu)
The systems dealing with sugars enabling function, either for infection or vaccine research, I term sugar-enable, will provide new endeavors to create glycan-analog inhibitors and will bring us steps closer to better vaccines. (europa.eu)
The National Institutes of Health has awarded UGA a five-year, $8.3 million grant to further its research into the role cell-surface sugars known as glycans play in the development of stem cells and cancer cells. (uga.edu)

To achieve this goal, I propose to enzymatically synthesize complex glycans (AIM 1), including sialic acid modifications that are found on the respiratory tract epithelial cells of humans and other IAV hosts. (europa.eu)

Synthesis and modification of the CslA/GlxA glycan will inevitably require degradation during the life cycle. (bl.uk)
This thesis describes the synthesis of several glycans of these glycans present on the S. mansoni parasite, focusing mainly on the Circulating Anodic Antigen (CAA) and glycans bearing the unique α-(1-2)-L-Fucose-α-(1-2)-L-Fucose motifs. (universiteitleiden.nl)

N-linked glycans also play an important role in cell-cell interactions. (wikipedia.org)
We discuss here the contribution of glycan-lectin interactions to the initiation, execution and resolution of apoptosis and their emerging roles in other cell death programs including autophagy. (nature.com)
The evanescent-field fluorescent excitation method used to excite the Cy3 marker on the glycans is an essential enabling technology as it allows for detection of very weak molecular interactions. (bmgrp.com)

The first N-linked glycan in ICAM-2 contacts an exposed tryptophan residue, defining a conserved glycan-W motif critical for the conformation of the integrin binding domain. (nih.gov)

Processing and modification of N-linked glycans within the Golgi does not follow a linear pathway. (wikipedia.org)

In addition to the glycan binders, the kit includes optimized immunofluorescence reagents for glycan detection, including blocking solutions, DyLight™ streptavidin, and VECTASHIELD Vibrance ® Antifade Mounting Medium with DAPI. (vectorlabs.com)

We stably engineered O-glycan sulfation capacities in HEK293 cells by site-directed knockin of sulfotransferase genes in combination with knockout of genes to eliminate endogenous O-glycan branching (core2 synthase gene GCNT1) and/or sialylation capacities in order to provide simplified substrates (core1 Galβ1-3GalNAcα1-O-Ser/Thr) for the introduced sulfotransferases. (lu.se)

Subsequent enzymatic modular extension of the "cores" yielded a comprehensive library of biantennary N -glycans containing the bisecting GlcNAc and presenting 6 common glycan determinants in a combinatorial fashion. (rsc.org)

The limited quantities of 2-AB labelled glycans in your sample and the small injection volumes will require sensitive fluorescence detection . (genengnews.com)
Glysite Scout Glycan Screening Kit, Immunofluorescence 488 is a fully integrated kit for the detection of glycan expression in tissue sections. (vectorlabs.com)
LudgerClean™ glycan clean up systems have been developed to maximise the efficiency of glycan detection. (pharmaceutical-business-review.com)
Sandwich-type biosensor for the detection of ?2,3-sialylated glycans based on fullerene-palladium-platinum alloy and 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid nanoparticle hybrids coupled with Au-methylene blue-MAL signal amplification. (americanelements.com)
In a recent report, our group has shown that the glycan part of a GPI of T. gondii can be used as a diagnostic marker for toxoplasmosis and to distinguish between latent and acute infection based on the detection of the anti-GPI IgG and IgM antibodies levels in patient sera using microarrays. (fu-berlin.de)

In S. lividans the GlxA gene is part of the cslA/glxA operon that contains genes encoding putative enzymes involved in glycan processing. (bl.uk)

The sequon is an Asn-X-Ser or Asn-X-Thr sequence, where X is any amino acid except proline and the glycan may be composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose, neuraminic acid, N-acetylglucosamine, fucose, mannose, and other monosaccharides. (wikipedia.org)
Expression of the galactose 3-O-sulfotransferase 2 in HEK293 cells resulted in sulfation of core1 and core2 O-glycans, whereas expression of galactose 3-O-sulfotransferase 4 resulted in sulfation of core1 only. (lu.se)

Glycan profiling in health and disease , where studies will be more specifically focused on glycan-based correlations in developmental and cancer biology, and glycan dependent modulation of autophagy in cancer, lysosomal disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. (osi.lv)

This is interesting, Neelamegham says, because calnexin is known to bind with N-glycans, though scientists aren't sure whether calnexin interacts specifically with glycans at N61 and N801 or not, among other glycans. (futurity.org)

Glycans are information-rich, universally abundant biomolecules found throughout all organs and tissues in the human body (3). (ddw-online.com)

Similarly, these galectins have an order of magnitude higher affinity towards glycans of the ABH blood group system, widely represented on ECs. (bvsalud.org)

To explore further the genetic and biosynthetic regulation of sulfated O-glycans, here we expanded a cell-based glycan array in the human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cell line with sulfation capacities. (lu.se)
This is a first step toward expanding the emerging cell-based glycan arrays with the important sulfation modification for display and production of glycoconjugates with sulfated O-glycans. (lu.se)

Common N-glycans from therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. (genengnews.com)
These glycans have been attached to gold nanoparticles and these particles were screened against several monoclonal antibodies and sera of individuals suffering from schistosomiasis. (universiteitleiden.nl)

Glycans can be homo- or heteropolymers of monosaccharide residues, and can be linear or branched. (wikipedia.org)

In case you are interested in more information about glycans and workflows for glycan analysis, have a look at our Biopharma Glycomics community page. (thermofisher.com)

The Agilent AdvanceBio Glycan Mapping workflow provides a timesaving, optimized method to generate glycosylation profiles for these important biotherapeutics. (genengnews.com)
In a disease state, changes in glycosylation can be crucial, so research on how glycans change on the surface of cells in response to different disease processes is integral to the discovery and development of new treatments. (ddw-online.com)

The principle of glycan structure profiling analysis using LecChip™ is based on the lectin to glycan binding affinity. (bmgrp.com)

Our results establish a proof of principle for the glycan modulation of gut microbiome composition and function and provide insight into the potential utility of this strategy in patients with UC. (ecco-ibd.eu)

In recent years, glycans have been increasingly recognised as mediators of important biological processes, and studies are improving our understanding of a range of human diseases, and how to treat them (4). (ddw-online.com)
The aim of INNOGLY COST action is to build up a multidisciplinary group of researchers to address the same pioneering goal: gaining new insight into the biological function of glycans in different biological contexts. (osi.lv)

Within the immune system the N-linked glycans on an immune cell's surface will help dictate that migration pattern of the cell, e.g. immune cells that migrate to the skin have specific glycosylations that favor homing to that site. (wikipedia.org)
Polysialic acid, a glycan with highly restricted expression, is found on human and murine leukocytes and modulates immune responses. (ca.gov)
Herein we show the expression of polySia on hematopoietic progenitor cells, and demonstrate a role for this glycan in immune response using both acute inflammatory and tumor models. (ca.gov)
Galectin -8 and galectin -9 expressed on the immune system cells are part of this process and can induce cell adhesion via binding to oligolactosamine glycans . (bvsalud.org)

Furthermore, it was also shown that treatment with human MUC2, which contains sulphated O-Glycans, inhibits C. jejuni growth in vitro . (thermofisher.com)
The authors found that sites with the greatest inhibition of C. jejuni growth in vitro and the least colonization in vivo had the highest number of O-glycans. (thermofisher.com)
By combining the in vitro results from this thesis together with the in vivo results obtained through the duration of this work from collaborators at Leiden University an overall model of the Cu-dependent morphogenesis and glycan processing in the hyphal tips of S. lividans is presented. (bl.uk)
Here, we summarize the methods to evaluate the glycan-binding and esterase activities of HEF in vitro. (flu.org.cn)

Glycan-based diagnostics and therapeutics , where INNOGLY investigators will focus on glycan dependent fine tuning of immunity, and the exploration of the multifaceted roles of glycosaminoglycans. (osi.lv)

Thus, HIV-1 Env vaccination induced mannose-dependent antibodies with characteristics of V3-glycan bnAb precursors. (ku.edu)

Glycans usually consist solely of O-glycosidic linkages of monosaccharides. (wikipedia.org)

Nevertheless, much remains unknown about the exact molecular determinants and mechanisms of these glycan-mediated processes. (uci.edu)

It was demonstrated that the selected GPI glycan can be used to distinguish between infected and healthy cases using a Luminex-based sero-diagnostic assay. (fu-berlin.de)

Following full assembly, the glycan is transferred en bloc by the glycosyltransferase oligosaccharyltransferase to a nascent peptide chain, within the reticular lumen. (wikipedia.org)
Once transferred to the nascent peptide chain, N-linked glycans, in general, undergo extensive processing reactions, whereby the three glucose residues are removed, as well as several mannose residues, depending on the N-linked glycan in question. (wikipedia.org)
For example, cysteine residues in the peptide may be temporarily blocked from forming disulfide bonds with other cysteine residues, due to the size of a nearby glycan. (wikipedia.org)
Glycan Booster Peptide is a synthetically produced peptide from aminobutyric acid. (makingcosmetics.com)

For example, cellulose is a glycan (or, to be more specific, a glucan) composed of β-1,4-linked D-glucose, and chitin is a glycan composed of β-1,4-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. (wikipedia.org)
This hints at the possibility that the glycan produced by CslA and modified by GlxA is chitin-like possessing N-acetyl glucosamine moieties. (bl.uk)

For example, tumour cells make N-linked glycans that are abnormal. (wikipedia.org)

N -glycan recognition of specific GBPs, and is tolerated by many others. (rsc.org)

We are showcasing GlycanExplorer ™ , a software tool for high-throughput characterization of bio-therapeutic N -glycans using built-in robust in-silico fragment databases and HRAM glycan spectral databases. (premierbiosoft.com)

Glycans are complex carbohydrates that decorate the surface of viruses, and "every virus has a different distribution of carbohydrates," says University at Buffalo engineering and medical researcher Sriram Neelamegham. (futurity.org)
The UGA Complex Carbohydrate Research Center is one of the few comprehensive facilities in the world equipped to study the role of glycans in human health," said Michael Pierce, the principal investigator on the grant and Mudter Professor in Cancer Research. (uga.edu)
To obtain structural information of the glycans, the pseudocontact shift (PCS) values were determined for each proton and carbon as the difference of 1H and 13C chemical shift values between the carbohydrate complex with paramagnetic metal ion and diamagnetic reference in all the three fragments. (fu-berlin.de)

To explore this, we used an ex vivo faecal microbiota culture system to identify a synthetic glycan (KB295) with desirable microbiological activity and conducted a proof of principle study (NCT04508413) of safety and tolerability of KB295 in patients with UC. (ecco-ibd.eu)
If this gal-9/H (type 2) interaction is similar to processes that occur in vivo, this suggests that only the short ( trisaccharide ) H glycan on ECs is required. (bvsalud.org)

This core structure of N-linked glycans, thus, consists of 14 residues (3 glucose, 9 mannose, and 2 N-acetylglucosamine). (wikipedia.org)
O-linked glycan consists of glc-gal disaccharide. (lu.se)

As a result, many different variations of N-linked glycan structure are possible, depending on enzyme activity in the Golgi. (wikipedia.org)
Is it possible to run InterfaceAnalyzer with a structure with Glycans? (rosettacommons.org)

Changes in a specific type of sugarlike molecule, or glycan, on the surface of cancer cells help them to spread into other tissues, according to researchers at the University of California, Davis. (news-medical.net)
Gastrointestinal tract bacteria are ecologically differentiated by their ability to use specific glycans as growth substrates, making glycans a promising and safe alternative to target the microbiome. (ecco-ibd.eu)

And now, Neelamegham is among scientists illuminating the role that glycans may play in the function of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. (futurity.org)
The research also underscores the importance of investigating the role of glycans in additional diseases caused by viruses. (futurity.org)
Quod erat demonstrandum: O-glycans seem to play a role for the pathogenicity of C. jejuni ! (thermofisher.com)

Anatomy10

Organisms25

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs146

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment30

Phenomena and Processes34

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science6

Proteins12

Structures10

Cell surface glycans2

Antibody9

Lectins7

Glycoproteins3

Glycoprotein3

Lectin-glycan3

Mannose glycans3

Microarray3

High mannose1

Molecules4

Protein13

Specificity3

Sugars3

Sialic Acid1

Synthesis2

Interactions3

Residue1

Pathway1

Reagents1

Endogenous1

GlcNAc1

Detection5

Enzymes1

Galactose2

Biology1

Interacts1

Biomolecules1

Galectins1

Sulfation2

Monoclonal2

Monosaccharide1

Glycomics1

Glycosylation2

Affinity1

Modulation1

Biological2

Immune4

Vitro4

Immunity1

Antibodies1

Linkages1

Mechanisms1

Assay1

Peptide4

Chitin2

Abnormal1

Recognition1

Therapeutic1

Complex3

Vivo2

Consists2

Structure2

Specific2

Role3