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Glutathione TransferaseGlutathioneGlutathione PeroxidaseGlutathione ReductaseGlutathione DisulfideGlutathione SynthaseButhionine SulfoximineGlutathione S-Transferase piGlutamate-Cysteine LigaseDinitrochlorobenzeneOxidative StressAuthorshipCarboxylic AcidsKnowledge BasesEditorial PoliciesScientific MisconductPublishingAmino Acids, Cyclic
ConjugationMetabolitesPathwaysLINOLEIC ACIDCharacterizationMetabolismFormationMoleculeAntioxidantFITCCompoundsCysteineBilirubinToxinsMetaboliteTransferaseXenobioticsInjectionsProteinsToxicityReactiveLiposomesBileHumanLiverFunctionalMolecularLiquidLevelsPresenceRoleAdditionFormMechanismResultsPatternRelease
Conjugation3
  • UGTs catalyze the conjugation of xenobiotics to UDP-glucuronic acid, allowing the conjugated product to be excreted in the urine and feces. (aspetjournals.org)
  • To quantify the GSH-conjugation rate with non-radiolabeled compounds in vitro, the validation study for the determination of GSH conjugate formation using 35S-GSH by radio-HPLC was useful to predict metabolic activation. (nih.gov)
  • The 414K-MDI conjugation appears to covalently cross- link GSH to albumin via GSH's NH2-terminus, a unique conformation possibly resulting from cyclized mono(GSH)-MDI or asymmetric ( S , N -linked) bis(GSH)-MDI conjugates. (cdc.gov)
Metabolites2
  • Diclofenac also produces glutathione-conjugated metabolites, some of which are human-specific. (aspetjournals.org)
  • [ 1 ] This rare autosomal recessive condition is characterized by conjugated hyperbilirubinemia with normal liver transaminases, a unique pattern of urinary excretion of heme metabolites (coproporphyrins), and the deposition of a pigment that gives the liver a characteristic black color (see the image below). (medscape.com)
Pathways3
  • While the processes involved in the release of 3-MH and 4-MMP from their cysteinylated precursors have been studied extensively, degradation pathways for glutathione S-conjugates (GSH-3-MH and GSH-4-MMP) have not. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Therefore, glutathione minimizes common risks like adverse immunological reactions or interference with life-essential physiological pathways, to-BBB points out. (genengnews.com)
  • Cysteine is also a part of the reduced glutathione molecule, which plays an important role in the liver's detoxification pathways. (vitasprings.com)
LINOLEIC ACID1
  • Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a type of fat . (webmd.com)
Characterization1
  • Reanalysis of Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene Metabolism to Glutathione Conjugates Using Human, Rat, and Mouse Liver Models to Improve Precision in Risk Characterization. (stembook.org)
Metabolism1
Formation7
  • The conjugate formation was primarily catalyzed by heterologously expressed CYP2C19, CYP1A2, and, to a lesser extent, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Even though the relationship of the GSH conjugate to flutamide-induced toxicity is unknown, the results have revealed the formation of a novel, hitherto unknown, GSH adduct of flutamide. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Preferential formation of this glutathione adduct in the B ring at C2' was confirmed by molecular quantum chemical calculations. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
  • This conjugate was also detected in the bile fluid of a healthy volunteer after iv administration of monoHER, demonstrating its formation in vivo. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
  • Reversibility in glutathione-conjugate formation. (nih.gov)
  • Compared with 4,4' MDI, 2,2' and 2,4' isomers exhibit similar rapid reactivity with GSH and formation of bis(GSH)-MDI conjugates, but greater formation of cyclized mono(GSH) conjugates following extended reaction times (10 minutes to 2 hours). (cdc.gov)
  • The GSH conjugate formation rate correlates well with the covalent binding of radioactivity (both rat and human, r2 = 0.93), which suggests that quantification of the GSH conjugate can be used to estimate covalent binding. (nih.gov)
Molecule1
  • NADPH- and GSH-supplemented human liver microsomal incubations of flutamide gave rise to a novel GSH conjugate where GSH moiety was conjugated to the flutamide molecule via the amide nitrogen, resulting in a sulfenamide. (unboundmedicine.com)
Antioxidant1
  • Glutathione, a natural antioxidant, is found at high levels in the brain, and its receptor is abundantly expressed at the blood-brain barrier. (genengnews.com)
FITC2
  • GPX5 Antibody, FITC conjugated is Available at Gentaur Genprice with the fastest delivery. (joplink.net)
  • CusabioC5 Antibody, FITC conjugated is Available at Gentaur Genprice with the fastest delivery.Online Order Payment is possible or send quotation. (joplink.net)
Compounds4
  • Unravelling glutathione conjugate catabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: the role of glutathione/dipeptide transporters and vacuolar function in the release of volatile sulfur compounds 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol and 4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-one. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Together, these results provide new targets for development of yeast strains that optimize release of these potent volatile sulfur compounds, and further our understanding of the processes involved in glutathione-S-conjugate turnover. (oregonstate.edu)
  • These modified compounds are then conjugated to polar compounds in phase II reactions. (bionity.com)
  • 15 Liposomes are microscopic spheres made of phospholipids that encapsulate therapeutic compounds, such as glutathione, in order to bypass the digestive processes that can degrade the substance or limit its absorption. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
Cysteine2
  • In enzymology, a cysteine-S-conjugate N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.80) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl-CoA + an S-substituted L-cysteine ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } CoA + an S-substituted N-acetyl-L-cysteine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and S-substituted L-cysteine, whereas its two products are CoA and S-substituted N-acetyl-L-cysteine. (wikipedia.org)
  • This method detects unconjugated and conjugated forms (cysteine and glutathione) of microcystins. (cdc.gov)
Bilirubin1
  • Laboratory studies reveal conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, with total bilirubin serum levels usually in the 2- to 5-mg/dL range (but potentially as high as 25 mg/dL). (medscape.com)
Toxins2
  • Glutathione binds and conjugates toxins, promoting their excretion. (vitasprings.com)
  • 2 This protein turns on the intracellular production of several antioxidants, including glutathione, and glutathione-S-transferase, the phase II enzyme that serves to bind glutathione to toxins for subsequent elimination from the cell. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
Metabolite1
  • The biliary monochlorinated metabolite exhibited the same mass spectrum as those of M4 and M5, and we discuss whether this conjugate corresponded to M4 or M5. (aspetjournals.org)
Transferase3
  • Both glutathione S-transferase pi ( GSTpi ) (80%, 24/30 in tumor and 56.7%, 17/30 in the paired non-cancerous tissues) and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, ATP-binding cassette (sub-family C, member 7) ( CFTR ) (77%, 23/30 in tumor and 50%, 15/30 in the paired non-cancerous tissues) genes were prevalently hypermethylated in HCC as well as their neighboring non-cancerous tissues. (wjgnet.com)
  • These reactions are catalysed by transferase enzymes such as glutathione S-transferases . (bionity.com)
  • 8,9 Many herbs which we use as bitters such as dandelion, burdock, goldenrod, and milk thistle actually also increase glutathione, or levels of glutathione-S-transferase, while simultaneously supporting function of the liver, kidneys, and intestines. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
Xenobiotics1
  • Finally, in phase III, the conjugated xenobiotics may be further processed, before being recognised by efflux transporters and pumped out of cells. (bionity.com)
Injections1
  • Intravenous injections of PEGylated liposomes like Doxil are already on the market, and high dosages of glutathione are also being used as supportive therapy for cancer. (genengnews.com)
Proteins1
  • Glutathione is involved in many processes in the body, including tissue building and repair, making chemicals and proteins needed in the body, and for the immune system. (ecplaza.net)
Toxicity1
  • Nonetheless, a role for these conjugates in the toxicity observed following systemic administration of MDA and MDMA remains to be demonstrated, and requires further experimentation. (mdma.net)
Reactive1
  • Current in vitro studies were undertaken to probe the cytochrome P450 (P450)-mediated bioactivation of flutamide and identify the possible reactive species using reduced glutathione (GSH) as a trapping agent. (unboundmedicine.com)
Liposomes2
  • The G-Technology stands for liposomes coated with glutathione-conjugated PEG. (genengnews.com)
  • When substances such as glutathione, lipoic acid, and vitamin C are delivered in liposomes, detoxification is enhanced even further. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
Bile1
  • Rifampicin and UDCA should, in fact, be used with caution in patients with the disease, since they may actually increase conjugated bilirubinemia and bile acid levels in such cases. (medscape.com)
Human1
  • The glutathione-conjugate transporter, S-(2,4-Dinitrophenyl) glutathione (DNP-SG) ATPase described by us previously has been purified from human erythrocytes. (utmb.edu)
Liver1
  • While protocols can vary, for successful and comprehensive detoxification one must focus on supporting all of these critical things: the glutathione system, the phases of cellular detoxification, proper function of cellular membranes, and healthy elimination by the liver, kidneys, and intestines. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
Functional1
  • Functional oligomers based on glutathione (GSH) and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) were synthesized via Michael addition. (elsevierpure.com)
Molecular1
  • Glutathione CAS No.: 70-18-8 Molecular weight: 162.273 Synonyms: Atomolan Melecular Formula: C10H17N3O6S Appearance: White crystalline powder Purity: 99% Refractive index: 307.32 Boiling point: 182-192ºC L- Glutathione Skin Whitening . (ecplaza.net)
Liquid1
  • The structure of the conjugate was characterized by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and NMR experiments. (unboundmedicine.com)
Levels4
  • The effects of the thioether conjugates of alpha-MeDA were confined to 5-HT nerve terminal fields, since no significant changes in monoamine neurotransmitter levels were detected in brain regions enriched with 5-HT cell bodies (midbrain/diencephalon/telencephalon and pons/medulla). (mdma.net)
  • In addition, intracellular levels of glutathione can be enhanced with vitamin C and R-lipoic acid. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
  • 3-5 Obviously, one of the most direct ways to increase glutathione levels is via supplementation of glutathione directly to the cell, which thankfully can be done with properly designed liposomal delivery systems. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
  • In cell cultures, liposomal glutathione has been demonstrated to be 100 times more effective for increasing intracellular levels than non-liposomal glutathione. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
Presence3
  • In this study the oxidation of 7-mono-O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)rutoside (monoHER), which is a constituent of the registered drug Venoruton, was studied in the absence and presence of glutathione (GSH). (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
  • Spectrophotometric and HPLC analysis showed that in the presence of GSH, a monoHER-GSH conjugate was formed, which was identified as 2'-glutathionyl monohydroxyethylrutoside by mass spectrometric analysis and (1)H NMR. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
  • The transporter catalyzed ATP hydrolysis which was stimulated in the presence of glutathione-conjugate of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitro benzene (DNP-SG) as well as the cationic amphiphilic chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin (DOX). (utmb.edu)
Role1
  • In this study, a candidate gene approach was taken, focusing on genes known to play a role in glutathione and glutathione-S-conjugate turnover in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (oregonstate.edu)
Addition1
  • In addition, the effects of the conjugates were selective with respect to the serotonergic system, as no significant changes were seen in dopamine or norepinephrine concentrations. (mdma.net)
Form2
  • form conjugates with glutathione. (cdc.gov)
  • Glutathione Pills Place of Origin: Shandong, China Brand Name: Runxin Dosage Form: Tablets Product Name: Health care food original glutathione best skin whitening pills Main function: Detox. (ecplaza.net)
Mechanism1
  • however, a tentative bioactivation mechanism involving a P450-catalyzed abstraction of hydrogen atom from the amide nitrogen of flutamide and the subsequent trapping of the nitrogen-centered radical by GSH or oxidized glutathione (GSSG) was proposed. (unboundmedicine.com)
Results1
  • The results indicate that thioether conjugates of alpha-MeDA are selective serotonergic neurotoxicants. (mdma.net)
Pattern1
  • The same pattern of changes was seen when the conjugates were injected into the cortex. (mdma.net)
Release1
  • The alternative cytosolic glutathione degradation pathway was not involved in release of either thiol from their glutathionylated precursors. (oregonstate.edu)