NeuronsCorticalSynapticSynapsesInhibitory or excitatoryInputsGABAergicAxonNeuronalNeuronMonosynapticHypothesisImbalanceRetinaGlutamateTargetsCellEffectsLocalHumanControlVisualFormShownPresynaptic and postsynapticSynapseInhibitoryCortexHippocampusTerminalsNeuralRecordingsSegmentsUnlikeCalciumCellsConsistentExperimentalDevelopmentBrainAction potentialTypesImportantRepresentRoleActivity
Neurons22
- Neurons receive inputs mainly through dendrites, which play a role in spatio-temporal computation, leading to the firing of an action potential which subsequently travels to synaptic terminals passing through axons. (wikipedia.org)
- In axo-dendritic synapses, the presynaptic activity will affect the spatio-temporal computation in postsynaptic neurons by altering electrical potential in the dendritic branch. (wikipedia.org)
- In such synapses, the activity in presynaptic neurons will not change the membrane potential (i.e., depolarize or hyperpolarize) of the cell body of postsynaptic neurons because presynaptic neurons project directly on the axons of the postsynaptic neurons. (wikipedia.org)
- Unlike other kinds of synapses, the axo-axonic synapse manipulates the effects of a postsynaptic neuron's firing on the neurons further downstream in the network. (wikipedia.org)
- Due to the mechanism of how axo-axonic synapses work, most of these synapses are inhibitory, and yet a few show excitatory effects in postsynaptic neurons. (wikipedia.org)
- During simultaneous recordings from presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons, the physiologists could not make sense of the infrequent inhibition observed in the postsynaptic neuron, with no membrane potential changes in the presynaptic neuron. (wikipedia.org)
- Bursts are suggested to provide an alerting signal to the cortex and enhance stimulus detection, but the synaptic mechanisms underlying these effects are not clear, because the postsynaptic responses of different subtypes of cortical neurons to unitary thalamocortical bursts are mostly unknown. (jneurosci.org)
- Thus, firing a burst instead of a single spike would more than double the probability of firing in postsynaptic excitatory neurons and in SOM, but not FS, interneurons. (jneurosci.org)
- We report that bursts enhanced the responses of excitatory neurons and of inhibitory interneurons that preferentially target dendrites. (jneurosci.org)
- FHM1 has a differential effect on short-term depression (STD) at TC synapses: compared to wild type (WT) mice, STD is greater at synapses contacting layer IV (L4) excitatory neurons while it is unaltered at synapses contacting L4 inhibitory neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
- As a result, during repetitive thalamic firing, the gain-of-function of TC excitatory inputs on inhibitory neurons becomes larger than that on excitatory neurons and the I/E balance is relatively skewed towards inhibition in FHM1 L4 excitatory neurons [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Consequently, the intrinsic properties and pairwise interactions of their constituent neurons can be characterized, including analyses of their communication via gap junctions, action potential-gated synapses or graded synapses. (degruyter.com)
- The Canadian psychologist Donald Hebb (1949 ) is credited with inventing the concept, which was based on appealing - but speculative - ideas of how excitatory neurons ought to be synaptically interconnected, ought to have their interconnections modified, and ought to function together. (degruyter.com)
- These spinal neurons are functionally diverse, as evidenced by the variety of different inhibitory, excitatory and modulatory transmitters they release to shape the pattern and frequency of motoneuron firing. (elifesciences.org)
- Our results reveal that CC connections are selectively wired to form monosynaptic excitatory loops and support a differential role of supragranular and infragranular neurons in hierarchical recurrent computations. (elifesciences.org)
- One possibility is that CC inputs specifically modulate neurons projecting back to the source of those inputs (looped neurons) indirectly via intermediary inhibitory or excitatory cells in the local circuit. (elifesciences.org)
- Another possibility, not mutually exclusive to the previous one, is that CC projections selectively synapse onto looped neurons directly to form interareal monosynaptic loops, which would be excitatory since most long-range cortical afferents are glutamatergic. (elifesciences.org)
- Thus, long-range CC projections could selectively participate in excitatory monosynaptic loops by preferentially contacting looped IT neurons, while avoiding neighboring non-looped IT, PT, and CT neurons. (elifesciences.org)
- The spines receive glutamatergic synapses from the axons (Schafer collaterals) pyramidal neurons in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. (modeldb.science)
- K+ channel regulation of signal propagation in dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. (modeldb.science)
- 1998). Dendritic hyperpolarization-activated currents modify the integrative properties of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. (modeldb.science)
- Role of an A-type K+ conductance in the back-propagation of action potentials in the dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. (modeldb.science)
Cortical3
- In vitro results highlighted thalamocortical and intra-cortical glutamatergic synaptic gain-of-function associated with a monogenic form of migraine (familial-hemiplegic-migraine-type-1: FHM1). (biomedcentral.com)
- Computational studies suggest that this shift is specifically due to enhanced cortical excitatory transmission. (biomedcentral.com)
- The FHM1 mouse model is consequently characterized by increased neurotransmission at both intra-cortical [ 15 ] and thalamocortical (TC) excitatory synapses [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Synaptic4
- Changes in the placement of cells within the network due to delays in neuronal migration, the absence of a full formation of dendritic arbors and spine upon which synaptic contacts are made, and the lagging of transmission of electrical impulses due to insufficient myelination will individually and cumulatively impair synaptic function. (aopwiki.org)
- The axon is responsible for integrating synaptic signals, generating action potentials (APs), propagating those APs to downstream synapses and converting them into patterns of neurotransmitter vesicle release. (frontiersin.org)
- These modulatory events dramatically affect how synaptic information is integrated to generate patters of action potentials (APs) as well as how those APs are transformed into transmitter release at axon terminals ( Figure 1A ). (frontiersin.org)
- Taken together, these findings revealed the E/I synaptic abnormalities in the amygdala from two generations of the VPA-induced offspring with GABAergic deteriorations in the F2 generation, suggesting a potential therapeutic role of the GABAergic system to generational pathophysiology of ASD. (biomedcentral.com)
Synapses9
- Axo-axonic synapses have been found and described more recently than the other more familiar types of synapses, such as axo-dendritic synapses and axo-somatic synapses. (wikipedia.org)
- Axo-axonic synapses can induce either inhibitory or excitatory effects in the postsynaptic neuron. (wikipedia.org)
- A classic example of the role of axo-axonic synapses is causing inhibitory effects on motoneurons in the spinal-somatic reflex arc. (wikipedia.org)
- Based on their locations, synapses can be classified into various kinds, such as axo-dendritic synapse, axo-somatic synapse, and axo-axonal synapse. (wikipedia.org)
- The prefix here indicates the part of the presynaptic neuron (i.e., 'axo-' for axons), and the suffix represents the location where the synapse is formed on the postsynaptic neuron (i.e., '-dendritic' for dendrites, '-somatic' for cell body and '-axonic' for synapses on axons). (wikipedia.org)
- Whereas the other types of synapses modulate postsynaptic neural activity, the axo-axonic synapses show subtle effects on the network-level neural information transfer. (wikipedia.org)
- Gray produced electron microscopy photographs of axo-axonic synapses formed on the terminals of muscle afferents involved in the spinal somatic reflex arc in a cat's spinal cord slices. (wikipedia.org)
- A number of different kinds of interneurons make inhibitory GABAergic synapses at different levels in the dendritic trees. (modeldb.science)
- 2001). Total number and distribution of inhibitory and excitatory synapses on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells. (modeldb.science)
Inhibitory or excitatory1
- Whereas the axo-somatic synapse will affect the probability of firing an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron by causing inhibitory or excitatory effects directly at the cell body. (wikipedia.org)
Inputs2
- Reduced peptide control of neurotransmission in the amygdala shifts the excitatory/inhibitory balance of inputs onto accumbens-projecting amygdala cells involved in relapse. (jneurosci.org)
- A potential consequence is that bursts will enhance the response to the immediate sensory event over responses to less urgent, modulatory inputs. (jneurosci.org)
GABAergic2
- This disrupts both GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission through amygdala circuits, including reward-related outputs to the nucleus accumbens. (jneurosci.org)
- Finally, a selective deficit in GABAergic inhibitory tone onto human MF postsynaptic targets suggests that unrestrained detonator excitatory drive contributes to epileptic circuit hyperexcitability. (bvsalud.org)
Axon1
- Instead, it affects the probability of neurotransmitter release in the response to any action potential passing through the axon of the postsynaptic neuron. (wikipedia.org)
Neuronal4
- Since synaptogenesis follows the early neurodevelopmental processes such as neuronal and glial cells proliferation, migration, alterations in dendritic arborisation etc., therefore, it encompasses, possible changes in these early stages of brain development that could also be triggered under hypothyroidism, leading to defective synaptogenesis and resulting in abnormal function of neuronal network function. (aopwiki.org)
- FHM1 mutations result in gain-of-function of recombinant human Ca V 2.1 channels and native neuronal Ca V 2.1 channels in FHM1 knock-in mice, causing the enhancement of action potential evoked Ca 2+ influx [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- This review will discuss the potential neuronal pathways and mechanisms responsible for stress-induced exacerbation of chronic visceral pain. (frontiersin.org)
- Pain originating from the gastrointestinal (GI) system ascends to the brain via the same tri-neuronal pathways that convey noxious somatic stimuli. (frontiersin.org)
Neuron2
- Unlike the other types, the axo-axonic synapse does not contribute towards triggering an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. (wikipedia.org)
- Thus, the axo-axonic synapse will mainly affect the probability of neurotransmitter vesicle release in response to an action potential firing in the postsynaptic neuron. (wikipedia.org)
Monosynaptic1
- They had observed inhibitory responses in postsynaptic motoneurons in the slice preparation of the monosynaptic reflex arc. (wikipedia.org)
Hypothesis2
- Glutamate and functional connectivity - support for the excitatory-inhibitory imbalance hypothesis in autism spectrum disorders. (muirmaxwellcentre.com)
- An imbalance between excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) transmission is the putative hypothesis of ASD pathogenesis, supporting by the specific implications of inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic system in autistic individuals and animal models of ASD. (biomedcentral.com)
Imbalance1
- Excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) imbalance within the brain is one of the pathophysiological theories of ASD [ 22 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Retina1
- M ller glia (MG) have regenerative potential in the retina in lower vertebrates, but not in mammals. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Glutamate1
- Positive allosteric modulators of α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole- propionate (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors ("ampakines" and functionally related compounds) constitute a relatively new class of psychoactive drugs that enhance fast, excitatory transmission in the brain. (escholarship.org)
Targets1
- This presents a starting point for studies into the underlying mechanisms of AD including interactions with other AD-associated genes, like Rho1, Ankyrin, Tau and APP with the potential to identify new targets for treatment. (sdbonline.org)
Cell2
- The hippocampus stains for γ 2 and γ 4 throughout the layers of the every CA region and the dentate gyrus, whilst γ 3 appears to be localized particularly to the pyramidal and granule cell bodies. (biomedcentral.com)
- Our results suggest that cell fusion-mediated therapy is a potential regenerative approach for treating human retinal dystrophies. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Effects1
- One potential mechanism underlying the persistent effects of stress on visceral sensitivity could be epigenetic modulation of gene expression. (frontiersin.org)
Local1
- Spectral analysis of the local field potentials revealed an increase in the β/low γ range of WT mice following the abrupt reversal of contrast gratings. (biomedcentral.com)
Human1
- As such, CAP-Mac is shown to have potential for non-invasive systemic gene transfer in the brains of non-human primates. (bvsalud.org)
Control1
- CSF1R-dependent macrophages control postnatal somatic growth and organ maturation. (muirmaxwellcentre.com)
Visual1
- FHM1 mice displayed similar amplitude but slower temporal evolution of visual evoked potentials. (biomedcentral.com)
Form1
- A dominant negative form of the GTPase Rho1 , a potential intracellular effector of Eph, led to hyper-aroused flies, memory impairment, less anticipatory behaviour and neurophysiological changes. (sdbonline.org)
Shown1
- Elevated glutamatergic modifications were additionally shown across generations of the VPA-induced offspring without generation difference. (biomedcentral.com)
Presynaptic and postsynaptic1
- According to Pascal Fries's hypothesis of "communication through coherence (CTC)," effective synaptic communication is dependent on the coordination between presynaptic and postsynaptic groups ( Fries, 2015 ). (frontiersin.org)
Synapse4
- Based on their locations, synapses can be classified into various kinds, such as axo-dendritic synapse, axo-somatic synapse, and axo-axonal synapse. (wikipedia.org)
- While alterations in excitatory synapse function and plasticity are well-established in Fmr1 knockout (KO) mouse models of FXS, a number of recent electrophysiological and molecular studies now identify prominent defects in inhibitory GABAergic transmission in behaviorally relevant forebrain regions such as the amygdala, cortex, and hippocampus. (karger.com)
- The two major types of excitatory glutamate receptors found at the synapse are AMPA and NMDA, which during over-activation leads to glutamate induced excitotoxicity. (auburn.edu)
- Utilizing an organotypic slice culture system, we additionally determined that myo-inositol is bioactive in mature brain tissue, and treatment of organotypic slices with this carbocyclic sugar increased the number and size of postsynaptic specializations and excitatory synapse density. (bvsalud.org)
Inhibitory4
- A classic example of the role of axo-axonic synapses is causing inhibitory effects on motoneurons in the spinal-somatic reflex arc. (wikipedia.org)
- They had observed inhibitory responses in postsynaptic motoneurons in the slice preparation of the monosynaptic reflex arc. (wikipedia.org)
- These phenotypes are suggestive of defects in neural circuit development and imbalances in excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission. (karger.com)
- 1999], consistent with circuit dysfunction and imbalances in excitatory and inhibitory transmission in various brain regions, including the amygdala, cortex, and hippocampus. (karger.com)
Cortex2
- Effects of myo-inositol in the developing brain were tested in mice, and its dietary supplementation enlarged excitatory postsynaptic sites in the maturing cortex. (bvsalud.org)
- We analyzed the postsynaptic adhesion protein LRRTM1 in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a region relevant to cognition and disorders. (bvsalud.org)
Hippocampus2
- By combining electrophysiology and immunogold cytochemistry, we demonstrate the existence of functional BK channels in presynaptic terminals in the hippocampus and compare their functional roles in somata and terminals of CA3 pyramidal cells. (jneurosci.org)
- Combined LRRTM1 and SynCAM 1 deletion substantially lowered dendritic spine number in PFC, but not hippocampus, more than the sum of single KO impairments. (bvsalud.org)
Terminals3
- Gray produced electron microscopy photographs of axo-axonic synapses formed on the terminals of muscle afferents involved in the spinal somatic reflex arc in a cat's spinal cord slices. (wikipedia.org)
- In particular, it is not known whether functional BK channels exist in presynaptic terminals and whether they contribute to presynaptic action potential (AP) repolarization and control of transmitter release in the CNS. (jneurosci.org)
- Such a mechanism may regulate transmission during variations in the intra-terminal calcium concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) or membrane potential, and could provide an "emergency brake" under conditions that cause excessive depolarization and Ca 2+ accumulation in the terminals, e.g., brain ischemia or epilepsy. (jneurosci.org)
Neural1
- Whereas the other types of synapses modulate postsynaptic neural activity, the axo-axonic synapses show subtle effects on the network-level neural information transfer. (wikipedia.org)
Recordings1
- Whole-cell, intracellular, and field-potential recordings from CA1 pyramidal cells showed that the presynaptic BK channels are activated by calcium influx and can contribute to repolarization of the presynaptic action potential (AP) and negative feedback control of Ca 2+ influx and transmitter release. (jneurosci.org)
Segments1
- Morphological reconstruction revealed that most ZI cells have mediolaterally extensive dendritic trees and very long dendritic segments. (jneurosci.org)
Unlike1
- This is unlike the situation in the parent cell bodies (CA3 pyramidal cells), where BK channels contribute strongly to action potential repolarization. (jneurosci.org)
Calcium2
- Activation of L-type calcium channels, calcium release from intracellular stores and vesicle transport towards the plasma membrane couple excitation and exocytosis from small clear or large dense core vesicles in release sites lacking postsynaptic counterparts. (frontiersin.org)
- Awatramani GB, Price GD, Trussell LO (2005) Modulation of transmitter release by presynaptic resting potential and background calcium levels. (yale.edu)
Cells3
- Cortical output signals are conveyed to subcortical structures by deep-layer pyramidal cells. (jneurosci.org)
- The signals originating in layer V pyramidal cells represent a major output of neocortex and are regarded as "motor" instructions ( Guillery, 2003 , 2005 ). (jneurosci.org)
- Mast cells are one source of IL-33 and we provide evidence that testosterone directly induces Il33 gene expression and also exerts effects on the potential for Il33 gene expression during mast cell development. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Consistent1
- Consistent with experiments, three phases of dendritic growth - overshoot, pruning, and stabilization - emerge naturally in the model. (biorxiv.org)
Experimental1
- In contrast, the presynaptic BK channels did not contribute significantly to regulation of action potentials or transmitter release under basal experimental conditions, i.e., without 4-AP, even at high stimulation frequencies. (jneurosci.org)
Development3
- We demonstrate that activity-dependent and -independent factors influence dendritic growth throughout development, suggesting that early developmental variability can affect mature morphology. (biorxiv.org)
- Many intrinsic and extrinsic factors underlie the dynamics of dendritic development. (biorxiv.org)
- We then discuss some of the known developmental roles of GABAergic signaling, as well as the development and refinement of GABAergic synapses as a framework for understanding potential causes of mature circuit dysfunction. (karger.com)
Brain1
- This review discusses the function of gamma oscillations in advanced brain activities from both a physiological and pathological standpoint, and it emphasizes gamma entrainment as a potential therapeutic approach for a range of neuropsychiatric diseases. (frontiersin.org)
Action potential2
- This was observed in the presence of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 40-100 μ m ), which broadened the presynaptic compound action potential. (jneurosci.org)
- Increasing depolarizing currents lead to action potential of decreasing amplitude and increasing half width, often terminated by a depolarization block. (springer.com)
Types1
- Axo-axonic synapses have been found and described more recently than the other more familiar types of synapses, such as axo-dendritic synapses and axo-somatic synapses. (wikipedia.org)
Important2
- Activity-dependent factors are equally important in driving dendritic growth. (biorxiv.org)
- This study provides two important additions to the field. (sdbonline.org)
Represent1
- Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. (mdpi.com)
Role2
- Firstly, it will begin with a historical account on the evolution of the morphological analysis of glutamatergic systems and the pivotal role played by the discovery of VGLUTs. (hindawi.com)
- Our results further delineate the role of CADM2 in impulsivity and numerous other psychiatric and somatic traits across ancestries and species. (bvsalud.org)
Activity1
- The model generates biologically-realistic dendritic morphologies under normal and perturbed learning rules, and synapses cluster spatially according to the correlated activity they experience. (biorxiv.org)