• Neurons communicate with other cells via synapses - specialized connections that commonly use minute amounts of chemical neurotransmitters to pass the electric signal from the presynaptic neuron to the target cell through the synaptic gap. (wikipedia.org)
  • At the majority of synapses, signals cross from the axon of one neuron to a dendrite of another. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, how presynaptic scaffold assembly and maturation are controlled and coupled spatiotemporally to the postsynaptic assembly of neurotransmitter receptors remains largely unknown, although trans-synaptic signalling via Neurexin-1 (Nrx-1)-Neuroligin-1 (Nlg1) adhesion molecules is a strong candidate for a conserved 'master module' in this context, based on Nrx-Nlg signalling promoting synaptogenesis in vitro, synapses of rodents, Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila (Muhammad, 2015). (sdbonline.org)
  • In Drosophila, the Syd-1-PDZ domain binds the Nrx-1 C terminus and couples pre- with postsynaptic maturation at nascent synapses of glutamatergic neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in Drosophila larvae. (sdbonline.org)
  • Since axons have reached the exact origin, neurons begin to form synapses with the help of astrocytes once again. (degruyter.com)
  • Proximal synapses arise from piriform cortical neurons and facilitate with paired-pulse stimulation, whereas distal dendrodendritic synapses generate EPSCs with slower kinetics that depress with paired stimulation. (jneurosci.org)
  • N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG) is the most abundant dipeptide in the brain, where it acts as a neuromodulator of glutamatergic synapses by activating presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGluR3). (bvsalud.org)
  • Recent data suggest that NAAG is selectively localized to postsynaptic dendrites in glutamatergic synapses and that it works as a retrograde neurotransmitter. (bvsalud.org)
  • Counting Vesicular Release Events Reveals Binomial Release Statistics at Single Glutamatergic Synapses. (sppin.fr)
  • The single molecule sensitivity of dSTORM enables the measurement of endogenous BDNF and locates BDNF granules aligned with glutamatergic pre-synapses. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • 1996). addition, the effect of BDNF at excitatory synapses is specific to The mechanisms for neurotrophin-induced synaptic modu- postsynaptic cell type. (eddoctor24h.com)
  • In hippocampal cultures, BDNF induceselevated glutamate release at synapses with glutamatergic (E) butnot GABAergic (I) postsynaptic cells (Schinder et al. (eddoctor24h.com)
  • Using blockers of synaptic transmission, we show that GABAergic synapses mediated the inhibitory and glutamatergic synapses the excitatory part of the response. (biu.ac.il)
  • How this balance is attained in the central nervous system during development is not well understood, and is complicated by the fact that, in vivo, GABAergic and glycinergic synaptogenesis precedes that of glutamatergic synapses. (wustl.edu)
  • By labeling RGC dendrites biolistically in YFP-NL2-expressing retinas, we were able to map the spatial distribution and thus densities of inhibitory postsynaptic sites on the dendritic arbors of individual large-field RGCs across ages.Results: We demonstrate that YFP-NL2 is present at inhibitory synapses in the inner plexiform layer by its co-localization with gephyrin, the γ2 subunit of the GABA A receptor and glycine receptors. (wustl.edu)
  • 2009 ) Neuroligin 2 drives postsynaptic assembly at perisomatic inhibitory synapses through gephyrin and collybistin. (neurotree.org)
  • 2004 ) The complexity of PDZ domain-mediated interactions at glutamatergic synapses: a case study on neuroligin. (neurotree.org)
  • Within the brain and other parts of the nervous system, synapses are key junctional points in between neurons (the nerve cells) where critical signals are transmitted. (crunchtime-records.com)
  • More specifically, the 'glutamatergic' synapses are the prime 'excitatory' synapse junctions that neurons use to activate each other and are known to have broad diversity in size and shape. (crunchtime-records.com)
  • A longstanding missing piece of the synapse puzzle has been an explanation for how glutamatergic synapses are assembled and maintained, leading to further questions about whether a common development mechanism or pathway, even exists for the large numbers and many types of glutamatergic synapses. (crunchtime-records.com)
  • One main conclusion of this paper is that the planar cell polarity pathway is responsible for the formation and maintenance of a very large majority of glutamatergic synapses. (crunchtime-records.com)
  • After Prickle1 and Prickle2 were specifically knocked out in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex, the researchers found a 70-80% reduction in the number of glutamatergic synapses. (crunchtime-records.com)
  • These mice showed a reduction or delay in synapse formation and a high reduction in the number of key proteins in the synapses, such as the glutamate receptors, which are ion channels that detect glutamate released from the presynaptic neurons to activate the postsynaptic neurons. (crunchtime-records.com)
  • Also in this study, the researchers discovered that Prickle2 promotes synapse formation and acts as a stabilizing force for the key protein complex formed by the PCP proteins that bring the two neurons together at the synapses. (crunchtime-records.com)
  • The researchers in the Zou lab obtained evidence that the asymmetry of this complex bridging the two neurons may lead to the asymmetric assembly of presynaptic and postsynaptic complexes across the synapse and ultimately determines the direction of the flow of neural signals, a fundamental feature of neuronal synapses. (crunchtime-records.com)
  • The μ-agonist DAMGO reduced GABAergic evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in retro-labelled, RVM-projecting neurons to a greater extent than in unlabelled neurons. (nih.gov)
  • The 5-HT 1A receptors can influence the activity of cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus to affect the declarative and non-declarative memory. (frontiersin.org)
  • Leptin, working directly on presynaptic GABAergic neurons, many of which appear not to express AgRP, reduces inhibitory tone to postsynaptic POMC neurons. (nih.gov)
  • As POMC neurons prevent obesity, their disinhibition by leptin action on presynaptic GABAergic neurons probably mediates, at least in part, leptin's antiobesity effects. (nih.gov)
  • Furthermore, when recording from GABAergic neurons, we found that BDNF increased the IPSC amplitude. (eddoctor24h.com)
  • amplitude of mini-IPSCs was found at GABAergic cells, suggesting postsynaptic modulation of GABA responses. (eddoctor24h.com)
  • CB1 receptors are located on both GABAergic and glutamatergic axon terminals synapsing onto principle neurons. (vumc.org)
  • We therefore tested the hypothesis that 5-HT 1B receptors might also be located on SCN GABAergic terminals by examining the effects of the highly selective 5-HT 1B receptor agonist CP-93,129 on SCN miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs). (unl.edu)
  • This is found to become mediated with a reduction in spontaneous actions potentials in GABAergic neurons via activation of TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and activation of p38 MAPK [63]. (healthyconnectionsinc.com)
  • 2006 ). The majority of CB1 receptors is localized on striatal glutamatergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic interneurons and projection neurons. (springer.com)
  • To address this, we and others have been removing leptin receptors from candidate first-order neurons. (nih.gov)
  • Many studies have demonstrated that intoxicating concentrations of ethanol (10-100 mM) can selectively inhibit the component of glutamatergic synaptic transmission mediated by N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors while having little or no effect on excitatory synaptic transmission mediated by non-NMDA receptors [i.e., α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) and/or kainate (KA) receptors]. (aspetjournals.org)
  • These results suggest that in addition to its well-described depressant effect on NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission, ethanol has an even greater inhibitory effect on glutamatergic synaptic transmission mediated by KA receptors in rat hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The excitatory neurons (A27h) are premotor and necessary only for forward locomotion, and are modulated by stretch receptors and descending inputs. (elifesciences.org)
  • The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) receives a dense serotonergic innervation that modulates photic input to the SCN via serotonin 1B (5-HT 1B ) presynaptic receptors on retinal glutamatergic terminals. (unl.edu)
  • The decrease in the frequency of mIPSCs of SCN neurons produced by the selective 5-HT 1B receptor agonist CP-93,129 is consistent with the interpretation that 5-HT 1B receptors are located on GABA terminals in the SCN and that 5-HT inhibits GABA release via a 5-HT 1B presynaptic receptor-mediated mechanism. (unl.edu)
  • When Aminoacetic Acid receptors are activated, chloride enters the neuron via ionotropic receptors, causing an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). (atamanchemicals.com)
  • In contrast to the inhibitory role of Aminoacetic Acid in the spinal cord, this behaviour is facilitated at the (NMDA) glutamatergic receptors which are excitatory. (atamanchemicals.com)
  • Dendritic spines express glutamatergic receptors (AMPA and NMDA receptors) on their surface and at the levels of postsynaptic densities. (hal.science)
  • Once released, the neurotransmitter diffuses across the cleft and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, allowing the signal to propagate. (org.es)
  • 2) Specific neurotransmitter receptors are localized on the postsynaptic cells, and (3) there exists a mechanism to stop neurotransmitter release and clear molecules from the cleft. (org.es)
  • Neuroactive glutamate is classified as an excitatory amino acid (EAA) because glutamate binding onto postsynaptic receptors typically stimulates, or depolarizes, the postsynaptic cells. (org.es)
  • At postsynaptic sites, TNFincreases the experience of AMPA and NMDA receptors via activation of PI3?K and ERK on glutamatergic neurons to improve excitatory travel. (healthyconnectionsinc.com)
  • Inside a carrageenan style of swelling, TNFrecruited Ca2+ permeable AMPA receptors to dorsal horn neurons leading to improved sEPSC amplitude [61]. (healthyconnectionsinc.com)
  • As the prevailing watch can be that TNFrelease from glia activates TNF receptors on neurons to market LTP, new proof has been discovered that TNF receptor appearance on glial cells can be. (healthyconnectionsinc.com)
  • Here, we determined the distributions of inhibitory postsynaptic sites on the dendritic arbors of individual neurons, and compared their developmental patterns with that of excitatory postsynaptic sites. (wustl.edu)
  • To visualize and map inhibitory postsynaptic sites, we generated transgenic mice in which RGCs express fluorescently tagged Neuroligin 2 (YFP-NL2) under the control of the Thy1 promoter. (wustl.edu)
  • In spinal-cord slices, TNFnot just enhances sEPSCs but also suppresses the rate of recurrence of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) [63]. (healthyconnectionsinc.com)
  • Gamma-hydroxybutyrate and Ethanol depress spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. (123dok.org)
  • Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings on brain slices of 21- to 25-day-old rats, the present study investigated the effects of GHB and ethanol on spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). (123dok.org)
  • In the present experiments, we used the highly selective AMPA receptor antagonist LY 303070 to pharmacologically isolate KA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in rat hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons and tested their sensitivity to ethanol. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Ethanol also inhibited KA currents evoked by direct pressure application of KA in the presence of LY 303070, suggesting that this inhibition was mediated by a postsynaptic action. (aspetjournals.org)
  • To test the role of subventricular zone adult neural stem and progenitor cells in protecting central nervous system tissue from glutamatergic excitotoxicity, neurophysiological recordings of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents from single medium spiny striatal neurons were measured on acute brain slices. (univr.it)
  • Indeed, lipopolysaccharide-stimulated, but not unstimulated, subventricular zone adult neural stem and progenitor cells reverted the increased frequency and duration of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents by secreting the endocannabinod arachidonoyl ethanolamide, a molecule that regulates glutamatergic tone through type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) binding. (univr.it)
  • Incubation with TNFincreases the regularity of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) in lamina II excitatory interneurons [60]. (healthyconnectionsinc.com)
  • NMDA currents in lamina II neurons will also be enhanced by software of TNF[51], and TNFincreases NMDA receptor (NMDAR) activity through phosphorylation of ERK in dorsal horn, neurons [62]. (healthyconnectionsinc.com)
  • NAAG is released in response to glutamate and provides the postsynaptic neuron with a feedback mechanisms to inhibit excessive glutamate signaling. (bvsalud.org)
  • We hypothesize that glutamate transporter downregulation by neuroleptics increases glutamatergic action at the postsynaptic neuron and thereby may be related to beneficial antipsychotic effects and side effects. (cshl.edu)
  • Electrophysiological recordings showed excitatory postsynaptic input onto vMB neurons via PVH fiber activation, and in vivo studies demonstrated that glutamate transmission from PVH→vMB was required for the evoked behavioral responses. (eneuro.org)
  • Finally, the intrathalamic grafts also contained neurons immunoreactive to GABA and glutamate decarboxylase (65,000 and 67,000 mol. (shengsci.com)
  • Our results provide the first evidence that adult neural stem and progenitor cells located within the subventricular zone exert an 'innate' homeostatic regulatory role by protecting striatal neurons from glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. (univr.it)
  • Though glutamate is present in all neurons, only a few are glutamatergic, releasing glutamate as their neurotransmitter. (org.es)
  • Using immunocytochemical techniques, neurons containing glutamate are identified and labeled with a glutamate antibody. (org.es)
  • These neurons are believed to release GABA, not glutamate, as their neurotransmitter (Yazulla, 1986), suggesting the weak glutamate labeling reflects the pool of metabolic glutamate used in the synthesis of GABA. (org.es)
  • Glutamate incorporated into Muller cells is rapidly broken down into glutamine, which is then exported from glial cells and incorporated into surrounding neurons (Pow and Crook, 1996). (org.es)
  • Results revealed opposing roles of the MORs and DORs regarding information flow from the thalamus to the striatum, whereby MOR activation decreased glutamate transmission in the striatum, while DOR activation facilitated glutamate transmission via disinhibition of cortical pyramidal neurons. (elifesciences.org)
  • synaptic modulation is specific to presynaptic neuron type. (eddoctor24h.com)
  • The chemical messenger, or neurotransmitter, provides a way to send the signal across the extracellular space, from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic cell. (org.es)
  • When the presynaptic neuron is stimulated, calcium channels open and the influx of calcium ions into the axon terminal triggers a cascade of events leading to the release of neurotransmitter. (org.es)
  • These changes were targeted within layer V pyramidal neurons of the motor cortex at P60, prior to dendritic spine density changes being evident by P90 within both the motor and somatosensory cortices. (edu.au)
  • Three-dimensional Quantification of Dendritic Spines from Pyramidal Neurons Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. (hal.science)
  • Spine morphologies have been extensively studied in glutamatergic pyramidal cells of the brain cortex, using both in vivo approaches and neuronal cultures obtained from rodent tissues. (hal.science)
  • MOR activation also inhibited MThal inputs to the pyramidal neurons in the ACC. (elifesciences.org)
  • In contrast, delta-opioid receptor (DOR) agonists disinhibited ACC pyramidal neuron responses to MThal inputs by suppressing local feed-forward GABA signaling from parvalbumin-positive interneurons. (elifesciences.org)
  • In one project the brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is investigated in primary, hippocampal neurons. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • This data proofs that hippocampal neurons are capable of enriching BDNF within the mature glutamatergic pre-synapse, possibly influencing synaptic plasticity. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • functionally identified neurons in dissociated rat hippocampal cultures. (eddoctor24h.com)
  • aspartate receptor-mediated synaptic responses in hippocampal CA1 neurons. (tocris.com)
  • Our results demonstrate that the amplitude of spontaneous miniature and evoked EPSCs in nTS neurons is significantly increased in Mecp2 -null mice and, accordingly, that mutant cells are more likely than wild- type cells to fire action potentials in response to primary afferent stimulation. (jneurosci.org)
  • DAMGO and U69593 both produced a reduction in the rate, but not amplitude of spontaneous miniature IPSCs and asynchronous evoked IPSCs in retro-labelled neurons. (nih.gov)
  • We recorded synaptic potentials and assessed the modulations of spontaneous fring in a postsynaptic neuron in acute brain slices via a whole-cell pipette. (biu.ac.il)
  • When multiple neurons are functionally connected together, they form what is called a neural circuit. (wikipedia.org)
  • While functionally relevant neurons have been identified, the observed effects have been small, suggesting that most first-order neurons remain unidentified. (nih.gov)
  • Within a nervous system, a neuron, neurone, or nerve cell is an electrically excitable cell that fires electric signals called action potentials across a neural network. (wikipedia.org)
  • The present study demonstrates that nTS relay neurons in Mecp2 -null mice exhibit significantly larger EPSCs, and are more likely to fire action potentials in response to afferent stimulation, than in wild-type controls. (jneurosci.org)
  • In current clamp, DAMGO produced a depolarizing increase in evoked postsynaptic potentials in retro-labelled neurons, but directly inhibited unlabelled neurons. (nih.gov)
  • Axonal speeding: shaping synaptic potentials in small neurons by the axonal membrane compartment. (sppin.fr)
  • Ethanol significantly inhibited NMDA EPSCs in these neurons, but these responses were less sensitive to ethanol than KA EPSCs. (aspetjournals.org)
  • A key step will be to map these circuits at the level of the individual neurons and the connections between them. (elifesciences.org)
  • In an attempt to protect SN neurons from this inflammatory response we found that VAP-1 inhibition not only reduced neutrophil infiltration in the SN and striatum, but also reduced the associated striatal microglia and astrocyte response. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mu-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists potently inhibited MThal inputs without affecting ACC inputs to individual striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs). (elifesciences.org)
  • We focused on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the output neurons of the retina, which receive excitatory input from bipolar cells and inhibitory input from amacrine cells. (wustl.edu)
  • The combined results indicate that glycolysis is regulated by the compartmental expression of hexokinase 2, pyruvate kinase M1, and pyruvate kinase M2 in photoreceptors, whereas the inner retinal neurons exhibit a lower capacity for glycolysis and aerobic glycolysis. (molvis.org)
  • Expression of nucleoside diphosphate kinase, mitochondria-associated adenylate kinase, and several mitochondria-associated creatine kinase isozymes was highest in the outer retina, whereas expression of cytosolic adenylate kinase and brain creatine kinase was higher in the cones, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells indicating the diversity of ATP-buffering strategies among retinal neurons. (molvis.org)
  • Interneurons connect neurons to other neurons within the same region of the brain or spinal cord. (wikipedia.org)
  • These findings suggest that μ-opioids activate the descending analgesic pathway from the midbrain PAG by a combination of presynaptic disinhibition of RVM-projecting neurons and postsynaptic inhibition of presumptive interneurons. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, we hypothesized that nTS neurons in Mecp2 -null mice would exhibit exaggerated responses to primary afferent stimulation due to loss of this BDNF-dependent modulation. (jneurosci.org)
  • The DAMGO inhibition of evoked EPSCs, however, was less than that for evoked IPSCs in retro-labelled, but not unlabelled neurons. (nih.gov)
  • The inhibitory neurons (GDL) are necessary for both forward and backward locomotion, suggestive of different yet coupled central pattern generators, and its inhibition is necessary for wave propagation. (elifesciences.org)
  • We found VAP-1 inhibition protected dopamine neurons in the SN, their projections to the striatum and promoted the functional recovery of habit learning. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We establish, therefore, that VAP-1 inhibition has an anti-inflammatory profile that may be beneficial in the treatment of dopamine neuron dysfunction caused by an acute inflammatory state in the brain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The iPSC lines were differentiated toward mature cortical neurons, and AD pathological hallmarks were analyzed by RT-qPCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blotting methods. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The present study describes a protocol for the 3D quantitative analysis of spine morphologies using human cortical neurons derived from neural stem cells (late cortical progenitors). (hal.science)
  • The dendritic spine is the primary postsynaptic compartment of glutamatergic neurons and is essential for the regulation of neuroplasticity. (edu.au)
  • Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to investigate how and when misprocessing of TDP-43 may impact the postsynaptic compartment at the dendritic spine, and how this may then impact neuroplasticity. (edu.au)
  • DAMGO and U69593 also suppressed glutamatergic EPSCs in retro-labelled and unlabelled neurons. (nih.gov)
  • Neurons are the primary components of the nervous system, along with the glial cells that give them structural and metabolic support. (wikipedia.org)
  • Importantly, activity recordings at the level of single neurons, neuronal networks or even entire brain regions consistently show hyperexcitability in the early stages of AD (summarized in Table 1 ). (nature.com)
  • In vivo recordings, however, suggest that unlike glutamatergic mitral cells, inhibitory granule cells are only weakly activated after sensory stimulation ( Cang and Isaacson, 2003 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • Whole cell patch-clamp recordings of mIPSCs were obtained from rat and mouse SCN neurons in hypothalamic slices. (unl.edu)
  • Unexpectedly, the adult ratio of inhibitory/excitatory postsynaptic sites was rapidly attained, shortly after glutamatergic synaptogenesis commenced (postnatal day 7).Conclusion: Our observations suggest that bipolar and amacrine cell synaptogenesis onto RGCs appear coordinated to rapidly attain a balanced ratio of excitatory and inhibitory synapse densities prior to the onset of visual experience. (wustl.edu)
  • This common neurodegenerative disease is clinically characterized by a progressive and gradual cognitive impairment, synapse loss, and substantial loss of neurons in later stages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The two mainstreams of cells that build up the central nervous system are neurons and glia, the latter of which for quite a long time are supposed to act as the background of the former, supporting, nourishing and protecting the neurons [ 1 ]. (degruyter.com)
  • These molecules are arachidonic acid derivatives produced by neurons and glia. (vumc.org)
  • While opioids are potent analgesics that target the PAG, their cellular actions on descending projection neurons are unclear. (nih.gov)
  • Using a dual optogenetic-chemogenetic strategy, we further revealed that escape jumping and hiding were partially contributed by the activation of midbrain glutamatergic neurons. (eneuro.org)
  • Acute activation of either PVH neurons or specific PVH→vMB projections elicited defensive-related behaviors, including escape jumping, hiding and learned aversion, which was partially contributed by midbrain glutamatergic neurons. (eneuro.org)
  • The aim of the current study was to explore in vitro the effects of STP on neuronal activity of GP neurons during local repetitive stimulation. (biu.ac.il)
  • Hence, microglial discharge of TNFin the dorsal horn both enhances excitatory neuronal/synaptic activity and suppresses inhibitory neuronal/synaptic activity to improve central sensitization mainly through the activation of TNFR1 on nociceptive dorsal horn neurons. (healthyconnectionsinc.com)
  • Here we showed that photostimulation of PVH neurons in mice elicited escape jumping, a typical defensive behavior. (eneuro.org)
  • In vertebrates, the majority of neurons belong to the central nervous system, but some reside in peripheral ganglia, and many sensory neurons are situated in sensory organs such as the retina and cochlea. (wikipedia.org)
  • How neural networks, including those underlying central pattern generators (CPGs) and sensory feedback circuits, orchestrate the precisely timed activation of motor and premotor neurons in multiple body segments remains poorly understood. (elifesciences.org)
  • Neuropathological conditions can be associated to altered spine induction and maturation, as shown in rodent cultured neurons and one-dimensional quantitative analysis (1). (hal.science)
  • Increasing endogenous NAAG-for instance by inhibiting GCPII-is a promising treatment option for many brain disorders where glutamatergic excitotoxicity plays a role. (bvsalud.org)
  • Additionally, we detected increased levels of active glycogen synthase kinase 3 β, a physiological kinase of TAU, in neurons derived from AD iPSCs, as well as significant upregulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) synthesis and APP carboxy-terminal fragment cleavage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It has recently been demonstrated that prenatal exposure to the cannabinoid receptor 1 agonist (R)-(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morpholinyl-methyl)pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-1-naphthalenylmethanone (WIN 55,212-2) produces memory deficit in adulthood, an effect associated with a reduced functionality of the glutamatergic system. (researchgate.net)
  • This study indicates that GHB and ethanol share the effect of reducing the efficacy of excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmission in the SNc by acting through different mechanisms. (123dok.org)
  • Microglial launch of TNFincreases excitatory neurotransmission in the dorsal horn via both presynaptic and postsynaptic systems. (healthyconnectionsinc.com)
  • Low-frequency repetitive stimulation locked the fring of the neuron to the stimulus. (biu.ac.il)
  • Dopami-nergic neurons give rise to diffuse mesolimbic and nigros-triatal projections, which play a major role in the actions of many drugs of abuse, including ethanol self-administration. (123dok.org)
  • However, it is unclear how neurons controlling the movement of one part of the body relay information to neurons controlling the movement of other parts. (elifesciences.org)
  • The connectivity of a neuron (its unique constellation of synaptic inputs and outputs) is essential for its function. (stanford.edu)
  • Hyperexcitability can be defined as the increased likelihood that a neuron will be activated by a certain stimulus. (nature.com)
  • Neurons are electrically excitable, due to maintenance of voltage gradients across their membranes. (wikipedia.org)
  • To our knowledge, this is the first study in which the hyperphosphorylation of TAU protein has been compared in fAD and sAD iPSC-derived neurons. (biomedcentral.com)