Glutamate transporter subtype excitatory amino acid excitatory amino acids. Medical search. Frequent questions

GLUTAMATE is a major excitatory neurotransmitter. (silverchair.com)
Neurotransmitter molecules can also bind onto presynaptic autoreceptors and transporters, regulating subsequent release and clearing excess neurotransmitter from the cleft. (org.es)
Neurotransmitter compounds can be small molecules, such as glutamate and glycine, or large peptides, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). (org.es)
Glutamate (Fig. 1) is believed to be the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the retina. (org.es)
Though glutamate is present in all neurons, only a few are glutamatergic, releasing glutamate as their neurotransmitter. (org.es)
These neurons are believed to release GABA, not glutamate, as their neurotransmitter (Yazulla, 1986), suggesting the weak glutamate labeling reflects the pool of metabolic glutamate used in the synthesis of GABA. (org.es)
Glutamate is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the human brain. (eneuro.org)
The Na + ,K + -ATPase maintains the physiological gradients for Na + and K + ions and is, therefore, critical for the activity of ion channels and transporters involved neuronal excitability, neurotransmitter uptake or Ca 2+ signaling. (frontiersin.org)
Neurotransmitter profile (unique to POIS, Glutamate/GABA etc. (poiscenter.com)

Using immunocytochemical techniques, neurons containing glutamate are identified and labeled with a glutamate antibody. (org.es)
Glutamate incorporated into Muller cells is rapidly broken down into glutamine, which is then exported from glial cells and incorporated into surrounding neurons (Pow and Crook, 1996). (org.es)
Given the intimate contact of the RPE with the photoreceptor outer segments, diffusion of RPE-released glutamate could contribute to the excitotoxic death of retinal neurons, and the development of thrombin-induced eye pathologies. (molvis.org)
Many structures and processes are involved in the development of a seizure, including neurons, ion channels, receptors, glia, and inhibitory and excitatory synapses. (medscape.com)
Dopaminergic hypofunction: low level, slow return to baseline, DA/DBH/NE metabolism, loss of dopaminergic neurons, too many dopamine transporters, Flibanserin increases NE and DA. (poiscenter.com)
2018) dataset indicated widespread but low expression of Glra3 in vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (Vglut2, Slc17a6) positive and vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter (Viaat, Slc32a1)positive neurons of the mouse central nervous system. (sagepub.com)
[6] Data suggest that astrocytes also signal to neurons through Ca 2+ -dependent release of glutamate . (atozwiki.com)

This has been supported by the results from double-labeling studies using antibodies to both GABA and glutamate: glutamate-positive amacrine cells also label with the GABA antibodies (Jojich and Pourcho, 1996, Yang, 1996). (org.es)
The main groups include sodium channel blockers, calcium current inhibitors, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhancers, glutamate blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, hormones, and drugs with unknown mechanisms of action (see the image below). (medscape.com)
The levels of SV creatine were higher than those of other known neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and serotonin, but lower than glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). (elifesciences.org)
Magnolia Bark interacts with the adenosine A 1 receptor, dopamine transporter, dopamine D 5 receptor ( antagonist ), serotonin receptors 5-HT 1B and 5-HT 6 (antagonist), GABA A receptors, hippocampus acetylcholine release , and modulates serotonin activity. (nootropicsexpert.com)

Volatile anesthetics (VAs) have been demonstrated to enhance the uptake of glutamate in in vitro systems. (silverchair.com)
Glutamate uptake is reduced in prefrontal cortex in Huntington's disease. (neurotree.org)
This study shows that EAAC1 functions as the high-affinity L-aspartate transporter that is responsible for the uptake and accumulation of aspartate in prostate cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, S1P receptor knock-out mice, primary astrocyte cultures, and receptor-selective chemical tools were used to examine the effects of S1P on glutamate uptake. (eneuro.org)
S1P inhibited astrocytic glutamate uptake in a dose-dependent manner and increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption, primarily through S1P 2 . (eneuro.org)
Primary cultures of wild-type mouse astrocytes expressed S1P 1,2,3 transcripts, and selective deletion of S1P 1 and/or S1P 3 in cerebral cortical astrocytes, did not alter S1P-mediated, dose-dependent inhibition of glutamate uptake. (eneuro.org)
Pharmacological antagonists, S1P 2 -null astrocytes, and Gα 12 hemizygous-null astrocytes indicated that S1P 2 -Gα 12 -Rho/ROCK signaling was primarily responsible for the S1P-dependent inhibition of glutamate uptake. (eneuro.org)
In addition, S1P exposure increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates (OCRs) in wild-type astrocytes and reduced OCRs in S1P 2 -null astrocytes, implicating receptor selective metabolic consequences of S1P-mediated glutamate uptake inhibition. (eneuro.org)
Extracellular glutamate is excitotoxic and its levels are controlled by astrocyte uptake. (eneuro.org)
Here, we show that astrocytic S1P 2 activation by S1P results in glutamate uptake inhibition to promote excitotoxic damage. (eneuro.org)
S1P receptor modulators, including approved drugs for treating MS, e.g., fingolimod (FTY720) and siponimod (BAF312), do not engage S1P 2 , thus avoiding glutamate uptake inhibition. (eneuro.org)
The involvement of glutamate dysregulation in these neurologic diseases makes pharmacological modulation of glutamate uptake an attractive therapeutic target ( Anderson and Swanson, 2000 ). (eneuro.org)

A metabolomic study of brain tissues from aged mice with low expression of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) gene. (neurotree.org)
Differential gene expression in the striatum of mice with very low expression of the vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 gene. (neurotree.org)
Glutamate is incorporated into the vesicles by a glutamate transporter located in the vesicular membrane. (org.es)

Keywords Glycine, Glra3, Brain, Spinal cord, Mice, Sex-dependent differences Introduction The amino acid glycine acts as an inhibitory neurotrans - *Correspondence: mitter in mammals and contributes to the regulation of Malin C. Lagerström both itch- and pain-associated networks [1, 2]. (sagepub.com)

Dysfunction of glutamate transporters causes glutamate accumulation that results in glutamate-mediated neuronal injury, which has been implicated in the pathophysiology of ischemic brain damage and other neurodegenerative disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. (silverchair.com)
In this condition, elevated extracellular glutamate causes neuronal loss in many retinal disorders, including glaucoma, ischemia, diabetic retinopathy, and inherited photoreceptor degeneration. (molvis.org)
Mutations in four genes have been identified in familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM), from which CACNA1A (FHM type 1) and SCN1A (FHM type 3) code for neuronal voltage-gated calcium or sodium channels, respectively, while ATP1A2 (FHM type 2) encodes the α 2 isoform of the Na + ,K + -ATPase's catalytic subunit, thus classifying FHM primarily as an ion channel/ion transporter pathology. (frontiersin.org)

Glutamate transporters play an important role in removing glutamate from extracellular space into cells. (silverchair.com)

Glutamate is incorporated into these cell types through a high affinity glutamate transporter located in the plasma membrane. (org.es)

The serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptors and serotonin transporter (SERT) are important biological targets in the treatment of diseases of the central nervous system, especially for depression. (bvsalud.org)

The effects on dopamine (DA) release and dopamine transporter (DAT) gene expression were assayed in hypothalamic HypoE22 cells. (researchgate.net)

Following neurotransmission, astrocytes remove excess extracellular glutamate to prevent neurotoxicity. (eneuro.org)

Neuroactive glutamate is classified as an excitatory amino acid (EAA) because glutamate binding onto postsynaptic receptors typically stimulates, or depolarizes, the postsynaptic cells. (org.es)
Dynamic target of seizure control in management of epilepsy is achieving balance between factors that influence excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and those that influence inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). (medscape.com)

Glutamate and glutamate receptors in the vertebrate retina. (org.es)

1994). Though Muller cells take up glutamate, they do not label with glutamate antibodies (Jojich and Pourcho, 1996). (org.es)

Glutamate transporters play an important role in maintaining extracellular glutamate homeostasis. (silverchair.com)
however, a clear link between glutamate homeostasis and S1P signaling has not been established. (eneuro.org)

They also generate color opponency in cones, bipolar cells, and chromatic horizontal-cell subtypes. (org.es)

This study showed for the first time that thrombin promotes specific, dose-dependent glutamate release from RPE cells, induced by the activation of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1). (molvis.org)

Some neuroactive compounds are amino acids, which also have metabolic functions in the presynaptic cell. (org.es)

In addition, COX-2 regulates the formation of CB1 ligands, which reduce excitatory transmission in the hippocampus (HC). (bvsalud.org)
Rat Glra3 mRNA has also been peripheral nervous system, its expression alongside located in sub-regions of the olfactory bulb, cerebral cor- expression of the excitatory marker Slc17a6 (Vglut2) tex, thalamus, hippocampus, cerebellum [5], and the retina and the inhibitory marker Slc32a1 (Viaat) were exam- [6]. (sagepub.com)

Subsequent to our kinetic identification of the transport process, significant advances have been achieved in the genetic and protein identification and characterization of the X AG - transporter class as EAATs (excitatory amino acid transporters). (biomedcentral.com)

This transporter selectively accumulates glutamate through a sodium-independent, ATP-dependent process (Naito and Ueda, 1983, Tabb and Ueda, 1991, Fykse and Fonnum, 1996), resulting in a high concentration of glutamate in each vesicle. (org.es)
Glutamate transporters maintain the concentration of glutamate within the synaptic cleft at low levels, preventing glutamate-induced cell death (Kanai et al. (org.es)

The identification of EAAC1 as the high-affinity L-aspartate transporter now permits studies to elucidate the mechanism of hormonal regulation of EAAC1 gene expression, and to investigate the mechanism by which the cellular environment effects the functioning of EAAC1 as an aspartate transporter or as a glutamate transporter. (biomedcentral.com)
Interestingly, creatine release was reduced in slices from mice lacking either the gene that codes for an enzyme called AGAT (which is necessary for creatine production), or the gene that codes for the SLC6A8 creatine transporter. (elifesciences.org)

Neuroactive glutamate is stored in synaptic vesicles in presynaptic axon terminals (Fykse and Fonnum, 1996). (org.es)
It is likely that the creatine molecules are then transported into a synaptic vesicle located in a presynaptic neuron that expresses a creatine transporter (CreaT) called SLC6A8. (elifesciences.org)

We analyzed the molecular mechanisms leading to glutamate release from rat primary cultures of RPE cells, under isosmotic conditions. (molvis.org)
however, the effect of thrombin on glutamate release from RPE cells has not been examined. (molvis.org)

Some horizontal and/or amacrine cells can also display weak labeling with glutamate antibodies (Ehinger et al. (org.es)
In contrast, in citrate-producing prostate cells, aspartate is an essential amino acid that must be derived from circulation. (biomedcentral.com)
The present report is concerned with the identification of this putative L-aspartate transporter in rat and human prostate cells. (biomedcentral.com)
In other cells (predominantly excitable tissue cells), EAAC1 has been reported to function as a glutamate transporter rather than as an aspartate transporter. (biomedcentral.com)
In these specialized prostate cells, aspartate is an essential amino acid that is derived from circulation. (biomedcentral.com)
Primary cultures of rat RPE cells were preloaded with 1 µCi/ml 3 H-glutamate in Krebs Ringer Bicarbonate (KRB) buffer for 30 min at 37 °C. Cells were rinsed and super-perfused with 1 ml/min KRB for 15 min. (molvis.org)
A paper recently published by eLife on forebrain cortical synaptic plasticity reports that retinoic acid (RA) alters synaptopodin-dependent metaplasticity in mouse dentate granule cells (Lenz et al. (preprints.org)

An important unresolved issue was the identification of the putative prostate high-affinity L-aspartate transporter. (biomedcentral.com)

The authors studied the effects of volatile anesthetics on one type of glutamate transporters, excitatory amino acid transporter type 3 (EAAT3), and the role of protein kinase C in mediating these effects. (silverchair.com)

The kinetic properties are representative of the Na+- dependent high-affinity glutamate-aspartate transporters referred to as the X AG - class of amino acid transporters. (biomedcentral.com)

Oocytes pretreated with any of the three protein kinase C inhibitors alone (chelerythrine, staurosporine, or calphostin C) did not affect basal transporter current. (silverchair.com)

Excitatory amino acid transporter type 3 was expressed in Xenopus oocytes by injection of EAAT3 mRNA. (silverchair.com)

Development and use of S1P 2 -selective antagonists may provide a new approach to reduce glutamate neurotoxicity in neurologic diseases. (eneuro.org)
S1P 2 antagonists may provide a means to reduce S1P-induced glutamate neurotoxicity and ameliorate neurologic diseases. (eneuro.org)

Astrocytic S1P-S1P 2 signaling increased extracellular glutamate, which could contribute to neurotoxicity. (eneuro.org)

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