• We revealed a strong induction of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) as well as reduced glutamate-ammonia ligase (GLUL) protein levels across all cell lines tested as consistent changes upon hypoxia induction. (quanterix.com)
  • Compared with protective allele homozygotes, rs10911021 risk allele homozygotes were characterized by a 32% decrease in the expression of the neighboring glutamate-ammonia ligase (GLUL) gene in human endothelial cells (P = .0048). (units.it)
  • Glutamine synthetase, which catalyzes the incorporation of ammonium into glutamate, is a key enzyme of nitrogen metabolism found in all domains of life. (expasy.org)
  • Loss-of-function mutations in glutaminase (GLS), the enzyme converting glutamine into glutamate, and the counteracting enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS) cause disturbed glutamate homeostasis and severe neonatal encephalopathy. (amsterdamumc.org)
  • Background/Aims: Glutamine synthetase is a key enzyme necessary for ammonia detoxification in the brain, but excessive activation of this enzyme can be cytotoxic to neural cells as a consequence of excessive consumption of ATP and glutamate. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The stomach also expresses high levels of glutamine synthetase and this study aimed to investigate a possible pathophysiological role of glutamine synthetase in ammonia-induced gastric mucosal injury. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Methods: Normal rat gastric mucosal epithelial (RGM-1) cells were treated with ammonia, and a specific glutamine synthetase inhibitor (methionine sulfoximine) was used to assess the action of glutamine synthetase. (elsevierpure.com)
  • On the other hand, pretreatment with various concentrations of methionine sulfoximine reduced the glutamine synthetase activity in ammonia-treated RGM-1 cells, and prevented the induction of apoptosis and the reduction in intracellular ATP levels in a dose-dependent manner. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Conclusions: Our results suggested that the energy exhaustion which resulted from an overload of ammonia to glutamine synthetase may have initiated the apoptotic signaling in gastric mucosal cells. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:[L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming)] adenylyltransferase. (wikipedia.org)
  • In enzymology, a 4-methyleneglutamate-ammonia ligase (EC 6.3.1.7) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + 4-methylene-L-glutamate + NH3 ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } AMP + diphosphate + 4-methylene-L-glutamine The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, 4-methylene-L-glutamate, and NH3, whereas its 3 products are AMP, diphosphate, and 4-methylene-L-glutamine. (wikipedia.org)
  • This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-nitrogen bonds as acid-D-ammonia (or amine) ligases (amide synthases). (wikipedia.org)
  • There was a statistically significant correlation between the ratio of lesioned to control activity for membrane‐bound COMT and the neuronal marker enzyme glutamate decarboxylase. (psu.edu)
  • These findings demonstrate that PCA results in a loss of GS gene expression in the liver and that brain does not show a compensatory induction of enzyme activity, rendering it particularly sensitive to increases in ammonia in chronic liver failure. (njit.edu)
  • It is the product of the enzyme amidophosphoribosyltransferase which attaches ammonia from glutamine to phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) at its anomeric carbon: PRPP + glutamine → PRA + glutamate + PPi The biosynthesis pathway next combines PRA with glycine in a process driven by ATP giving glycineamide ribonucleotide (GAR). (wikipedia.org)
  • The enzyme phosphoribosylamine-glycine ligase catalyses the reaction forming an amide bond: PRA + glycine + ATP → GAR + ADP + Pi 5-Aminoimidazole ribotide Purine metabolism R. Caspi (2009-01-13). (wikipedia.org)
  • Influence of C/N ratio and ammonia on nitrogen removal and N 2 O emissions from one-stage partial denitrification coupled with anammox. (edu.ni)
  • Increased expression of p21 and Bax, decreased expression of Bcl-2, cytochrome C release from the mitochondria into the cytosol and subsequent activation of caspase-9 and -3 were identified in the cells treated with ammonia, although there was no apparent change in p53 expression. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Mechanistically, LSD1 inhibition downregulates the expression of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) through epigenetic modification of histone H3 lysine 9 dimethyl (H3K9me2), which sequentially inhibits the expression of the cystine-glutamate antiporter (xCT) and decreases glutathione (GSH) production. (bvsalud.org)
  • In conclusion, we describe an inborn error of glutamate metabolism caused by a GLS hyperactivity variant, illustrating the importance of balanced GLS activity. (amsterdamumc.org)
  • Amplified increases in NKA activity may ultimately have implications for ATP demand in these tissues, while increased GS activity may beneficially increase ammonia-detoxifying capacity in the intestine. (mcmaster.ca)
  • In the brain (both grey and white matter), glutamate was also extremely high and glutamine was almost undetectable, demonstrated with magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging at clinical field strength and subsequently supported at ultra-high field strength. (amsterdamumc.org)
  • Considering the neurotoxicity of glutamate when present in excess, the strikingly high glutamate concentrations measured in the brain provide an explanation for the developmental delay. (amsterdamumc.org)
  • The finding of a post-translational increase of GS in muscle following portacaval shunting suggests that, in chronic liver failure, muscle becomes the major organ responsible for the removal of excess blood-borne ammonia. (njit.edu)
  • During this process,glutamine and alanine in the mycelial mat were consumed more rapidly than other amino acids;in the growing aerial mycelium, glutamate and glutamine were particularly accumulated. (duke.edu)
  • In enzymology, a 4-methyleneglutamate-ammonia ligase (EC 6.3.1.7) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + 4-methylene-L-glutamate + NH3 ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } AMP + diphosphate + 4-methylene-L-glutamine The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, 4-methylene-L-glutamate, and NH3, whereas its 3 products are AMP, diphosphate, and 4-methylene-L-glutamine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ammonia incorporation in animals occurs through the actions of glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthase. (thermofisher.com)
  • An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP , L-glutamate, and NH3 to ADP , orthophosphate, and L-glutamine. (nih.gov)
  • As GLUL activity is linked to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle via reversed glutaminolysis, we probed carbon flux through both glycolysis and TCA pathways by means of 13C5 glutamine, 13C5 glutamate, and 13C6 glucose tracing. (scilifelab.se)
  • The first step of nitrogen assimilation in higher plants, the energy-driven incorporation of ammonia into glutamate, is catalyzed by glutamine synthetase. (ox.ac.uk)
  • It is the product of the enzyme amidophosphoribosyltransferase which attaches ammonia from glutamine to phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) at its anomeric carbon: PRPP + glutamine → PRA + glutamate + PPi The biosynthesis pathway next combines PRA with glycine in a process driven by ATP giving glycineamide ribonucleotide (GAR). (wikipedia.org)
  • Asparagine synthetase (ASNS) converts aspartate and glutamine to asparagine and glutamate in an ATP-dependent reaction. (nih.gov)
  • Catalyzes the ATP-dependent amination of UTP to CTP with either L-glutamine or ammonia as the source of nitrogen. (nih.gov)
  • The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the formation of CTP from UTP with the concomitant deamination of glutamine to glutamate. (nih.gov)
  • This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-nitrogen bonds as acid-D-ammonia (or amine) ligases (amide synthases). (wikipedia.org)
  • The enzyme phosphoribosylamine-glycine ligase catalyses the reaction forming an amide bond: PRA + glycine + ATP → GAR + ADP + Pi 5-Aminoimidazole ribotide Purine metabolism R. Caspi (2009-01-13). (wikipedia.org)
  • Enzymes that catalyze the joining of either ammonia or an amide with another molecule, in which the linkage is in the form of a carbon-nitrogen bond. (bvsalud.org)
  • EC 3.5.1.2 , glutaminase) produces an ammonia molecule that is channeled to a ligase subunit, which adds it to the activated D -glutamate residue of lipid II, converting it to an isoglutamine residue. (qmul.ac.uk)
  • The expression of your enzymes involved within the glutathione cycle-glutamate cysteine ligase (synthesis), glutathione reductase (recycling) and glutathione-S-transferase (the transfer to xenobiotics)-is upregulated within the presence of PAHs [57]. (piminhibitor.com)
  • Link to all annotated objects annotated to ligase activity, forming carbon-nitrogen bonds. (planteome.org)
  • Link to all direct and indirect annotations to ligase activity, forming carbon-nitrogen bonds. (planteome.org)
  • Ligases that catalyze the joining of adjacent AMINO ACIDS by the formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds between their carboxylic acid groups and amine groups. (bvsalud.org)
  • deltex E3 ubiquitin ligase 3L [S. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • Regulates E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity of RNF19A (By similarity). (nih.gov)
  • ProductData": { "ID": "3.1.3.3.7.5", "ProductType": "Others", "BrandName": "Glutamate Dehydrogenase (NAD(P))", "ProductNameAddition": "from beef liver, solution", "RegulatoryDisclaimer1": "For further processing only. (roche.com)
  • Unit of measure is \"L\".", "Language": "en", "Country": "XG", "Code": "CB - Order Information" }, { "Name": "Positioning", "Value": "Dehydrogenase that catalyzes the conversion of glutamate to α-ketoglutarate. (roche.com)
  • It is also called alanine aminotransferase ( ALAT ) and was formerly called serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) or serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and was first characterized in the mid-1950s by Arthur Karmen and colleagues. (wikidoc.org)
  • ALT catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from L-alanine to α-ketoglutarate , the products of this reversible transamination reaction being pyruvate and L-glutamate . (wikidoc.org)
  • It also has an important role in controlling metabolic regulations of neurotransmitter glutamate. (thermofisher.com)
  • In addition, cysteine, glutamate and glycine are the precursors from the antioxidant glutathione [66]. (piminhibitor.com)
  • Succinate-CoA ligase deficiency due to mutations in SUCLA2 and SUCLG1: phenotype and genotype correlations in 71 patients. (medscape.com)
  • Covalent attachment via an isopeptide bond to its substrates requires prior activation by the E1 complex SAE1-SAE2 and linkage to the E2 enzyme UBE2I, and can be promoted by an E3 ligase such as PIAS1-4, RANBP2 or CBX4. (nih.gov)