Glut2 glucose transporter type 4. Medical search. Frequent questions

SGLTs transport sodium and glucose into cells using the sodium gradient created by sodium/potassium ATPase pumps at the basolateral cell membranes. (bjcardio.co.uk)
The second stage of re-absorption is the transport of glucose through the utilisation of GLUT2 transporters in the basolateral membrane. (bjcardio.co.uk)
In immortalised human airway cells (line H441) with 10 mM glucose in the basolateral medium, apical ASL glucose was 0.24±0.07 mM [ 10 ]. (ersjournals.com)
In primary cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) with 16.6±0.4 mM glucose in the basolateral medium, ASL glucose was 2.2±0.5 mM [ 11 ]. (ersjournals.com)
Similarly, luminal sodium-dependent glucose transporter SGLT1 and basolateral GLUT2 were expressed proximal and distal to JIA as visualized by immunofluorescence staining. (uzh.ch)
The findings show that a physiologically relevant dose of ZnO NP can cause a significant decrease in glucose transport, which is consistent with gene expression changes for the basolateral glucose transporter GLUT2. (usda.gov)

Highly coordinated interactions between the brain and peripheral metabolic organs are critical for the maintenance of energy and glucose homeostasis. (nature.com)
In this study, the modulation of glucose homeostasis and insulin signalling by the mentioned compounds on renal proximal tubular NRK-52E cells was investigated. (faksignaling.com)
Conclusion: EC and DHBA regulate the renal glucose homeostasis by modulating both glucose uptake and production, and strengthen the insulin signalling by activating key proteins of that pathway in NRK-52E cells. (faksignaling.com)
Kidneys play a major role in glucose homeostasis. (faksignaling.com)
Importantly, the gluconeogenesis is a differentiated function of the renal cortex that also contributes to the glucose homeostasis, as well as to the insulin modulatory effects [2]. (faksignaling.com)
Additionally, defects at the insulin signalling are thought to affect the renal glucose homeostasis and, therefore, to contribute to the hyperglycaemia [4]. (faksignaling.com)
Consequently, treatments aimed at improving glucose homeostasis in renal cells are considered critical for optimal management of diabetes type 2 and to prevent, retard or treat associated renal complications. (faksignaling.com)
Understanding of mechanisms underlying lung glucose homeostasis could identify new therapeutic targets for control of ASL glucose and prevention and treatment of lung infection. (ersjournals.com)
1 The main function of insulin is to maintain glucose homeostasis, enabling glucose absorption and inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis, besides acting as an anabolic hormone that favors not only the absorption of amino acids and fatty acids, but also promotes cell growth and energy storage. (researchsquare.com)
IR is calculated with the use of homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) using the formula: fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) × fasting serum insulin (mU/mL)/22.5. (researchsquare.com)
In addition, insulin is the most important factor in the regulation of plasma glucose homeostasis, as it counteracts glucagon and other catabolic hormones-epinephrine, glucocorticoid, and growth hormone. (medscape.com)
The lattice model has been validated in immune regulation, cancer progression and glucose homeostasis in mice. (gr.jp)
Conditional Met KO mice were generated using Cre‑loxP methodology and characterization of these mice indicated that the HGF‑Met signaling pathway is essential in regeneration, protection, and homeostasis in various tissue types and cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
How Should We Think About the Role of the Brain in Glucose Homeostasis and Diabetes? (silverchair.com)
In this Perspective, we update and expand on a previously described brain-centric model of glucose homeostasis ( 1 ), highlighting recent evidence of the brain's capacity to influence the biologically defended level of circulating glucose in part through rapid and highly coordinated adjustments of both insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. (silverchair.com)
Traditionally, the interaction between pancreatic islets and insulin-sensitive tissues has been deemed sufficient to explain most aspects of glucose homeostasis. (silverchair.com)
Together, these observations raise the possibility that although the brain can affect glucose homeostasis, day-to-day control of blood glucose levels does not require its active participation. (silverchair.com)
Clearly, new approaches that can tease apart the contributions of brain and islet (and interactions between them) to overall control of glucose homeostasis are needed. (silverchair.com)

Accumulated evidence from genetic animal models suggests that the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, has a key role in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
The brain modulates various aspects of metabolism, such as food intake, energy expenditure, insulin secretion, hepatic glucose production and glucose/fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. (nature.com)
Here we comprehensively review the above topics, discussing the main findings related to the role of the brain in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive metabolic disease characterized by pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and peripheral insulin resistance, leading to defects in glucose metabolism and chronic low-grade inflammation. (frontiersin.org)
Glucose is removed from ASL in proximal airways via facilitative glucose transporters, down a concentration gradient generated by intracellular glucose metabolism. (ersjournals.com)
Glucose removal is determined by cellular glucose uptake and metabolism ( fig. 1 ) [ 4 , 12 - 14 ]. (ersjournals.com)
Under the scenario of a defective cellular energy metabolism, any process that results in a decrease in the level of ATP impairs the performance of secondary active transport mechanisms, such as those of glucose, phosphate, or amino acids. (medscape.com)
IR alters glucose metabolism, resulting in an elevation in insulin production by beta-cells. (researchsquare.com)
Insulin resistance (IR) is clinically characterized as the inability of insulin to enhance glucose uptake and metabolism. (researchsquare.com)
Therefore, if we take into consideration the repercussions of IR on the different organs, it is interesting to differentiate between the outcomes secondary to over activation of signaling pathways that remain sensitive to insulin versus changes that are a consequence of an impaired ability of insulin to regulate glucose metabolism. (researchsquare.com)
Hyperthyroidism is also associated with raised levels of growth hormone, glucagon and catecholamine which further impair glucose metabolism (Niki et al. (springeropen.com)
We found upregulation of the key fructose transporter and metabolizing enzyme mRNAs, Slc2a2 , Khka , and Khkc , and higher ketohexokinase activity in the Hif-p4h-2 gt/gt small intestine relative to the WT, suggesting enhanced metabolism of fructose in the former. (springer.com)
The peptide hormone insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is critical for maintaining normal blood glucose levels and acts to regulate cellular metabolism and growth by facilitating glucose uptake by peripheral tissues. (diabetesjournals.org)
Glucose metabolism also decreased the total amount of cellular glutathionylated proteins and increased the cellular glutathione redox ratio (GSH/GSSG). (omicsdi.org)
We have recently shown that overnight exposure of INS-1E insulinoma cells to palmitate in the presence of high glucose causes defects in both mitochondrial energy metabolism and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). (omicsdi.org)
Vanadium influences various aspects of carbohydrate metabolism, including glucose transportation, glycolysis, glucose oxidation, and glycogen synthesis 6 . (ijpsr.com)

A rare, genetic form of obesity characterized by morbid obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia leading to early coronary disease, myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure. (nih.gov)
SGLT2 inhibitors are a new class of oral drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus currently in phase III studies. (bjcardio.co.uk)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for developing both microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy) and macrovascular complications (coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease). (bjcardio.co.uk)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the common metabolic diseases in the world. (frontiersin.org)
Metabolic syndrome (MBS) is a widespread disease that has strongly related to unhealthy diet and low physical activity, which initiate more serious conditions such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. (bvsalud.org)
2 Deficiency of insulin production or activity results in diabetes mellitus (DM), which can be either type 1 (T1DM) when there is a destruction of the β-cell by an autoimmune process, or type 2 (T2DM) in which there is a failure of the β-cell to produce insulin. (researchsquare.com)
Researches indicate that there is increased incidence of type 2 globally, highlighting increased incidence of childhood type 2 diabetes mellitus (Jin et al. (springeropen.com)
1993 ). Glycaemic index levels are commonly used for diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus without due attention to the influence of thyroid hormone levels on those indices such as fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and C-peptide. (springeropen.com)
Undesired weight gains and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) are primarily caused by consumption of high fat and carbohydrate, inactive lifestyle, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and genetic susceptibility. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Genetic variation in the gene encoding calpain-10 is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (uchicago.edu)
Genetic contribution of polymorphism of the GLUT1 and GLUT4 genes to the susceptibility to type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in different populations. (uchicago.edu)
The population association of glucokinase gene with type 2 (noninsulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in Chinese. (uchicago.edu)
Mutations in the glucokinase gene are not a major cause of late-onset type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in Japanese subjects. (uchicago.edu)
It is divided into type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which account for 5-10% and 90-95% of DM cases resepectively. (xiahepublishing.com)

In contrast, culturing on Laminin-421 induced the expression of β-cell genes, including Ins1 , MafA , and Glut2 , and significantly improved glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. (nature.com)

however, the most significant for study are GLUT1-4. (wikipedia.org)
GLUT1 and GLUT3 are located in the plasma membrane of cells throughout the body, as they are responsible for maintaining a basal rate of glucose uptake. (wikipedia.org)
therefore GLUT1 and GLUT3 have a high affinity for glucose and uptake from the bloodstream is constant. (wikipedia.org)
The erythrocyte/brain hexose facilitator, glucose transporter-1, Gtr1 or Glut1. (lbl.gov)
mRNA expression of the transporters SGLT1, GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT5, and GLUT7 was measured in neonate samples proximal and distal of the atresia as well as in adult duodenum, ileum, and colon. (uzh.ch)
With the exception of glucose transporter GLUT1 that showed highest expression levels in colon, all investigated hexose transporters showed strongest expression in duodenum, lower levels in ileum and lowest in colon. (uzh.ch)

After slaughter, tissue samples of the small intestinal mucosa (mid-duodenum and mid-jejunum) were taken for determination of mRNA concentrations of SGLT1 and GLUT2 as well as pyruvate carboxylase, cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and glucose-6-phosphatase by real-time reverse transcription PCR relative to a housekeeping gene. (nih.gov)
Protein expression of GLUT2 in crude mucosal membranes and of SGLT1 and GLUT2 in brush-border membrane vesicles was quantified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE and immunoblot. (nih.gov)
In brush-border membrane vesicles, SGLT1 and GLUT2 protein expression could be demonstrated. (nih.gov)
By using sodium-containing (to activate both SGLT1 and GLUT2 glucose transporters) and sodium-free (activating GLUT2 only) conditions, the researchers showed that PPTs inhibit the action of GLUT2 receptors more than SGLT1. (nutraingredients.com)

GLUT4 transporters are insulin sensitive, and are found in muscle and adipose tissue. (wikipedia.org)
As muscle is a principal storage site for glucose and adipose tissue for triglyceride (into which glucose can be converted for storage), GLUT4 is important in post-prandial uptake of excess glucose from the bloodstream. (wikipedia.org)
During fasting, some GLUT4 transporters will be expressed at the surface of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
Upon reaching the plasmalemma, the vesicles fuse with the membrane, increasing the number of GLUT4 transporters expressed at the cell surface, and hence increasing glucose uptake. (wikipedia.org)
Endogenous production of glucose is enhanced by insulin and thyroid hormones since both FT 3 and FT 4 stimulate GLUT4 messenger RNA and protein expression in skeletal muscle and elevate glucose uptake (Kemp et al. (springeropen.com)
1997 ). In hyperthyroidism, increased level of thyroid hormones leads to increase GLUT4 and consequently increase hepatic output of glucose resulting in hyperglycaemia. (springeropen.com)
There is reduced rate of glucose production in hypothyroidism, a consequence of decreased production of GLUT4 (Kemp et al. (springeropen.com)

Liver tissues were used for determination of liver index, hepatic expression of glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) as well as both inflammatory and fibrotic markers. (bvsalud.org)
Furthermore, morin relatively up-regulated GLUT2 expression, however, down-regulated NF-κB, TNF-α, and TGF-ß expressions in the hepatic tissues. (bvsalud.org)

The patient is given 1 mg of intravenous glucagon, and the response of the blood glucose level is measured. (medscape.com)

In these cells, GLUT2 catalyzes the transepithelial transport of glucose. (justia.com)
The research, published in Molecular Nutrition & Food Research , suggests that some polyphenols, phenolic acids and tannins extracted from apples and strawberries may block the transport of glucose across intestinal tissues, potentially blunting post-meal glucose spikes. (nutraingredients.com)

The galectin lattice (i) regulates flow of receptors and solute transporters to coated-pit endocytosis and/or caveolin domains, and (ii) promotes turnover of cell-cell contacts such as immune synapses and focal adhesion complexes. (gr.jp)
For example, the pancreatic release of insulin in response to glucose is partially mediated by the binding of glucose to sweet-taste receptors on cells of the intestine and subsequent activation of the signaling cascade. (the-scientist.com)
Inhibitory ryanodine or NAC did not affect insulin secretion induced by glucose plus carbachol, which engages inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors. (omicsdi.org)

that is, sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter-1 (SGLT1) and facilitated glucose transporter (GLUT2), which are usually downregulated in the small intestine of functional ruminants but are upregulated when luminal glucose is available. (nih.gov)
Its use as a therapeutic target is limited by side effects from malabsorption of glucose and galactose in the small intestine. (bjcardio.co.uk)
It enters the gastrointestinal tract and is absorbed across the brush border of the small intestine into the enterocytes of the apical membrane of the intestinal epithelium, mediated by glucose transporter 5 (GLUT5) or Solute carrier family 2 A5 (SLC2A5). (openveterinaryjournal.com)
Following meals , large amounts of glucose are taken up by the small intestine , and gluconeogenesis is therefore inhibited: in hepatocytes, insulin causes phosphorylation and breakdown of the transcription factor Foxo1. (helmberg.at)
They said that PPTs have the potential to "readily affect glucose absorption in the small intestine," noting that many polyphenols, phenolic acids and tannins can interact with certain sugar transporters - for example, inhibition of sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1 - an active transport mechanism in which glucose is co-transported with sodium ion) or by inhibition of GLUT2. (nutraingredients.com)

Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Glucose Transporter 3 (GLUT3) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids. (bioemm.com)
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Human Glucose Transporter 3 (GLUT3) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species. (bioemm.com)

Therefore, while GLUT2 levels are unchanged or even upregulated in several tissues such as the liver and the intestine during the hyperglycemic conditions observed in diabetes, the same gene undergoes a drastic dysregulation only in the pancreatic islets. (justia.com)
1997 ). Hypothyroidism has been recognized as insulin-resistant state due to impaired insulin-stimulated glucose utilization in peripheral tissues. (springeropen.com)
On the other hand, the metabolic conditions, including inhibition of glucose absorption, enhancement of glucose and fat uptake by muscle and heart tissues, suppression of fat, cholesterol and glucose biosynthesis by the liver, reduction of the number of adipocytes, and promotion of thermo genesis, have been shown to prevent and treat the development of diabetes[1-7]. (heraldopenaccess.us)

Methods and results: Levels of the glucose transporters SGLT-2 and GLUT-2, as well as glucose uptake, glucose production, and key proteins of the insulin pathways, namely insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and PI3K/AKT pathway were analysed. (faksignaling.com)
Interestingly, EC and DHBA did not modify the levels of SGLT-2 and GLUT-2, and modulated the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase via AKT leading to a diminished glucose production. (faksignaling.com)
The main site for glucose reabsorption is the early S1 segment of the proximal tubule and this process is largely mediated by the high-capacity transporter sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) [2]. (faksignaling.com)
In this regard, inhibitors of SGLT-2 have been demonstrated to increase glycosuria and reduce hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes [3, 4]. (faksignaling.com)
In diabetes, there is a marked increase in renal glucose uptake, which might be accompanied by the upregulation of SGLT- 2 and glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2) levels, and the renal gluconeogenesis is enhanced because of the deregulation of rate-limiting gluconeogenic enzymes [2, 4, 5]. (faksignaling.com)
Since the mid-1960s, it has been known that there are energy-dependent, sodium-coupled glucose transporter (SGLT) and energy-independent, facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT) pathways for glucose uptake in the lung [ 1 ], and that glucose can permeate the alveolar epithelial barrier [ 2 ]. (ersjournals.com)
However, much subsequent research in this area was focused on the role of pulmonary SGLT transport as a modifier of lung liquid volume [ 3 , 4 ], and the effects of starvation and diabetes on glucose transport [ 1 , 5 ]. (ersjournals.com)
Expression of GLUT-2/GLUT-4/GLUT-8/GLUT-13/SGLT-1/SGLT-2 was only evaluated in a small number of studies with no significant differences detected. (nih.gov)

We tested the hypothesis that mRNA and protein expression of intestinal glucose transporters and mRNA expression of enzymes related to gluconeogenesis are affected by variable starch supply. (nih.gov)
A mixed model was used to examine feeding and time-related changes on feed intake and milk yield and to test feeding and gut site effects on gene or protein expression of glucose transporters and enzymes in the intestinal mucosa. (nih.gov)
No diet-dependent differences were found concerning mRNA and protein contents of glucose transporter or mRNA level of gluconeogenic enzymes. (nih.gov)
The glucose/fructose:H+ symporter, STP13 (sugar transport protein 13). (lbl.gov)
RESULTS: Although mRNA expression of monosaccharide transporters did not significantly differ between newborn and adult samples, luminal fructose transporter GLUT5 protein was absent in 0- to 4-day-old neonates, but expressed in adults. (uzh.ch)
CONCLUSIONS: Human newborns lack small intestinal fructose transporter GLUT5 protein expression and small intestinal atresia does not affect the expression of hexose transporters. (uzh.ch)
The GLUT2 facilitated glucose transporter isoform is a membrane protein present in the pancreatic .beta. (justia.com)
Insulin is an anabolic hormone that promotes glucose uptake, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and protein synthesis of skeletal muscle and fat tissue through the tyrosine kinase receptor pathway. (medscape.com)
Glutathionylation state of uncoupling protein-2 and the control of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. (omicsdi.org)
In regard to preventing insulin release, ROS activates uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), a mitochondrial inner membrane protein that negatively regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. (omicsdi.org)
Mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 is not involved in palmitate-induced impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in INS-1E insulinoma cells and is not needed for the amplification of insulin release. (omicsdi.org)

They inhibit glucose re-absorption in the proximal renal tubules providing an insulin independent mechanism to lower blood glucose. (bjcardio.co.uk)
Approximately 10% of renal glucose re-absorption occurs via SGLT1, and the remaining 90% occurs via SGLT2, which is found in the early proximal tubule. (bjcardio.co.uk)
SGLT2, a high-capacity, low-affinity transporter of glucose and sodium is found in high concentration at the brush border membrane of the S1 and S2 segment of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). (bjcardio.co.uk)
The mRNA expression of the 5 tested monosaccharide transporters was unchanged distal from the JIA relative to proximal. (uzh.ch)

Otherwise, Foxo1 drives the transcription of enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis (PEPCK, glucose-6-phosphatase). (helmberg.at)

OBJECTIVES: In newborn rodents, intestinal maturation involves delayed fructose transporter GLUT5 expression until weaning. (uzh.ch)
Consumed fructose enters enterocytes of the intestinal epithelial apical membrane mediated by glucose transporter 5 (GLUT5). (openveterinaryjournal.com)

Our understanding of the role of glucose transport in the lung and the mechanisms that regulate glucose movement across the human lung epithelium lags far behind that of the gut and kidney. (ersjournals.com)

Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Glucose Transporter 3 from Human in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell culture fluid and other biological fluids. (bioemm.com)

On the other hand, insulinoma cells that had lost their normal glucose responsiveness have low GLUT2 content, but some glucose sensitivity may be recovered after reintroducing GLUT2 expression through stable transfection of these cells (10,16). (justia.com)
Measuring real-time oxygen consumption in siRNA-transfected INS-1E cells, we show that deleterious effects of palmitate on the glucose sensitivity of mitochondrial respiration and on the coupling efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation are independent of UCP2. (omicsdi.org)

The altered levels of metabolic parameters such as blood glucose, serum insulin, serum lipid profile, and oxidative stress markers were also reversed approximately to the normal values. (bvsalud.org)
On both diets, the Hif-p4h-2 gt/gt mice gained less weight and had less white adipose tissue (WAT) and its inflammation, lower serum cholesterol levels, and lighter livers with less steatosis and lower serum ALT levels than the wild type (WT). (springer.com)

solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 8. (lbl.gov)

High affinity monosaccharide (KM ≈ 20 µM):H+ symporter, Stp6 (takes up glucose, 3-O-methylglucose, mannose, fructose, galactose and to a lesser extent, xylose and ribulose. (lbl.gov)
We assessed in human newborns, the impact of intestinal maturation and obstruction on mucosal monosaccharide transporter expression. (uzh.ch)

Diets containing corn starch may improve glucose supply by providing significant amounts of intestinal starch and increasing intestinal glucose absorption in dairy cows. (nih.gov)
Therefore, predicted intestinal glucose absorption after enhanced starch feeding is probably not supported by changes of intestinal glucose transporters in dairy cows. (nih.gov)
The conditions that cause enhancement of intestinal glucose absorption, reduction of glucose and fat uptake by muscles and the heart, stimulation of lipid synthesis and storage in adipose tissue, increase in the number of adipocytes (fat cells), and suppression of thermo genesis are known to promote diabetes [1-7]. (heraldopenaccess.us)

Here, we consider a newly identified role for pulmonary glucose transport in maintaining low airway surface liquid (ASL) glucose concentrations and propose that this contributes to lung defence against infection. (ersjournals.com)
These processes vary between species but universally maintain ASL glucose at 3-20-fold lower concentrations than plasma. (ersjournals.com)
ASL glucose concentrations are increased in respiratory disease and by hyperglycaemia. (ersjournals.com)
This is in contrast to conditions in the gut and kidney, where luminal glucose concentrations regularly exceed plasma glucose concentrations [ 6 , 7 ]. (ersjournals.com)
ASL glucose concentrations are the net result of diffusion of glucose from blood and interstitial fluid across the respiratory epithelium into the ASL, and removal of glucose from ASL by epithelial glucose transport processes. (ersjournals.com)
Current model of the mechanisms controlling glucose concentrations in the surface liquid lining the airway and distal lung epithelium. (ersjournals.com)
The diagnosis of Fanconi syndrome is made based on tests that document the excessive loss of substances in the urine (eg, amino acids, glucose, phosphate, bicarbonate) in the absence of high plasma concentrations. (medscape.com)
Physicians now recognize that zinc supplementation can reduce the incidence and severity of diarrheal disease, and an ORS of reduced osmolarity (i.e., proportionally reduced concentrations of sodium and glucose) has been developed for global use. (cdc.gov)
Data indicate that the polyphenols, phenolic acids and tannins from strawberry and apple are potent inhibitors of GLUT2 and SGLT1 at concentrations predicted after dietary ingestion. (nutraingredients.com)

Therefore, the concentration gradient of glucose opposes its reabsorption, and energy is required for its transport. (wikipedia.org)
Hence reabsorption of glucose is dependent upon the existing sodium gradient which is generated through the active functioning of the NaKATPase. (wikipedia.org)
indeed, renal glucose reabsorption has been considered to have a pathophysiological role in diabetes [1]. (faksignaling.com)

The highlights of the current study are: (1) Digested ZnO NP significantly decreased glucose transport in an cellular model. (usda.gov)
The results indicate that OGB alone or together with Metformin works significantly faster in lowering glucose and to a healthy level without side effects when compared to clinical findings with current pharmaceutical treatment options, which take 3 months to 6 months to show clinically meaningful results. (heraldopenaccess.us)
The magnitude of oxidative stress is significantly influenced by acute glucose fluctuations. (ijpsr.com)

These work independently of insulin to prevent glucose re-absorption from the glomerular filtrate resulting in a reduced renal threshold for glucose, glycosuria and net calorie loss ( figure 1 ). (bjcardio.co.uk)
The product is designed to prevent and treat the early onset of diabetes by interfering with glucose absorption and by mitigating negative effects of chronic oxidative stress and inflammation. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Therefore, the consumption of strawberry and apple juices could affect glucose absorption via the inhibition of glucose transport," said the researchers. (nutraingredients.com)

In conclusion, our investigations on glucose transporters and gluconeogenic enzymes in the small intestinal mucosa of dairy cows did not show significant diet regulation when TMR with different amounts of intestinal starch were fed. (nih.gov)

cells, the level of expression of GLUT2 is low and the intracellular glucokinase activity seems to be the rate-limiting step in the glycolytic pathway (5,11). (justia.com)

1995). "Human and rat beta cells differ in glucose transporter but not in glucokinase gene expression. (wikipedia.org)
When tested in vitro, IB1 bound specifically to the GTII cis element of the GLUT2 gene and to an homologous regulatory sequence of the insulin promoter termed RIPE3. (justia.com)
4) Pro-inflammatory gene IL8 was upregulated following exposure to high doses of ZnO NP. (usda.gov)
Genetic variants in the calpain-10 gene and the development of type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population. (uchicago.edu)
beta-cell transcription factors and diabetes: no evidence for diabetes-associated mutations in the gene encoding the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor neurogenic differentiation 4 (NEUROD4) in Japanese patients with MODY. (uchicago.edu)
Mutations in the hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha gene in MODY and early-onset NIDDM: evidence for a mutational hotspot in exon 4. (uchicago.edu)

Almost all of this is re-absorbed into the circulation via sodium glucose co-transporters (SGLTs). (bjcardio.co.uk)
Glucose transporters (GLUTs) and sodium-glucose co-transporters (SGLTs) are overexpressed in multiple malignancies, and are correlated with treatment resistance, clinical factors, and poor overall survival (OS). (nih.gov)

rate of glucose entry is proportional to blood glucose levels. (wikipedia.org)

the metabolic needs of the tissue and availability of glucose. (wikipedia.org)
Here, we tested the hypothesis that sucralose differentially affects metabolic responses to labeled oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in participants with normal weight and obesity. (mdpi.com)
Cancer cells also enhance glucose-uptake to fuel these enhanced metabolic activities [ 2 ]. (degruyter.com)
High abundance of glucose in the cytoplasm of a cancer cell also increases flux into other metabolic pathways such as hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) [ 7 ]. (degruyter.com)
Repeated high post meal (post-prandial) blood plasma glucose 'spikes' are associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes. (nutraingredients.com)

They added that their study is the first to show an inhibition of glucose transport across intestinal tissue by phenolic fruit extracts, and further characterize the contribution of individual phenolic components for their role in the inhibition of glucose transport. (nutraingredients.com)

Close to the loop of Henle and in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron where much glucose has been reabsorbed into the bloodstream, SGLT1 transporters are found. (wikipedia.org)
In the distal lung, glucose transport via sodium-coupled glucose transporters predominates. (ersjournals.com)

Functioning in conjunction, these two secondary active transporters ensure that only negligible amounts of glucose are wasted through excretion in the urine. (wikipedia.org)

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of glucose (Glu), fructose (Fru), glucose and fructose (GluFru) and sucralose on blood glucose response in healthy individuals. (mdpi.com)
Basal blood glucose level is approximately 5mM (5 millimolar). (wikipedia.org)
On high glucose loading, the glucose removal from blood was greater in group treated with glimepiride, whereas gliclazide- or repaglinide-treated group did not show any significant difference from OLETF control group. (dsmc.or.kr)
2-4 Guidelines recommend a target glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA 1c ) of 7% or less, but a large number of patients fail to meet this target and, as of yet, no ideal pharmacological blood glucose-lowering agent exists. (bjcardio.co.uk)
In type 2 diabetes (late stage), beta cells fail to secrete insulin for maintaining the blood glucose level, owing to insulin resistance and genetic defect. (medscape.com)
The other five subjects achieved clinically significant decrease in blood glucose levels within 4 to 6 weeks. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Failure to maintain an optimal circulating blood glucose concentration results in diabetes, a disease with varying etiologies. (diabetesjournals.org)
The disease is chiefly manifested in the form of elevated levels of blood glucose. (heraldopenaccess.us)
Two additional cell types, both part of the innate immune system, are found within the sinusoids, in direct contact with the blood: a large number of macrophages, called Kupffer cells, and Pit cells, a type of natural killer (NK) cells. (helmberg.at)
Diabetes was detected at a glucose level of 15.14 mmol/L by measuring glucose level in the blood collected from the tail vein. (ijpsr.com)
It is an effective means for lowering blood glucose levels and leads to normoglycemia 5 . (ijpsr.com)
Although the brain is clearly capable of affecting blood glucose levels, whether such effects are important in day-to-day blood glucose control remains a matter of controversy. (silverchair.com)
Reduction, or blunting, of post-prandial glucose concentration in blood is potentially beneficial. (nutraingredients.com)
"There is recent evidence that some bioactive compounds, in particular polyphenols, phenolic acids and tannins (PPTs), can affect the shape of the blood glucose curve … Some studies have shown that these compounds may result in an altered pattern of intestinal glucose uptake, possibly due to interactions between compounds and sugar transporters," said the authors. (nutraingredients.com)

SGLT2 binds to sodium and glucose in the filtrate and these compounds are translocated across the apical cell membrane, an active process driven by the electrochemical sodium gradient between tubular filtrate and the cell. (bjcardio.co.uk)

Glucose diffuses into ASL via paracellular pathways at a rate determined by paracellular permeability and the transepithelial glucose gradient. (ersjournals.com)
Glucose diffusion is determined by epithelial permeability to glucose, the transepithelial glucose gradient and surface area. (ersjournals.com)

Once inside the epithelial cells, glucose reenters the bloodstream through facilitated diffusion through GLUT2 transporters. (wikipedia.org)
For over 50 years, glucose has been recognised to cross the lung epithelial barrier and be transported by lung epithelial cells. (ersjournals.com)

EC (5-20 µM) and DHBA (20 µM) reduced both renal glucose uptake and production. (faksignaling.com)

Fasting is ended when plasma glucose levels are less than 45 mg/dL accompanied by signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia. (medscape.com)

Hexose transporter 6. (lbl.gov)
Hexose transporter 1. (lbl.gov)
The major hexose transporter, Htr1 (mediates the active uptake of hexoses by sugar:H+ symport. (lbl.gov)

The two ways in which glucose uptake can take place are facilitated diffusion (a passive process) and secondary active transport (an active process which on the ion-gradient which is established through the hydrolysis of ATP, known as primary active transport). (wikipedia.org)

Glucose as such cannot be stored, but it can be polymerized to glycogen in the liver and in skeletal muscle. (helmberg.at)

overexpression of CYP2B6 hindered IRS phosphorylation and translocation of GLUT2 to membranes, which ultimately exacerbated IR. (biomedcentral.com)

The blastocyst/testis glucose transporter, Glut8 (Doege et al. (lbl.gov)

These have a high affinity for glucose and a low capacity. (wikipedia.org)

However, the amount of energy that can be stored in this way is limited: for their hydroxyl groups, glucose units are very hydrophilic: 1 g of glycogen binds 2.7 g of water. (helmberg.at)

In pancreatic islets, GLUT2 allows a rapid equilibration of glucose between the extracellular space and the interior of the cells and it may play a crucial role in the glucose signaling mechanism leading to insulin secretion (43). (justia.com)
pancreatic cells to glucose remains debated. (justia.com)
These observations are critical since several experimental models of diabetes have shown that GLUT2 expression is dramatically reduced specifically in the pancreatic .beta. (justia.com)

Na+ ions diffuse down their concentration gradient into the columnar epithelia, co-transporting glucose. (wikipedia.org)
Glucose is then transported passively by GLUT2 along its concentration gradient into the interstitium. (bjcardio.co.uk)

close to the glomerulus, where glucose levels are high, SGLT2 has a low affinity yet high capacity for glucose transport. (wikipedia.org)
Dairy cows (n=9/group) were fed for 4 wk total mixed rations (TMR) containing either high (HS) or low (LS) starch levels in the diet. (nih.gov)
Human insulin is a peptide hormone produced by the beta-cells (β-cell) of the pancreas, and its release is dependent on glucose levels in the circulation, in addition amino acids, incretins and cholecystokinin also promote its release. (researchsquare.com)
Abnormal thyroid hormone levels have been reported in type 2, but the relationship between thyroid hormone levels and glycaemic indices: fasting plasma glucose (FPG), C-peptide (C-pep) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA lc ), used in the management of type 2 is not well defined. (springeropen.com)
The presence of abnormal levels of thyroid hormones influenced glycaemic indices in type 2 population. (springeropen.com)
2] The patient is instructed to fast, and plasma glucose, insulin, proinsulin, and C-peptide levels are measured every 6 hours until the plasma glucose level is less than 65 mg/dL, after which the testing frequency is increased to every 1-2 hours. (medscape.com)
Whether the brain participates in the physiological control of circulating glucose levels therefore remains a matter of controversy, and the possibility that a dysfunctional central control system contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetes is only beginning to be explored. (silverchair.com)
Beyond these concerns, the impact of brain-directed interventions on circulating glucose levels is often seemingly negated by adjustments of islet function. (silverchair.com)

Furthermore, transgenic mice that express GLUT2 antisense RNAs driven by the insulin promoter led to an 80% reduction in GLUT2 which was paralleled by a decreased glucose-induced insulin secretory response and by the onset of diabetes (48). (justia.com)

Transcriptional activator Islet-Brain 1 (IB1) is disclosed which is involved in the control of the GLUT2 and insulin genes by interacting with homologous cis-regulatory elements of the GLUT2 and insulin promoters, and to materials and methods deriving from this work. (justia.com)

Anatomy15

Organisms5

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs74

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment12

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes19

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Basolateral6

Homeostasis18

Metabolism16

Diabetes mellitus14

Improved glucose-stimulated insulin secretion1

GLUT16

SGLT1 and GLUT24

GLUT47

Hepatic2

Glucagon1

Transport of glucose2

Receptors3

Small intestine5

GLUT32

Tissues3

SGLT8

Protein11

Proximal4

Gluconeogenesis1

GLUT52

Regulate1

ELISA Kit1

Sensitivity2

Serum2

Solute1

Monosaccharide2

Intestinal glucose absorption3

Concentrations9

Reabsorption3

Significantly3

Absorption3

Gluconeogenic enzymes1

Intracellular1

Gene6

SGLTs2

Rate of glucose1

Metabolic5

Inhibition of glucose1

Distal2

Amounts of glucose1

Blood14

Membrane1

Transepithelial2

Epithelial cells2

Renal glucose1

Plasma glucose levels1

Hexose3

Facilitated diffusion1

Skeletal muscle1

Membranes1

Glut81

High affinity1

Glycogen1

Pancreatic3

Concentration gradient2

Levels8

Reduction1

Islet1