• GLUT 1 is encoded by the SLC2 gene and is one of a family of 14 genes encoding GLUT proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • In order to explore the underlying mechanisms, we performed tests to assess cell migration and motility, apoptosis, expression of glucose transporter 1 and proapoptotic proteins. (oncotarget.com)
  • The GLUT members belong to a family of glucose transporter proteins that facilitate glucose transport across the cell membrane. (preprints.org)
  • a sensitive and robust tool for detection of proteins in solutions and solid surfaces (such as gels and membranes). (stratech.co.uk)
  • He identified many GLUT proteins and pinpointed their locations within the body. (the-scientist.com)
  • Through facilitated diffusion, glucose molecules can travel across the cell membrane along a concentration gradient, from an area of high concentration (outside the cell) to an area of low concentration (inside the cell), thanks to the binding of specialized proteins known as glucose transporters. (reflectivethought.net)
  • Glucose transporters are specialized carrier proteins that facilitate glucose uptake into cells. (reflectivethought.net)
  • these structurally related transport proteins are called glucose transporters. (reflectivethought.net)
  • The three terminal products of carbohydrate digestion are transported through the enterocyte brush border membrane via facilitative transporter proteins such as the sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1), glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), and glucose transporter S (GLUTS). (your-doctor.net)
  • A family of monosaccharide transport proteins characterized by 12 membrane spanning helices. (ouhsc.edu)
  • the first is a glucose transporter (GLUT), and the second is insulin. (tryondailybulletin.com)
  • When insulin attaches to the insulin receptor (GLUT) on the cell, it activates a series of enzyme signaling reactions, which starts glucose transport. (tryondailybulletin.com)
  • Several glucose transporter protein (Glut) isoforms have been identified and shown to function in response to insulin and IGF1 induced signaling. (thermofisher.com)
  • Moreover, ANG II treatment of L6 myotubes induced NF-ĸB activation and TNF-α production and decreased insulin-stimulated Akt activation and GLUT-4 glucose transporter translocation to plasma membranes. (biosyn.com)
  • Similarly, NF-ĸB p65 small interfering RNA reduced NF-ĸB p65 subunit expression and nuclear translocation and TNF-α production but improved insulin-stimulated phosphorylation (Ser473) of Akt and translocation of GLUT-4. (biosyn.com)
  • The reason for this is that glucose transports into muscle (via its transporter GLUT-4) is normally regulated via insulin. (getbuzzing.co.uk)
  • Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) is known to be an insulin-responsive glucose transporter and has been associated with various diseases, including diabetes mellitus. (geneticsmr.org)
  • The rise in intracellular calcium triggers activation of calcium-dependent phospholipid protein kinase which, via intermediary phosphorylation steps, leads to fusion of the insulin-containing granules with the cell membrane and exocytosis of the insulin-rich granule contents. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • This results in membrane depolarisation, opening calcium (Ca 2+ ) channels, which then leads to exocytosis of the insulin-containing granules. (touchendocrinology.com)
  • An insulin-dependent mechanism recycles this glucose transporter quickly between microsomal storage sites and the plasma membrane. (reflectivethought.net)
  • Elibol said that, with exercise, Glut-4 (Glucose transporter type 4) enhances the transport of glucose into the cell in the cell membrane and does not require insulin during this time, increasing the insulin sensitivity of the cells over time and changing the composition of the lipids in the blood circulation. (eul.edu.tr)
  • In C2C12 cells TERT protein was mostly localised intracellularly and stimulation of cells with insulin induced translocation to the plasma membrane. (telomerescience.com)
  • Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation experiments in C2C12 cells showed that TERT was constitutively associated with glucose transporters (GLUTs) 1, 4 and 12 via an insulin insensitive interaction that also did not require intact PI3-K and mTOR pathways. (telomerescience.com)
  • Dysregulation of insulin-sensitive glucose transporters during insulin resistance-induced atrial fibrillation. (ouhsc.edu)
  • In addition to its antiviral effect, Ritonavir directly inhibits the insulin-regulated glucose transporter GLUT4 and blocks glucose entry into fat and muscle cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This gene encodes a facilitative glucose transporter that is highly expressed in erythrocytes and endothelial cells, including cells of the blood-brain barrier. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since the mid-1960s, it has been known that there are energy-dependent, sodium-coupled glucose transporter (SGLT) and energy-independent, facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT) pathways for glucose uptake in the lung [ 1 ], and that glucose can permeate the alveolar epithelial barrier [ 2 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • Facilitative glucose transporter. (biossusa.com)
  • Glucose transporter 1 (or GLUT1), also known as solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 (SLC2A1), is a uniporter protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC2A1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • GLUT1 facilitates the transport of glucose across the plasma membranes of mammalian cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • GLUT1 accounts for 2 percent of the protein in the plasma membrane of erythrocytes. (wikipedia.org)
  • GLUT1 was the first glucose transporter to be characterized. (wikipedia.org)
  • GLUT1 behaves as a Michaelis-Menten enzyme and contains 12 membrane-spanning alpha helices, each containing 20 amino acid residues. (wikipedia.org)
  • The glucose transporter of erythrocytes (called GLUT1 to distinguish it from related glucose transporters in other tissues) is a type III integral protein with 12 hydrophobic segments, each of which is believed to form a membrane-spanning helix. (wikipedia.org)
  • Expression levels of GLUT1 in cell membranes are increased by reduced glucose levels and decreased by increased glucose levels. (wikipedia.org)
  • In neurons, glucose uptake is facilitated by a family of glucose transporters (GLUTs) with the GLUT1 and 3 isoforms believed to be responsible for the majority of glucose uptake within the brain (Duelli and Kuschinsky, 2001). (jneurosci.org)
  • In mammalian heart, glucose transport is believed to be mediated mainly by two members of the GLUT family, GLUT1 and GLUT4. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The encoded protein is found primarily in the cell membrane and on the cell surface, where it can also function as a receptor for human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) I and II. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is a multi-pass protein located in the cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • Notably, inhibition of the CaMKK (calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase) had little affect on GLUT translocation, whereas the inhibition or knockdown of AMPK (compound C, siRNA) activity prevented GLUT3 translocation to the cell surface after glutamate excitation. (jneurosci.org)
  • Screen Quest™ assay kits, a set of HTS-ready tools for high throughput screening of biochemical and cellular targets such as protein kinases, proteases, HDAC, cell apoptosis and cytoxicity, GPCR, ion channels, ADME/metabolism and transporters. (stratech.co.uk)
  • Glucose enters the beta cell via the GLUT-2 transporter protein, which is closely associated with the glycolytic enzyme glucokinase. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The transporter protein GLUT-4 (bottom left of figure) is stored in intracellular vesicles. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Glut 4 complexed with cytochalasin B was retrieved from the protein data bank (Rcsb.pdb). (ijpsr.com)
  • Glucose-protein binding may bring shape changes and glucose close to the cell membrane. (reflectivethought.net)
  • this type of protein moves the simple sugar glucose across cell membranes and helps maintain proper levels of glucose within cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • For example, Vassilopoulos and colleagues 2009 reported that mice do not possess the protein that in humans mediates transport of circulating glucose into cells by means of membrane-bound vesicles. (independentsciencenews.org)
  • In humans, this step is facilitated by glucose transporter 4 (GLUT 4) protein and requires the action of the CHC22 protein. (independentsciencenews.org)
  • Despite the essential importance of these transporters, our knowledge regarding GLUT members in avians is fragmented. (preprints.org)
  • In the present study, we inhibited SGLTs and GLUTs transporters in heart by using pharmacological inhibitors, phlorizin (nonselective SGLT blocker) and ritonavir (nonselective GLUTs blocker) respectively, and evaluated the relative importance of these transporters during myocardial necrosis induced by isoproterenol. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Glucose-induced activation of DAG/PKC signaling in microsomes was not associated with a change in the translocation of Glut-4 transporters from microsomes to the plasma membrane, a biological response that is known to be stimulated by agonists, e.g., phorbol esters, which increase DAG/PKC signaling in plasma membranes, as well as in microsomes. (jci.org)
  • We characterized a glucose dependent hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ m ) in the majority of neurons after transient glutamate excitation. (jneurosci.org)
  • Secondary active transport occurs in the intestine and the kidney tubules (predominantly proximal tubule) and is mediated by members of the SGLT transporter family. (medscape.com)
  • i) The apical transporters are SGLT-1 (type 1) and SGLT-2. (medscape.com)
  • In the initial proximal tubule, only SGLT-2 and GLUT-2 are expressed, whilst SGLT-1 and GLUT-1 are expressed in the distal part of the tubule. (medscape.com)
  • SGLT is another group of glucose transporter which is mainly involved in absorption of glucose from renal and intestinal tissue. (biomedcentral.com)
  • GLUTs are encoded by the SLC2 genes, and the SGLTs are encoded by the SLC5 genes. (medscape.com)
  • By stimulating the active the active transport of glucose across cell membranes of muscle and adipose tissue by stimulating GLUT-4 transporter. (gpatindia.com)
  • Glucose rapidly increased DAG content and PKC enzyme activity in microsomes, but not in plasma membranes or other membranes, during a 30-min treatment of rat adipocytes. (jci.org)
  • MSc - Cell & Systems Biology - 2015 Thesis title: "Sweet GLUTs: Quantitative Analysis of Glucose Transporter and Fructolytic Enzyme Transcript Densities in Ruby-throated Hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris)" M.Sc. (welchbiology.com)
  • A helical wheel analysis shows that the membrane-spanning alpha-helices are amphipathic, with one side being polar and the other side hydrophobic. (wikipedia.org)
  • Six of these membrane-spanning helices are believed to bind together in the membrane to create a polar channel in the center through which glucose can traverse, with the hydrophobic regions on the outside of the channel adjacent to the fatty acid tails of the membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sodium glucose-linked transporters comprise transmembrane helices of carboxyl and amino terminals and extracellular spaces. (reflectivethought.net)
  • Expression levels of the primary neuronal glucose transporters (GLUTs) isoforms 1, 3, 4, and 8 were found to be unaltered within a 24 h period after excitation. (jneurosci.org)
  • Wang, X. Avian and Mammalian Facilitative Glucose Transporters. (preprints.org)
  • The mammalian GLUT family consists of thirteen members (GLUTs 1-12 and HMIT). (preprints.org)
  • Reabsorption of glucose predominantly occurs on the brush border membrane of the convoluted segment of the proximal tubule. (medscape.com)
  • Bile acids act as detergents which increase the solubility oflipid micelles which are taken up by the brush border membrane of the jejunum, where over 90% of fat is absorbed. (your-doctor.net)
  • We analyse two comprehensive transcriptome datasets from human tissues and human-derived cell lines in terms of the expression profiles of the SLC and ABC families of membrane transporters. (biorxiv.org)
  • The Gini index (coefficient) characterises inequalities of distributions, and is used in a novel way to describe the distribution of the expression of each transporter among the different tissues and cell lines. (biorxiv.org)
  • In many cases, transporters exhibit extremely high Gini coefficients, even when their supposed substrates might be expected to be available to all tissues, indicating a much higher degree of specialisation than is usually assumed. (biorxiv.org)
  • Similar trends hold true for the expression profiles of transporters in different cell lines, suggesting that cell lines exhibit largely similar transport behaviour to that of tissues. (biorxiv.org)
  • By contrast, the Gini coefficients for ABC transporters tend to be larger in cell lines than in tissues, implying that some kind of a selection process has taken place. (biorxiv.org)
  • The arrangement of multiple GLUTs across all somatic tissues signifies the important role of glucose across all organisms. (preprints.org)
  • Glucose is removed from ASL in proximal airways via facilitative glucose transporters, down a concentration gradient generated by intracellular glucose metabolism. (ersjournals.com)
  • However, a significant therapeutic strategy for malignant cells may involve the blockage of several glucose transporters, including glut 4 encoded by the solute carrier family-2-member-4-gene (Slc2a4) by certain phytochemicals from Panax ginseng. (ijpsr.com)
  • Humans have a recently duplicated GLUT member, GLUT14. (preprints.org)
  • Thus further investigating the role of GLUTs and SGLT1 inhibitors during cardiac injury and their comparison is of great importance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In particular, with some exceptions such as olfactory receptors and genes involved in keratin production, transporter genes are significantly more heterogeneously expressed than are most non-transporter genes. (biorxiv.org)
  • Glucose enters the erythrocyte by facilitated diffusion via a specific glucose transporter, at a rate of about 50,000 times greater than uncatalyzed transmembrane diffusion. (wikipedia.org)
  • This form of glucose transport is predominantly mediated by members of the GLUT transporter family. (medscape.com)
  • Decreasing the 2 mediated transporters may cause increased secretion of glucose through urine without causing hypoglycemia. (reflectivethought.net)
  • If you forgot what that means, GLUT-4 is responsible for transporting glucose into cells, hence multiplying the exercise effects (GLUT-4 stands for glucose transporter number 4). (marcosgrounds.com)
  • Transporters 2 types present renal tubules targeted for the treatment of diabetes mellitus . (reflectivethought.net)
  • There is evidence of overexpression of these transporters, particularly SGLTl, in diabetes and obesity, and new therapeutic approaches for these conditions are designed to inhibit these transporters. (your-doctor.net)
  • This is also in line with the minimum amount of exercise needed to incite a GLUT-4 response on muscle cells' membranes. (marcosgrounds.com)
  • GLUT 1 of humans and mice have 98% identity at the amino acid level. (wikipedia.org)
  • We review the information regarding GLUT orthologs and their function and expression in mammals and birds, with emphasis on chickens and humans. (preprints.org)
  • The glucose transporters expressed in the renal proximal tubule ensure that less than 0.5 g/day (range 0.03-0.3 g/d) is excreted in the urine of healthy adults. (medscape.com)
  • Our study concluded that ritonavir, a nonspecific GLUT inhibitors showed complete protection in catecholamine induced myocardial necrosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Perland and Fredriksson, 2017 ) or the pharmaceutical drug substrates of these transporters, and one clue to this may be to understand their differential tissue distribution. (biorxiv.org)
  • mainly involved in uptake, and ABC transporters (ABCs), mainly involved in efflux (e.g. (biorxiv.org)
  • Consequently the affinity of the transporters for glucose along the tubule increases to allow for complete reabsorption of glucose from the urine. (medscape.com)
  • The laforin-malin complex negatively regulates glycogen synthesis by modulating cellular glucose uptake via glucose transporters. (ouhsc.edu)
  • However, GLUT10 has some structural differences from other glucose transporters, and its role in the movement of glucose or other substances is unclear. (medlineplus.gov)