MyrosinaseAliphatic glucosinolatesIsothiocyanatesIndol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolateSulforaphaneHydrolysisDefenseArabidopsisMetabolismCompoundsIndole GlucosinolatesIntact glucosinolatesIndolic glucosinolatesMetabolitesBiosynthesisGlucoraphaninHerbivoresHigh Performance LiIsothiocyanateExtractsGSLsWater-solublePungentGlucosidesMustardQuantitativeErucicPhenolicsCommonly consumedVegetablesGeneticallyContentOccurrenceDifferentiallyDifferential EffectsCentral carbon atomSeedsBoundBreakdownActivity assaysMolecularRegulateCarbonAnionsLevelsAccessions
Myrosinase19
- The essence of glucosinolate chemistry is their ability to convert into an isothiocyanate (a "mustard oil") upon hydrolysis of the thioglucoside bond by the enzyme myrosinase. (wikipedia.org)
- The plants contain the enzyme myrosinase, which, in the presence of water, cleaves off the glucose group from a glucosinolate. (wikipedia.org)
- A previous study revealed that P. chrysocephala selectively sequesters glucosinolates, and additionally detoxifies glucosinolates by conversion to desulfo-glucosinolates, which are not a substrate of myrosinase 15 . (nature.com)
- Mustards and other related plants (Including many crops and the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana ) contain volatile sulfurs that are synthesized through a metabolic pathway known as glucosinolate-myrosinase pathway. (phylomedb.org)
- In particular, HOL1 catalyzes the methylation of derivatives of the glucosinolate-myrosinase pathway, producing methyl isothiocyanate and other related chemicals in response to injury. (phylomedb.org)
- The hydrolytic enzyme (myrosinase) and the glucosinolate precursors are normally separated in the plant, and they only mix when the tissue is damaged, thus iniciating the defense response. (phylomedb.org)
- Dietary supplement with Sulforaphane Glucosinolate (SGS) and Myrosinase from broccoli seed extract to support liver health and healthy cellular replication. (ferraramarket.com)
- Jarrow Formulas BroccoMax Sulforaphane Generator 35 mg Capsules offer a standardized extract of Sulforaphane Glucosinolate and the enzyme Myrosinase from broccoli seeds to Fortify liver health and healthy cell replication. (ferraramarket.com)
- In this study, it was shown that the amount of available water was found to influence the high pressure processing (HPP) effect on both myrosinase activity and total glucosinolate concentration in Brussels sprouts seedlings. (ku.dk)
- Myrosinase was inactivated in seedlings with high water availability (w c = 45-89%) after HPP, this inactivation is interpreted to be both pressure-induced and result from glucosinolate product catalyzed inactivation facilitated by enhanced cell permeability. (ku.dk)
- Upon HPP of cruciferous plants it is important to have a special focus on the glucosinolate-myrosinase system, since sub-optimal pre-treatment and/or processing parameters can affect the food quality negatively. (ku.dk)
- The present study provides valuable results regarding the significance of water content and activity on the sensitivity of the myrosinase-glucosinolate system in Brussels sprouts seedlings towards HPP. (ku.dk)
- Thus, providing a tool for designing different types of HPP products with respect to levels of active myrosinase and intact glucosinolates by adjustment of water content, water activity and HPP level. (ku.dk)
- We are studying the role of the glucosinolate-myrosinase chemical defense system in protecting Arabidopsis thaliana from specialist and generalist insect herbivory. (nau.edu)
- We used two Arabidopsis recombinant inbred populations in which we had previously mapped QTL controlling variation in the glucosinolate-myrosinase system. (nau.edu)
- Comparison of QTL for herbivory, glucosinolates, and myrosinase showed that T. ni herbivory is strongly deterred by higher glucosinolate levels, faster breakdown rates, and specific chemical structures. (nau.edu)
- In contrast, P. xylostella herbivory is uncorrelated with variation in the glucosinolate-myrosinase system. (nau.edu)
- A biosensor for determination of glucosinolates has been fabricated by employing a bienzyme system composed of myrosinase and glucose oxidase immobilized onto an eggshell membrane and a dissolved oxygen electrode as the transducer. (edu.hk)
- Comparative biochemical characterization of nitrile-forming proteins from plants and insects that alter myrosinase-catalysed hydrolysis of glucosinolates. (mpg.de)
Aliphatic glucosinolates2
- They are biosynthesized from amino acids: so-called aliphatic glucosinolates derived from mainly methionine, but also alanine, leucine, isoleucine, or valine. (wikipedia.org)
- Cytochrome P450 CYP79F1 from Arabidopsis catalyzes the conversion of dihomomethionine and trihomomethionine to the corresponding aldoximes in the biosynthesis of aliphatic glucosinolates. (mpg.de)
Isothiocyanates6
- Glucosinolates, a characteristic group of specialized metabolites found in Brassicales plants, are converted to toxic isothiocyanates upon herbivory. (nature.com)
- Variation in growing conditions, leaf age, agronomic practices, and variety choice lead to inconsistent quality, especially in content of isothiocyanates (ITCs) and their precursor glucosinolates (GSLs). (reading.ac.uk)
- Hydrolysis products of glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, have been associated with health benefits and contribute to the flavor of Brassica. (nih.gov)
- A placebo- controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical study of sprout extracts containing either glucosinolates (principally glucoraphanin, the precursor of sulforaphane) or isothiocyanates (principally sulforaphane) was conducted on healthy volunteers who were in-patients on our clinical research unit. (praxis-rekker.de)
- Glucosinolates break down into biocidal isothiocyanates that have been found to effectively control weeds and soil pathogens. (cornell.edu)
- Scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology in Jena have long been studying the glucosinolates and isothiocyanates that constitute the special defense mechanism of cabbage family plants, which include rapeseed, radishes and mustard. (mpg.de)
Indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate2
- Pc GSS1 and Pc GSS2 used sinalbin and indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate as substrates, respectively, whereas Pc GSS3, Pc GSS4, and Pc GSS5 showed weak activity in enzyme assays. (nature.com)
- ESP and ESM1 mediate indol-3-acetonitrile production from indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate in Arabidopsis. (mpg.de)
Sulforaphane5
- BroccoRaff ™ contains high amounts of the heavily studied and multi-patented ingredient Sulforaphane Glucosinolate (SGS) found in broccoli and broccoli sprouts. (nutragenerx.com)
- Broccoli sprouts grow into their peak when they are three days old, and can contain from 10-100 times more glucoraphanin (i.e., the glucosinolates of sulforaphane) than a mature broccoli plant! (bioimmersion.com)
- BroccoMax delivers 35 mg of Sulforaphane Glucosinolate (SGS) per serving, which is the precursor to Sulforaphane and supports phase 1 detoxification. (ferraramarket.com)
- A formal phase I study of safety, tolerance, and pharmacokinetics appeared justified because these sprouts are being used as vehicles for the delivery of the glucosinolate glucoraphanin and its cognate isothiocyanate sulforaphane [1- isothiocyanato-(4R)-(methylsulfinyl)butane] in clinical trials. (praxis-rekker.de)
- Red cabbage phytochemicals include sulforaphane and other glucosinolates . (wikipedia.org)
Hydrolysis5
- Besides being responsible for the pungent and bitter taste of these plants, the glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products also protect plants against herbivores and have been shown to have antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal and anticarcinogenic properties. (phytolab.com)
- Formation of simple nitriles upon glucosinolate hydrolysis affects direct and indirect defense against the specialist herbivore, pieris rapae. (mpg.de)
- Glucosinolate hydrolysis in Lepidium sativum - identification of the thiocyanate-forming protein. (mpg.de)
- Altered glucosinolate hydrolysis in genetically engineered Arabidopsis thaliana and its influence on the larval development of Spodoptera littoralis. (mpg.de)
- Glucosinolate hydrolysis and its impact on generalist and specialist insect herbivores. (mpg.de)
Defense3
- Glucosinolates are key defense compounds of plants in Brassicales order, and their accumulation in seeds is essential for the protection of the next generation. (frontiersin.org)
- Indole glucosinolates (IG) play important roles in plant defense, plant-insect interactions, and stress responses in plants. (molcells.org)
- The researchers were able to show experimentally that the defense based on glucosinolates is actually effective against fungal attacks. (mpg.de)
Arabidopsis3
- Full details of the sequence of reactions that converts individual amino acids into the corresponding glucosinolate have been studied in the cress Arabidopsis thaliana. (wikipedia.org)
- Here, we set out to identify amino acid residues responsible for glucosinolate transport activity of the main seed glucosinolate exporter UMAMIT29 in Arabidopsis thaliana . (frontiersin.org)
- Glucosinolate research in the Arabidopsis era. (mpg.de)
Metabolism1
- According to a quantitative analysis of 4-methylsulfinylbutyl glucosinolate metabolism in P. chrysocephala , about 8% of the total ingested glucosinolates were detoxified by desulfation, indicating small but significant glucosinolate sulfatase (GSS) activity towards 4-methylsulfinylbutyl glucosinolates in adult beetles 15 . (nature.com)
Compounds8
- Glucosinolates constitute a natural class of organic compounds that contain sulfur and nitrogen and are derived from glucose and an amino acid. (wikipedia.org)
- different glucosinolates have different side groups, and it is variation in the side group that is responsible for the variation in the biological activities of these plant compounds. (wikipedia.org)
- Identification of the intact glucosinolates was based on the detection of compounds with a constant neutral loss of 242 Da corresponding to the combined loss of anhydroglucose (162 Da) and sulfur trioxide (80 Da) in collision-induced dissociation. (unboundmedicine.com)
- The different tastes of all these highly related plants is partially due to differences in the composition and quantity of these glucosinolate derived compounds. (phylomedb.org)
- Most of our glucosinolates and related compounds are certified as primary reference standards. (phytolab.com)
- In particular, the variation in the amount and profile of the glucosinolates (GLSs) compounds was analyzed on the root and the leaf tissues. (unict.it)
- When compared to freeze-drying, a technique known to preserve compounds, a pre-blanching step increased the extractability of both pigments and phenolics, while air-drying only retained 49% of the pigments and 70% of phenolics, both without affecting glucosinolates. (ua.pt)
- Therefore, to valorise broccoli by-products as ingredients, different drying technologies may be used when targeting different composition richness: freeze-drying is suitable for pigments and glucosinolates, air-drying is suitable for glucosinolates, while MHG promotes the extractability of phenolic compounds. (ua.pt)
Indole Glucosinolates1
- Nevertheless, only 23% of indole glucosinolates were recovered and pigments were severely reduced, with lutein accounting only for 32% and only chlorophyll b was observed in trace amounts after MHG dehydration. (ua.pt)
Intact glucosinolates3
- An optimized method using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-ITMS) in negative ion mode has been developed for screening different structural classes of intact glucosinolates in six Chinese medicinal herbs. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Differentiation of intact glucosinolates was achieved through their respective retention times and molecular masses as well as the characteristic product ions. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Significant variation in the compositions of intact glucosinolates was identified in the cruciferous herbs. (unboundmedicine.com)
Indolic glucosinolates1
- Aromatic glucosinolates include indolic glucosinolates, such as glucobrassicin, derived from tryptophan and others from phenylalanine, its chain-elongated homologue homophenylalanine, and sinalbin derived from tyrosine. (wikipedia.org)
Metabolites5
- Glucosinolates occur as secondary metabolites of almost all plants of the order Brassicales. (wikipedia.org)
- Glucosinolates are amino-acid-derived, specialized metabolites characteristic of the Brassicales order. (frontiersin.org)
- Among the group of secondary metabolites, macaenes, macamides and glucosinolates stand out the most for being associated with great properties and for their function as typical markers. (kumarafood.com)
- Regarding glucosinolates, they are the secondary metabolites that generate great interest among scientists due to their biological activities. (kumarafood.com)
- Vegetables of the Cruciferae family contain high levels of glucosinolates, metabolites of which are believed to enhance detoxification. (nih.gov)
Biosynthesis4
- Furthermore, a substance-specific side chain (its structure depending on the amino acid involved in the initial phase of the glucosinolate biosynthesis) is bound to the central carbon atom. (phytolab.com)
- The biosynthesis of glucosinolates with a phenyl or benzyl ring in the core structure starts from either phenylalanine or tyrosine (e.g. glucobarbarin , glucolimnanthin , glucomoringin , gluconasturtiin , glucotropaeolin and sinalbin ), while indolyl-containing side chains as in glucobrassicin originate from the amino acid tryptophane. (phytolab.com)
- The role of cytochromes P450 in biosynthesis and evolution of glucosinolates. (mpg.de)
- and glucosinolate biosynthesis were related to antifungal activities. (bvsalud.org)
Glucoraphanin3
- Most glucosinolates are actually derived from chain-elongated homologues of these amino acids, e.g. glucoraphanin is derived from dihomomethionine, which is methionine chain-elongated twice. (wikipedia.org)
- Glucosinolates & Sulforaphanes has a potent mix of Glucosinolates with 15,000 ppm, Glucoraphanin with 10,000 ppm, and Sulforaphanes Potential of 4,000 ppm. (bioimmersion.com)
- On the other hand, MHG dehydration increased the phenolics extractability by 26%, particularly that of kaempferol derivatives while also retaining the amount of the glucosinolate glucoraphanin, when compared to freeze-drying. (ua.pt)
Herbivores2
- Several insect herbivores, including the cabbage stem flea beetle ( Psylliodes chrysocephala ), prevent glucosinolate activation by forming desulfo-glucosinolates. (nature.com)
- Because of the structural differences, these glucosinolates may have different effects on herbivores. (knaw.nl)
High Performance Li1
- Glucosinolates (GSL) present in cultivated and feral accessions of mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum í & Pavón) were identified and quantfied by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. (cipotato.org)
Isothiocyanate1
- Doses were 25 micromol of glucosinolate (cohort A), 100 micromol of glucosinolate (cohort B), or 25 micromol of isothiocyanate (cohort C). The mean cumulative excretion of dithiocarbamates as a fraction of dose was very similar in cohorts A and B (17.8 +/- 8.6% and 19.6 +/- 11.7% of dose, respectively) and very much higher and more consistent in cohort C (70.6 +/- 2.0% of dose). (praxis-rekker.de)
Extracts1
- Enzyme activity assays with crude beetle protein extracts revealed that glucosinolate sulfatase (GSS) activity is associated with the gut membrane and has narrow substrate specificity towards the benzenic glucosinolate sinalbin. (nature.com)
GSLs1
Water-soluble1
- Total levels of glucosinolates, water soluble sugars, and amino acids of B. vulgaris could not explain the poor preference and performance of M. brassicae on BAR-type plants. (knaw.nl)
Pungent1
- Glucosinolates are natural components of many pungent plants such as mustard, cabbage, and horseradish. (wikipedia.org)
Glucosides1
- Most of their biological activity is caused by their high content of flavonoids, glucosides, and glucosinolates. (frontiersin.org)
Mustard1
- The pungency of those plants is due to mustard oils produced from glucosinolates when the plant material is chewed, cut, or otherwise damaged. (wikipedia.org)
Quantitative1
- Quantitative trait loci analysis of glucosinolate, sugar, and organic acid concentrations in Eruca vesicaria subsp. (reading.ac.uk)
Erucic1
- Wild radish did not directly reduce canola quality in either year, but if wild radish seed were not separated from canola seed, the amount of erucic acid and glucosinolates was increased above marketable levels in some cases. (bioone.org)
Phenolics1
- Therefore, in this study, the impact of pre-dehydration blanching step, freeze-drying, air-drying at 40 °C, and microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity (MHG) dehydration on the levels of pigments, glucosinolates, and phenolics, was evaluated by UHPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn. (ua.pt)
Commonly consumed2
- Broccoli, a rich source of glucosinolates, is a commonly consumed vegetable of the Brassica family. (nih.gov)
- The glucosinolates content in seeds of commonly consumed vegetables was determined, and the results were satisfactory. (edu.hk)
Vegetables1
- Possible concomitant exposure to environmental and dietary goitrogens other than lithium (eg, polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs], thiocyanate, naturally occurring thioglycosides and glucosinolates found in vegetables in the Brassica species, such as Brussels sprouts). (medscape.com)
Genetically1
Content1
- Aliphatic glucosinolate content was not affected in any of the transgenic plants. (molcells.org)
Occurrence1
- Outside of the Brassicales, the genera Drypetes and Putranjiva in the family Putranjivaceae, are the only other known occurrence of glucosinolates. (wikipedia.org)
Differentially2
- A comparison of the putative substrate binding site of homologs within the brassicaceous-specific, glucosinolate-transporting clade with the non-brassicaceous-specific, non-glucosinolate-transporting UMAMIT32 clade identified 11 differentially conserved sites. (frontiersin.org)
- By comparing differentially conserved residues within the predicted cavities between glucosinolate-transporting and non-glucosinolate-transporting UMAMITs, we identify 11 candidate residues. (frontiersin.org)
Differential Effects1
- Our results suggest that difference in glucosinolate chemical structure is responsible for the differential effects of the B. vulgaris chemotypes on the generalist herbivore. (knaw.nl)
Central carbon atom1
- Every glucosinolate contains a central carbon atom, which is bound to the sulfur atom of the thioglucose group, and via a nitrogen atom to a sulfate group (making a sulfated aldoxime). (wikipedia.org)
Seeds4
- The glucosinolates are also found in seeds of these plants. (wikipedia.org)
- Recently, members of the Usually Multiple Amino acids Move In and Out Transporter (UMAMIT) family were shown to be essential for facilitating transport of seed-bound glucosinolates from site of synthesis within the reproductive organ to seeds. (frontiersin.org)
- This suggests that these residues are key for UMAMIT29-mediated glucosinolate transport activity and thus potential targets for blocking the transport of glucosinolates to the seeds. (frontiersin.org)
- Glucosinolates accumulate to high levels in seeds with no de novo synthesis, thus relying on translocation from source tissue ( Nour-Eldin and Halkier, 2009 ). (frontiersin.org)
Bound1
- All glucosinolates are composed of a central carbon that is bound via a sulfur atom to a glucose, and via a nitrogen atom to a sulfate group. (phytolab.com)
Breakdown3
- Glucosinolates occur in various edible plants such as cabbage (white cabbage, Chinese cabbage, broccoli), Brussels sprouts, watercress, horseradish, capers, and radishes where the breakdown products often contribute a significant part of the distinctive taste. (wikipedia.org)
- These two strategies decrease the fraction of ingested glucosinolates that are otherwise activated to toxic breakdown products. (nature.com)
- Two properties of brassica cover crops have substantial and differing effects on the soil microbiome and weed community: glucosinolate and carbon release through root exudation and biomass breakdown. (cornell.edu)
Activity assays1
- Transport activity assays of mutant variants with a single point amino acid substitution in each site UMAMIT29 suggest that five of these residues are critical for glucosinolate transport. (frontiersin.org)
Molecular1
- Here we investigated the molecular basis of glucosinolate desulfation in P. chrysocephala , an important pest of oilseed rape. (nature.com)
Regulate1
- Glucosinolates may help regulate blood sugar levels and improve cardiovascular health. (kumarafood.com)
Carbon1
- This thesis assesses whether the soil microbiome differed under cover crop treatments (Chapter 1), and if differing weed and microbial responses could distinguish between carbon and glucosinolate as driving mechanisms (Chapter 2). (cornell.edu)
Anions1
- Shukla, V.K.S. / Collision Activation of Glucosinolate Anions . (dtu.dk)
Levels1
- Broccoli combines high levels of vitamins, fibres and glucosinolates (GLS) with a low calorie count. (ishs.org)
Accessions1
- The selection of chemotypes allows for an important time reduction during the breeding programs after crossing accessions with the specific profiles of glucosinolates. (unict.it)