• This gene is a member of the solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter) family and encodes a protein that functions as an insulin-regulated facilitative glucose transporter. (genetex.com)
  • Two means of glucose transport are noted: facilitative and secondary active transport. (medscape.com)
  • The SLC2A10 gene encodes the GLUT10 facilitative glucose transporter, which is expressed in high amounts in liver and pancreas. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The recently cloned SLC2A10 gene encodes a 541 amino acid putative facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT10) of the GLUT family class III with between 30 and 34% amino acid homology with the known GLUT proteins ( 1 , 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Facilitative glucose transporter. (biossusa.com)
  • Glucose enters the cell along with sodium, and sodium exits the cell at the basolateral side of the cell, which is sodium-independent and a facilitative transport requiring no energy. (medscape.com)
  • This gene encodes a member of the SLC2A facilitative glucose transporter family. (nih.gov)
  • Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT4) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids. (jsce-ip.com)
  • Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Human Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT4) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species. (jsce-ip.com)
  • Dietary sugars trigger the production of insulin or insulin-like peptides which are sensed by Insulin receptors at the cell surface and initiate a kinase cascade, leading to the activation of the downstream kinase Akt (PKB), the translocation of GLUT4 glucose transporters to the cell surface, and ultimately glucose uptake. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In response to parathyroid hormone and dietary inorganic phosphate, the renal cotransporter is rapidly inserted into and retrieved from the renal brush border membrane in a fashion similar to that by which the glucose transporter (Glut4) (TC# 2.A.1.1) is regulated by insulin, and aquaporins 1 and 2 (TC# 1.A.8.1) are regulated by vasopressin (Levi et al. (tcdb.org)
  • CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of the hypoxia-response element revealed co-regulation of NICI and the neighboring protein-coding gene, solute carrier family 2 member 3 (SLC2A3) which encodes the high-affinity glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3). (ox.ac.uk)
  • This gene encodes a major glucose transporter in the mammalian blood-brain barrier. (ageing-map.org)
  • It consists of 14 separate exons spanning approximately 7.7kb of genomic DNA, and encodes the 672 amino acid protein SGLT2. (medscape.com)
  • ALMS1 encodes a ~ 0.5 megadalton protein that localises to the base of centrioles. (springer.com)
  • Several glucose transporter protein (Glut) isoforms have been identified and shown to function in response to insulin and IGF1 induced signaling. (thermofisher.com)
  • However, a significant therapeutic strategy for malignant cells may involve the blockage of several glucose transporters, including glut 4 encoded by the solute carrier family-2-member-4-gene (Slc2a4) by certain phytochemicals from Panax ginseng. (ijpsr.com)
  • Glut 4 complexed with cytochalasin B was retrieved from the protein data bank (Rcsb.pdb). (ijpsr.com)
  • This form of glucose transport is predominantly mediated by members of the GLUT transporter family. (medscape.com)
  • ii) The glucose carriers expressed in the basolateral domain are GULT-1 and GLUT-2 that do not require energy, sodium, or any other ion. (medscape.com)
  • Kaito H, Ishimori S, Nozu K, Shima Y, Nakanishi K, Yoshikawa N, Iijima K. Molecular background of urate transporter genes in patients with exercise-induced acute kidney injury. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Specifically we evaluate the effect of increased dietary protein intake and caloric restricted diets on gene expression in skeletal muscle, particularly focusing on biosynthesis, degradation and the expression of genes in the ubiquitin-proteosome (UPP) and mTOR signaling pathways, including MuRF-1, MAFbx/atrogin-1, mTORC1, and S6K1. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Heterozygosity for mutations suggest a role of nongenetic factors or other genes involved in renal glucose transport. (medscape.com)
  • 185 genes in signature reported in the publication with PubMedID mRNA_KAT5_22196727 from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset. (maayanlab.cloud)
  • This study has revealed the involvement of TFs, transporters, and photosynthetic genes, and has also given a glimpse of hormonal cross talk under the extreme water regimes, which will aid as an important resource for soybean crop improvement. (frontiersin.org)
  • Glucose is fundamental to the metabolism of mammalian cells. (thermofisher.com)
  • We found upregulation of the key fructose transporter and metabolizing enzyme mRNAs, Slc2a2 , Khka , and Khkc , and higher ketohexokinase activity in the Hif-p4h-2 gt/gt small intestine relative to the WT, suggesting enhanced metabolism of fructose in the former. (springer.com)
  • Solute carrier (SLC) transporters control fluxes of nutrients and metabolites across membranes and thereby represent a critical interface between the microenvironment and cellular and subcellular metabolism. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • The first step in glycolysis (ie, conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate [G6P] by glucokinase) is the rate-limiting step in glucose metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • In addition to its role in glucose metabolism, this pathway also regulates the redirection of free amino acids to protein synthesis via the mTOR-signaling pathway. (hindawi.com)
  • We first review the basics of microglial metabolism and the effects of common metabolites, such as glucose, lipids, ketone bodies, glutamine, pyruvate and lactate, on microglial inflammatory and phagocytic properties. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The EV surface contains a CD64 protein that has a tissue targeting peptide and a humanized monoclonal antibody. (bvsalud.org)
  • The actions of the proteins that control the uptake, storage, and distribution of zinc, the zinc transporters, are under intense investigation due to their emerging role in type 2 diabetes. (hindawi.com)
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the hepatic uptake mechanisms of [ 3 H]digoxin using sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH) and transporter-expressing cells. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Digoxin uptake in SCHH involves both a saturable (carrier-mediated) process and a passive (nonsaturable) process. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Uptake of [ 3 H]digoxin in SCHH was not inhibited by a variety of substrates or inhibitors for OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2B1, organic anion transporter 2, organic cation transporter 1, and monocarboxylate transporter 8. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Among the transporters identified, we characterized the cationic amino acid transporter SLC7A3 as a gene that, when up-regulated, overcame low availability of arginine and lysine by increasing their uptake, whereas SLC7A5 was able to sustain cellular fitness upon deprivation of several neutral amino acids. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • This activation is necessary for both cell proliferation as well as glucose uptake and use. (hindawi.com)
  • This observation resulted in the development of 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography (PET) to detect glucose uptake and lactate production for tumor imaging. (hindawi.com)
  • In the ensuing decades, further technological and computational advances helped to refine these 'maps', with current estimates of the core mammalian mitochondrial proteome ranging from 1,000 to 1,500 proteins. (nature.com)
  • The well-characterized mammalian proteins are found in renal (IIa isoform) and intestinal (IIb isoform) brush border membranes and are about 640 amino acyl residues long with 8-12 putative TMSs. (tcdb.org)
  • Eukaryotic family members have 7 transmembrane segments (TMSs) in a 3+1+3 repeat arrangement. (wikipedia.org)
  • The generalized reaction catalyzed by known proteins of this family is: sugars (in) ⇌ sugars (out) SWEETs were originally identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, in a screen for novel facilitators of transmembrane glucose transport. (wikipedia.org)
  • GLUT1 consists in 12 transmembrane domains and six of the transmembrane domains are thought to create a polar channel through which glucose can traverse. (bicellscientific.com)
  • Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Glucose Transporter 4 from Human in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell culture fluid and other biological fluids. (jsce-ip.com)
  • Interestingly, carriers of the codon 206 Thr allele had 18% lower fasting serum insulin levels ( P = 0.002) and 20% lower insulinogenic index ( P = 0.03) than homozygous carriers of the Ala allele. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • However, the codon 206 polymorphism may be related to the interindividual variation in fasting and oral glucose-induced serum insulin levels. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Diagnostic criteria include plasma glucose levels less than 3 mmol/L with detectable serum insulin and C-peptide, low serum ketone bodies, and low serum fatty acids. (medscape.com)
  • Since all carbohydrates are eventually reduced in the body to simple glucose (the body's primary source of energy), Chromium Polynicotinate provides the go-between action by 'plugging' serum glucose from the bloodstream directly to the muscle cell. (prolinesportsnutrition.com)
  • In the absence of insulin, this integral membrane protein is sequestered within the cells of muscle and adipose tissue. (genetex.com)
  • Within minutes of insulin stimulation, the protein moves to the cell surface and begins to transport glucose across the cell membrane. (genetex.com)
  • The synthesis, secretion, and action of insulin are dependent on zinc and the transporters that make this ion available to cellular processes. (hindawi.com)
  • Zinc has "mimetic" activity where it is involved in a range of functions including insulin receptor signal transduction, insulin storage, secretion and tissues/organelle distribution, and inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases [ 5 - 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In insulin-dependent peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscle, adipose, and liver, zinc ions play a role in insulin-induced glucose transport and glycemic control [ 9 - 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Maternal diet apparently does not have a significant role on neonatal cord blood insulin, C-peptide, or plasma glucose levels although a lower maternal glycemic load appears to be associated with lower adiposity in infants born to these women. (medscape.com)
  • Glucose and several amino acids stimulate insulin secretion under physiologic conditions, and the sequence of events leading to insulin secretion is well delineated. (medscape.com)
  • They regulate signalling though inhibition of phosphatases and induction of the activity of Stress Activated Protein Kinases, which themselves modulate feedbacks to insulin signalling and FOXO. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Elevated levels of solute carrier family 14 member 1 expression induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species accumulation, diminished the intracellular adenosine triphosphate level, and destroyed both mitochondrial membrane potential integrity and mitochondrial morphology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Their diverse functions are enabled by a sophisticated set of protein components encoded by the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. (nature.com)
  • In this Roadmap, we propose a path forward for refining the mitochondrial protein map to enhance its discovery and therapeutic potential. (nature.com)
  • We discuss how emerging technologies can assist the detection of new mitochondrial proteins, reveal their patterns of expression across diverse tissues and cell types, and provide key information on proteoforms. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 1: Comparison of the three main mitochondrial protein compendia. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 2: Potential sources of new mitochondrial proteins. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 3: Examples of innovative uses of mitochondrial protein maps. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 4: Translational utility of the mitochondrial protein map. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 5: The future mitochondrial protein map. (nature.com)
  • Two‐dimensional electrophoresis of human placental mitochondria and protein identification by mass spectrometry: toward a human mitochondrial proteome. (nature.com)
  • L-Carnitine, an amino acid cousin, acts as a transporter of fatty acids into muscle mitochondrial cells where the muscle fuels are burned for energy production. (prolinesportsnutrition.com)
  • May also participate with the Na(+)/glucose cotransporter in the transcellular transport of glucose in the small intestine and kidney. (biossusa.com)
  • Other bacterial homologues have 7 TMSs as do most eukaryotic proteins in this family. (wikipedia.org)
  • one includes eukaryotic and prokaryotic proteins, and the other, only bacterial homologues. (tcdb.org)
  • The glucose transporters expressed in the renal proximal tubule ensure that less than 0.5 g/day (range 0.03-0.3 g/d) is excreted in the urine of healthy adults. (medscape.com)
  • As the rate of glucose entering the nephron rises above 260-350mg/1.73m 2 /min (14.5-19.5mmol/1.73m 2 /min), the excess glucose exceeds the reabsorptive capacity of proximal tubule and is excreted in the urine (i.e. glucosuria). (medscape.com)
  • Secondary active transport occurs in the intestine and the kidney tubules (predominantly proximal tubule) and is mediated by members of the SGLT transporter family. (medscape.com)
  • Reabsorption of glucose predominantly occurs on the brush border membrane of the convoluted segment of the proximal tubule. (medscape.com)
  • GLUT1 proteins are localized to the basolateral membrane in the distal tubules of the mouse kidney, which lack the labeling of Lotus tetragonolobus lectin (LTL), a proximal tubule marker. (bicellscientific.com)
  • Renal glucosuria is the excretion of glucose in the urine in detectable amounts at normal blood glucose concentrations in the absence of any signs of generalized proximal renal tubular dysfunction due to a reduction in the renal tubular reabsorption of glucose. (medscape.com)
  • Consequently the affinity of the transporters for glucose along the tubule increases to allow for complete reabsorption of glucose from the urine. (medscape.com)
  • Most of the mutations that cause renal hypouricemia replace single protein building blocks (amino acids) in the GLUT9 protein and severely reduce or eliminate the protein's ability to reabsorb urate into the bloodstream. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Renal glucosuria has also been reported in patients with acute pyelonephritis in the presence of a normal blood glucose level. (medscape.com)
  • Gluconeogenesis in the kidneys exceeds renal glucose consumption. (medscape.com)
  • The results elucidate a mechanism wherein the solute carrier family 14 member 1 gene participates in the occurrence and development of hypoxia-induced renal cell carcinoma in a mitochondria-dependent manner. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Renal glucosuria is the excretion of glucose in the urine in detectable amounts at normal blood glucose concentrations in the absence of any signs of generalized proximal renal tubular dysfunction. (medscape.com)
  • FRG is a rare disorder due mainly to mutations in the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 gene ( SGLT2 ) that are responsible for the majority of cases. (medscape.com)
  • Although the pattern of inheritance that best fits FRG is one of co-dominance, increased glucose excretion was not observed in all individuals with similar or identical mutations. (medscape.com)
  • Mutations in the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 gene are responsible for the majority of cases. (medscape.com)
  • It's been known since the 70s that supplementation acts as a switch, increasing the amount of muscle protein synthesis, which means faster recovery of damaged muscle tissue. (xendurance.com)
  • Integrated analysis of protein composition, tissue diversity, and gene regulation in mouse mitochondria. (nature.com)
  • Under normal circumstances, the kidney filters and reabsorbs 100% of glucose, approximately 180 g (1 mole) of glucose, each day. (medscape.com)
  • A polyspecific transporter for organic cations found primarily in the kidney. (nih.gov)
  • Iodide ions are then transported to the apical membrane of the thyroid follicular cells by the action of pendrin, an anion exchanger protein. (myendoconsult.com)
  • i) The apical transporters are SGLT-1 (type 1) and SGLT-2. (medscape.com)
  • These transporters require energy and are sodium dependent. (medscape.com)
  • The PNaS family includes several functionally characterized, sodium-dependent, inorganic phosphate (P i ) transporter (NPT2 or NptA) proteins from mammals. (tcdb.org)
  • In health individuals this equates to a blood glucose concentration of approximately 200mg/dL (11mmol/L), which is believed to be threshold for the appearance of glucosuria. (medscape.com)
  • Blood glucose lowering drugs, excl. (pharmakb.com)
  • Many bacterial homologues have only 3 TMSs and are half sized, but they nevertheless are members of the SWEET family with a single 3 TMS repeat unit. (wikipedia.org)
  • Given the low plasma concentration of zinc and its importance in cellular signaling, it is essential that the availability and distribution of "free" zinc (free zinc is used to differentiate zinc involved in cell signaling from zinc that tightly bound to protein and therefore thermodynamically unavailable) are tightly controlled [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In normal cells, glucose participates in cellular energy production through glycolysis as well as through its complete catabolism via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (hindawi.com)
  • Choline Barbitrate, a member of the B-complex family, also functions at the cellular level, helping the body access its stored fatty acids for energy conversion. (prolinesportsnutrition.com)
  • Those that mediate glucose transport include at least six out of seventeen sugar homologues in Arabidopsis (i.e. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, the proteins that transport zinc likely facilitate cell signaling processes that contribute to glycemic control in peripheral tissues by modulating cytosolic zinc concentrations. (hindawi.com)
  • sugar transport protein 13. (lbl.gov)
  • The glucose/fructose:H+ symporter, STP13 (sugar transport protein 13). (lbl.gov)
  • Overall, this gain-of-function approach using human cells uncovered functional transporter-nutrient relationships and revealed that transport activity up-regulation may be sufficient to overcome environmental metabolic restrictions. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, human GLUT10 exhibited 2-deoxy- d -glucose transport with an apparent K m of ∼0.3 mmol/l ( 3 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • That ability to increase glucose transport into cells has brought it the attention of the medical community and recent research shows that supplementation can improve blood sugar control - a marker for diabetes risk - after a carb heavy meal. (xendurance.com)
  • Glucokinase is the rate-limiting step of glycolysis (ATP production), not glucose transport. (medscape.com)
  • Glucose enters at the luminal side of the proximal tubular cells by an active carrier-mediated transport process that requires energy provided by the sodium gradient between the intra- and extracellular compartments generated by sodium-potassium ATPase. (medscape.com)
  • The fructose/xylose:H+ symporter, PMT1 (polyol monosaccharide transporter-1). (lbl.gov)
  • In line with a more complex picture, multiple isoforms of the protein likely exist and non-centrosomal sites of localisation have been reported. (springer.com)
  • The key enzymes of gluconeogenesis are phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase). (medscape.com)
  • By stimulating the expression of glucose transporters and glycolytic enzymes, HIF-1 promotes glycolysis to generate more pyruvate [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • One-by-one depletion of 13 amino acids required for cell proliferation enabled gain-of-function genetic screens using a SLC-focused CRISPR/Cas9-based transcriptional activation approach to uncover transporters relieving cells from growth-limiting metabolic bottlenecks. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • Moreover, we identified metabolic compensation mediated by the glutamate/aspartate transporters SLC1A2 and SLC1A3 under glutamine-limiting conditions. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • Combining pangenomic and both metagenomic and metatranscriptomic profiling revealed a striking divergence in the vertical distribution, genomic composition, metabolic potential, and predicted lifestyle strategies of geographically co-located members of the SAR324 bacterial clade. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Other potential family members were identified by sequence homology. (wikipedia.org)
  • If the body is depleted or low in L-Carnitine, our fatty acid reserves are unavailable because they lack sufficient amounts of this carrier agent. (prolinesportsnutrition.com)
  • During eucaloric conditions the continual breakdown of protein that occurs in the body's organs and vital tissues is replenished in the post-absorptive state via supply of amino acids derived primarily from the skeletal muscle component of FFM[ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In fact, creatine even has a place when you're injured, increasing the recovery of energy stores in unused muscle tissues and increasing the glucose transporters that shuttle carbs into the muscle cells by as much as 40% according to research in the journal Diabetes. (xendurance.com)
  • Weight loss diets with increased dietary protein intake are popular and may provide additional benefits through preservation of fat free mass compared to a standard protein, high carbohydrate diet. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Emerging evidence suggests a high ratio of protein to carbohydrate in a low-fat, caloric restricted (CR) diet may mitigate FFM reductions during weight loss through increasing muscle protein synthesis and/or reducing protein catabolism, thereby improving net muscle protein balance[ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The urine should contain glucose as the only source of carbohydrate, and individuals should have normal carbohydrate storage and use. (medscape.com)
  • Glucose loss in the urine may vary from a few grams to more than 100g (556 mmol) per day. (medscape.com)
  • Glucose and glutamine are the 2 major substrates used by cancer cells. (hindawi.com)
  • ROS can damage all main categories of biomolecule including DNA, protein and lipids. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Within the proximal tubules, the GLUT9 protein helps reabsorb or excrete a substance called urate. (medlineplus.gov)
  • When more urate is needed in the body, the GLUT9 protein helps reabsorb it into the bloodstream. (medlineplus.gov)
  • An increase in the short GLUT9 protein raises the levels of urate in the blood and reduces its release into the urine. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The pharmaceutical is active against sodium/glucose cotransporter 2. (pharmakb.com)
  • In addition, it is known to target sodium/glucose cotransporter 1. (pharmakb.com)
  • Additionally, protein levels were shown to be maternally controlled: in a sweet11;12;15 mutant crossed with a wild-type plant, the mutant phenotype was only seen when sweet11;12;15 was used as the maternal plant. (wikipedia.org)
  • The gene was examined in 61 Danish type 2 diabetic patients, and a total of six variants (−27C→T, Ala206Thr, Ala272Ala, IVS2 + 10G→A, IVS4 + 18T→G, and IVS4 + 26G→A) were identified and investigated in an association study, which included 503 type 2 diabetic patients and 510 glucose-tolerant control subjects. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • By using this assay, the first member of the SWEET family, AtSWEET1, was identified. (wikipedia.org)
  • This protein is found mainly in the kidneys, specifically in structures called proximal tubules. (medlineplus.gov)
  • TC# 2.A.123.1.10) and the single copy human protein (SLC50A1 of Homo sapiens, TC# 2.A.123.1.4). (wikipedia.org)
  • Unless otherwise stated all data on this page refer to the human proteins. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • Hypoxia was found to induce A498 cell invasion, migration, and the release of inflammatory cytokines, while repressing human solute carrier family 14 member 1 gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Some studies have suggested a role for this protein in maintaining centriole-nucleated sensory organelles termed primary cilia, and AS is now considered to belong to the growing class of human genetic disorders linked to ciliary dysfunction (ciliopathies). (springer.com)
  • Carrier fish have been implicated in fish-to-fish transmission of S. iniae ( 8 ), and these carriers may be responsible for human infection because fish with overt signs of disease are unmarketable. (cdc.gov)