ResistanceSuppressed insulin secretionSensitivityMetabolismConcentrationsReceptorDiabetesMetabolicTolerance testOGTTEndocrinologyPancreatic insulin secretionMiceLiverElevated insulin levelsInfluences Glucose HomeostasisBindsHOMA-IRImprovements in glucose homeostasisEndogenousEnergy homeostasisPancreasTyrosine kinaseIntravenousLipidDecreasesImpairRegulationProteinPhysiologicPlasma glucose levelPhosphorylationOxidativeGlucagonBrain insulinHormonePeptideChanges in glucoseNegatively associatedIntoleranceBloodFastingRegulates insulin
Resistance46
- A computer-solved model has been used to predict the homeostatic concentrations which arise from varying degrees beta-cell deficiency and insulin resistance. (nih.gov)
- Comparison of a patient's fasting values with the model's predictions allows a quantitative assessment of the contributions of insulin resistance and deficient beta-cell function to the fasting hyperglycaemia (homeostasis model assessment, HOMA). (nih.gov)
- The accuracy and precision of the estimate have been determined by comparison with independent measures of insulin resistance and beta-cell function using hyperglycaemic and euglycaemic clamps and an intravenous glucose tolerance test. (nih.gov)
- The estimate of insulin resistance obtained by homeostasis model assessment correlated with estimates obtained by use of the euglycaemic clamp (Rs = 0.88, p less than 0.0001), the fasting insulin concentration (Rs = 0.81, p less than 0.0001), and the hyperglycaemic clamp, (Rs = 0.69, p less than 0.01). (nih.gov)
- The low precision of the estimates from the model (coefficients of variation: 31% for insulin resistance and 32% for beta-cell deficit) limits its use, but the correlation of the model's estimates with patient data accords with the hypothesis that basal glucose and insulin interactions are largely determined by a simple feed back loop. (nih.gov)
- Values of insulin resistance, beta-cell function, insulin secretion, c-peptide, and fasting GIR were all significantly higher in pregnancy. (edu.ng)
- The findings of this report are likely to be due to the state of increased insulin resistance associated with pregnancy. (edu.ng)
- In addition, p38delta null mice are protected against high-fat-feeding-induced insulin resistance and oxidative stress-mediated beta cell failure. (ox.ac.uk)
- Antimicrobial protein REG3A regulates glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance in obese diabetic mice. (bvsalud.org)
- During this period of time insulin resistance starts, this is where the insulin is increasingly ineffective at managing the blood glucose levels. (diabetesaustralia.com.au)
- As a result of this insulin resistance, the pancreas responds by producing greater and greater amounts of insulin, to try and achieve some degree of management of the blood glucose levels i . (diabetesaustralia.com.au)
- Mice deficient in PKB-beta display normal growth weights but exhibit severe insulin resistance and diabetes, accompanied by lipoatrophy and B-cell failure. (nih.gov)
- Insulin resistance is a state in which a given concentration of insulin produces a less-than-expected biological effect. (medscape.com)
- Insulin resistance has also been arbitrarily defined as the requirement of 200 or more units of insulin per day to attain glycemic control and to prevent ketosis. (medscape.com)
- The syndromes of insulin resistance actually make up a broad clinical spectrum, which includes obesity, glucose intolerance, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome, as well as an extreme insulin-resistant state. (medscape.com)
- In clinical practice, no single laboratory test is used to diagnose insulin resistance syndrome. (medscape.com)
- Treatment involves pharmacologic therapy to reduce insulin resistance, along with surgical management of underlying causes if appropriate. (medscape.com)
- Medications that reduce insulin resistance (insulin-sensitizing and antihyperglycemic effects) include metformin and the thiazolidinediones. (medscape.com)
- In insulin resistance, various clinical entities of this state are evident. (medscape.com)
- thus, insulin resistance results in increased insulin secretion to maintain normal glucose and lipid homeostasis. (medscape.com)
- The mechanisms responsible for insulin resistance syndromes include genetic or primary target cell defects, autoantibodies to insulin, and accelerated insulin degradation. (medscape.com)
- Clinical studies suggest that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia, and have found evidence that insulin resistance (IR) occurs in the brain of patients with T2DM and Alzheimer disease (AD). (nature.com)
- Clinical studies suggest a link between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and insulin resistance (IR) and cognitive dysfunction, but there are significant gaps in our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying this relationship. (nature.com)
- A new study finds that adipocyte SLC7A10 impairments may impact lipid accumulation during insulin resistance in patients with obesity. (medscape.com)
- Insulin resistance is associated with the capillary permeability of thigh muscles in patients with type 2 diabetes. (medscape.com)
- Background: Plasma branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are consistently elevated in subjects with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and correlate with insulin resistance. (doaj.org)
- These relationships largely persisted after adjusting further for insulin resistance and postprandial glucose. (doaj.org)
- At the end of the study significant reductions in fasting blood sugar (FBS), the homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglyceride (TG), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and Omentin level were found in groups 3 and 4 in comparison with group 2. (researchgate.net)
- Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance are major inducers of the chronic low-grade inflammatory state that characterizes the diabetic heart. (hindawi.com)
- In patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes, altered serum concentrations of Il-10 seems to be dependent on the degree of insulin resistance and proinflammatory status. (medsci.org)
- Both, obesity which is a major risk factor for the insulin resistance development and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and the chronic hyperglycemia itself play an important role in its pathogenesis. (medsci.org)
- Given those findings, let's look at two methods of overcoming insulin resistance in masters-aged athletes. (ironmanmagazine.com)
- More important is that the technique reverses insulin resistance. (ironmanmagazine.com)
- Background: Alström Syndrome (AS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease featuring highly accelerated insulin resistance, fatty liver, diabetes and heart failure among other syndromic features. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
- Hypertension was diagnosed insulin resistance, such as acanthosis nigri- when the average systolic and/or diastolic cans or polycystic ovary disease (PCOD). (who.int)
- 4 infection, to assess factors associated with insulin resistance and to test the impact of insulin resistance on outcomes of treatment with pegylated interferon/ribavirin. (who.int)
- This study confirms that insulin resistance affects treatment outcome, and thus HOMA-IR testing before initiation of therapy may be a cost-effective tool. (who.int)
- conditions such as insulin resistance in the most prevalent genotype in Egypt patients with HCV infection. (who.int)
- Adding to this grow- genotype 4, to assess factors associated proportion of Egyptians estimated to be ing body of evidence, it is now suggested with insulin resistance in those patients chronically infected was 9.8% ( 1 ). (who.int)
- In type 2 diabetes (late stage), beta cells fail to secrete insulin for maintaining the blood glucose level, owing to insulin resistance and genetic defect. (medscape.com)
- The endpoints were the GWG at 35 to 37 weeks and the fasting glucose and insulin sensitivity [homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)] at 24 to 28 weeks. (medscape.com)
- In the present report, we report on the DALI lifestyle study, which tested which of the lifestyle interventions was most efficacious in reducing GWG and fasting glucose and improving insulin sensitivity measured using the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). (medscape.com)
- Background: Epidemiologic studies on associations between metals and insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction have been cross-sectional and focused on individual metals. (cdc.gov)
- Objective: We assessed the association of exposure to metal mixtures, based on assessment of 15 urinary metals, with both baseline levels and longitudinal changes in homeostatic model assessments for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and beta-cell function (HOMA-beta). (cdc.gov)
- Conclusion: Exposure to metal mixtures may be exerting effects on insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction, which might be mechanisms by which metal exposures lead to elevated diabetes risks. (cdc.gov)
- Recent studies suggest an association between vitamin D status, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and obesity among Canadians (12,13). (cdc.gov)
Suppressed insulin secretion1
- Mice receiving high-miR-122 EVs or bearing BC tumours exhibit suppressed insulin secretion, enhanced endogenous glucose production, impaired glucose tolerance and fasting hyperglycaemia. (elsevierpure.com)
Sensitivity15
- Several, albeit not all, studies suggested that the consumption of the Paleolithic diet might improve glucose tolerance, decrease insulin secretion, and increase insulin sensitivity. (mdpi.com)
- Carriers of p.E40K, a variant that abolishes ANGPTL4 ability to inhibit lipoprotein lipase, have lower odds of T2D (odds ratio 0.89, 95% confidence interval 0.85-0.92, p = 6.3 × 10 −10 ), lower fasting glucose, and greater insulin sensitivity. (nature.com)
- Functional studies in Angptl4 -deficient mice confirm improved insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. (nature.com)
- We also evaluate the functional consequences of rare and novel genetic variants identified by exome sequencing, as well as the effect of Angptl4 deletion on insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. (nature.com)
- Insulin signaling experiments revealed that IL-10 secreted by TACI-deficient Mϕs is responsible for maintaining adipocyte insulin sensitivity. (nih.gov)
- Mice overexpressing REG3A in the liver show improved glucose homeostasis , which is reflected in better insulin sensitivity in normal weight and obese states. (bvsalud.org)
- Despite having high insulin levels, Tlr3(-/-) mice did not experience disturbances in whole-body insulin sensitivity, suggesting that they have a robust metabolic system that manages increased insulin secretion. (ox.ac.uk)
- Brown adipose tissue improves whole-body glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in humans. (ku.dk)
- failure of the signals or of the B cells to adapt adequately in relation to insulin sensitivity results in inappropriate insulin levels, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and type 2 diabetes. (medscape.com)
- The conclusion is that prescription of stevia in the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg/d decreases the omentin level indirectly via activating insulin sensitivity and lowering blood glucose in STZ-induced diabetic rats. (researchgate.net)
- All operations resulted in significant weight loss, reduction of fasting glucose, and improved insulin sensitivity. (sages.org)
- In general the masters athlete should seek to maximize insulin sensitivity, as studies show that taking in carbohydrates in an insulin-resistant state can impede muscle growth. (ironmanmagazine.com)
- Below are three dietary interventions for increasing insulin sensitivity and anabolism. (ironmanmagazine.com)
- Research from Gabriel's lab at the University of Illinois, however, has demonstrated that lowering it to 1.5 grams of carb results in improved insulin sensitivity, fat loss and greater increases in muscle during training.9,10 Thus, we recommend eating no more than one to 1 1/2 grams of carbohydrates per gram of protein at a meal. (ironmanmagazine.com)
- Recent studies have shown that a magnetic field can improve hyperglycemia in diabetic mice by enhancing insulin sensitivity, but the effect of a magnetic field on insulin secretion is unclear. (lu.se)
Metabolism15
- Therefore, the aim of this meta-analysis was to compare the effect of the Paleolithic diet with other types of diets on glucose and insulin homeostasis in subjects with altered glucose metabolism. (mdpi.com)
- Epidemiological studies demonstrate an association between breast cancer (BC) and systemic dysregulation of glucose metabolism. (elsevierpure.com)
- In support of this hypothesis, adoptively transferred TACI-deficient peritoneal or adipose tissue Mϕs, but not B cells, can improve glucose metabolism in the obese host. (nih.gov)
- Thus, the adoptive transfer experiments offer a model where TACI-deficient Mϕs accumulate in VAT and protect against metaflammation and obesity-associated dysregulation of glucose metabolism. (nih.gov)
- We examined the function of TLR3 in glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes-related phenotypes in animals and humans. (ox.ac.uk)
- Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide: an incretin at the interface of neuroendocrine regulation of metabolism and nutrition. (otago.ac.nz)
- however, only in the early stages of impaired insulin metabolism do hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia appear to be significant contributors to the presence of hypertension. (medscape.com)
- The liver plays a key role in glucose homeostasis and insulin metabolism. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Whole blood-based transcriptional risk score for nonobese type 2 diabetes predicts dynamic changes in glucose metabolism. (medscape.com)
- A beta cell subset with enhanced insulin secretion and glucose metabolism is reduced in type 2 diabetes. (harvard.edu)
- Janowska J, Chudek J, Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M, Semik-Grabarczyk E, Zahorska-Markiewicz B. Interdependencies among Selected Pro-Inflammatory Markers of Endothelial Dysfunction, C-Peptide, Anti-Inflammatory Interleukin-10 and Glucose Metabolism Disturbance in Obese Women. (medsci.org)
- We have studied the relationship between clinical and biochemical parameters and C-peptide and anti-inflammatory IL-10, as well as selected markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction such as: CCL2, CRP, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and E-selectin in obese women with various degree of glucose metabolism disturbance. (medsci.org)
- Obese patients were spited in subgroups based on the degree of glucose metabolism disorder. (medsci.org)
- The first step in glycolysis (ie, conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate [G6P] by glucokinase) is the rate-limiting step in glucose metabolism. (medscape.com)
- In animals, açai supplementation and exercise led to benefits in exercise tolerance and improvements in several hemodynamic parameters, as well as significant improvements in liver markers and glucose metabolism. (bvsalud.org)
Concentrations16
- The steady-state basal plasma glucose and insulin concentrations are determined by their interaction in a feedback loop. (nih.gov)
- Conclusion: In the basal state, nonpregnant Nigerian women have higher plasma glucose concentrations. (edu.ng)
- Pregnancy results in higher values of stimulated plasma glucose, insulin, and c-peptide concentrations. (edu.ng)
- However, IGF-1 is far less potent than insulin in decreasing blood glucose concentrations. (picmonic.com)
- During each session, rs-fMRI and hormone concentrations were recorded before and after a 75 g oral dose of glucose. (frontiersin.org)
- Primiparous ewes ( n =32) were assigned to dietary treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement to determine effects of nutrient restriction and melatonin supplementation on maternal and fetal pancreatic weight, digestive enzyme activity, concentration of insulin-containing clusters and plasma insulin concentrations. (cambridge.org)
- Insulin concentrations in plasma from the uterine vein, umbilical artery and umbilical vein were greater ( P ⩽0.01) in animals receiving 100% requirements. (cambridge.org)
- unmodified plasma glucose and insulin concentrations during IVGTT. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Understanding: Insulin and glucagon are secreted by beta and alpha cells of the pancreas respectively to control blood glucose concentrations. (quizlet.com)
- Neonatal blood glucose concentrations: metabolic effects of intravenous glucagon and intragastric medium chain triglyceride. (bmj.com)
- Our objective was to examine the associations between concentrations of vitamin D and concentrations of insulin, glucose, and HbA 1c in a nationally representative sample of adolescents in the U.S. (cdc.gov)
- Concentrations of vitamin D were inversely associated with concentrations of glucose only among Mexican American male subjects ( P = 0.007). (cdc.gov)
- Our results support an inverse association between concentrations of vitamin D and insulin primarily in adolescent male subjects. (cdc.gov)
- To provide additional insights into the associations between circulating concentrations of vitamin D and concentrations of insulin and glucose, we examined data from a large, representative sample of adolescents that included African Americans and Mexican Americans in the U.S. (cdc.gov)
- Despite this reduction, no improvements were seen in fasting or postload glucose levels, insulin concentrations, or HOMA-IR. (medscape.com)
- [ 1 ] In GDM, such complications have a continuous relationship with maternal glucose concentrations during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). (medscape.com)
Receptor13
- Insulin binds to its receptor on POMC and AgRP neurons, stimulating receptor autophosphorylation and activating its signal cascade. (jci.org)
- There was no correlation with any aspect of insulin-receptor binding. (nih.gov)
- The insulin receptor (IR) is a transmembrane receptor that belongs to a class of receptor tyrosine kinase. (picmonic.com)
- Insulin binds to a receptor tyrosine kinase and induces downstream signaling pathways (MAPK and PI3K). (picmonic.com)
- IGF-1 can activate both its own IGF receptor and the insulin receptor and, thus, has some ability to decrease blood glucose levels as well. (picmonic.com)
- One such insulin receptor is GLUT4, which facilitates insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into adipose tissue and striated muscle (skeletal muscle). (picmonic.com)
- Ambient insulin levels, various physiologic and disease states, and drugs regulate insulin receptor concentration or affinity. (medscape.com)
- Figure 3: Insulin receptor signalling in the hippocampus. (nature.com)
- Insulin signaling through the insulin receptor increases linear growth through effects on bone and the GH-IGF-1 axis. (medscape.com)
- Insulin moves through the blood and binds to receptor proteins located in the membrane of target cells, major ones being liver, skeletal muscle and fat. (quizlet.com)
- Out of 29 liver tissue sections examined, 14 had a low level of expression of insulin receptor type 1 by immunohistochemical studies. (who.int)
- Insulin is an anabolic hormone that promotes glucose uptake, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and protein synthesis of skeletal muscle and fat tissue through the tyrosine kinase receptor pathway. (medscape.com)
- Autoimmunity to insulin or insulin receptor is associated with elevated insulin levels. (medscape.com)
Diabetes18
- We hypothesize that loss of ANGPTL4 function might improve glucose homeostasis and decrease risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). (nature.com)
- Together, these observations suggest that genetic inhibition of ANGPTL4 function might have a favorable impact on glucose homeostasis in humans and reduce risk of type 2 diabetes. (nature.com)
- It is not yet known whether p.E40K affects glucose homeostasis in non-diabetics, whether other variants that abolish ANGPTL4 function modify type 2 diabetes risk, or how loss of ANGPTL4 function modifies glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes risk. (nature.com)
- In this study, we examine the association of genetic variants that abolish ANGPTL4 function with fasting glucose, oral glucose tolerance, and risk for type 2 diabetes in 58,124 individuals of European ancestry sampled from a large US health care population, and in 13 additional datasets comprising 82,766 type 2 diabetes cases and 498,761 controls. (nature.com)
- Dysfunction and loss of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells represent hallmarks of diabetes mellitus. (ox.ac.uk)
- In conclusion, the p38delta-PKD pathway integrates regulation of the insulin secretory capacity and survival of pancreatic beta cells, pointing to a pivotal role for this pathway in the development of overt diabetes mellitus. (ox.ac.uk)
- Here we show that an increase in human REG3A improves glucose and lipid homeostasis in nutritional and genetic mouse models of obesity and type 2 diabetes . (bvsalud.org)
- Type 2 diabetes is a condition in which the body becomes resistant to the normal effects of insulin and gradually loses the capacity to produce enough insulin in the pancreas. (diabetesaustralia.com.au)
- As insulin overproduction occurs over a very long period of time, the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas wear themselves out, so that by the time someone is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, they have lost 50 - 70% of their insulin-producing cells. (diabetesaustralia.com.au)
- This means type 2 diabetes is a combination of ineffective insulin and not enough insulin. (diabetesaustralia.com.au)
- Over time many people with type 2 diabetes will also need tablets, and/or non-insulin injectable medications and many eventually require insulin injections. (diabetesaustralia.com.au)
- We established that a loss of central leptin action during obesity leads to impaired insulin action, which might explain the striking correlation of obesity and type 2 diabetes. (otago.ac.nz)
- Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is caused by insufficient insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. (lu.se)
- The clinical characteristics were: pubertal onset, female preponderance, obesity, strong family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, high plasma glucose at presentation, adequate cell reserve and serum pancreatic islet cell antibody negativity. (who.int)
- Pharmacokinetics of Oral Rebaudioside A in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Effects on Glucose Homeostasis: A Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial. (medlineplus.gov)
- Diabetes is a highly ageing-related disease manifesting with a deteriorated capacity of insulin secretion and uncontrolled blood glucose-raising, hyperglycemia. (lu.se)
- Because the prevalence of deficient or insufficient vitamin D status is high among children and adolescents in the U.S. and is possibly increasing ( 4 , 5 ), any deleterious effect of suboptimal vitamin D status on glucose homeostasis is of interest, especially in light of concerns about increases in diabetes among youth in the U.S. ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
- Pancreatic beta-cells, by releasing insulin, play a key role in the control of glucose homeostasis and their dysfunction, dedifferentiation and death underlie diabetes mellitus development. (lu.se)
Metabolic6
- The tyrosine kinase, in turn, activates two major intracellular pathways: the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, which mostly mediates the metabolic effects of insulin, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which is involved in mitogenesis and growth. (picmonic.com)
- Their role in metabolic homeostasis remains unknown. (bvsalud.org)
- To study the interplay of metabolic state (hungry vs. satiated) and glucose administration (including hormonal modulation) on brain function, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and blood samples were obtained in 24 healthy normal-weight men in a repeated measurement design. (frontiersin.org)
- Metabolic state, insulin levels and glucose administration interact in their effects on brain activation patterns. (frontiersin.org)
- To avoid these disadvantages in the present investigation, we used resting-state fMRI in order to reveal potential links between whole brain activity and insulin and glucose levels in different metabolic states. (frontiersin.org)
- Background: Glucocorticoids (GCs) modulate glucose homeostasis by acting on metabolic tissues including liver, adipose and skeletal muscle. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Tolerance test5
- The estimate of deficient beta-cell function obtained by homeostasis model assessment correlated with that derived using the hyperglycaemic clamp (Rs = 0.61, p less than 0.01) and with the estimate from the intravenous glucose tolerance test (Rs = 0.64, p less than 0.05). (nih.gov)
- During a standard oral glucose tolerance test, blood was sampled for determination of fasting and 2h post-challenge plasma levels of glucose, insulin, and c-peptide. (edu.ng)
- Methods: Following baseline assessment of IC through a delay discounting task, rats were divided into naïve, sedentary (Sed), or wheel running (WR) groups for a 5-week WR and two-diet choice period after which rats underwent an oral glucose (OGTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) in addition to a re-test of IC. (illinois.edu)
- For this purpose 10 cirrhotic subjects (8 males and 2 females) aged 42 to 65 years underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT, 75 g), and an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT, 0.33 g/kg) before and after undergoing a side-to side portocaval anastomosis (PCS). (unboundmedicine.com)
- All patients enrolled had a Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) as well as fasting glucose, insulin, HbA1c, c Peptide levels pre-operatively and at 6, 9, and 12 months post-operatively. (sages.org)
OGTT4
- Only WR males showed improved glucose clearance during OGTT, but both male and female WR rats had a faster recovery of hypoglycemia during ITT. (illinois.edu)
- OGTT metrics surpass continuous glucose monitoring data for T1D prediction in multiple-autoantibody-positive individuals. (medscape.com)
- The RYGB has a significantly dysfunctional insulin response to OGTT and creates hypoglycemia as a result. (sages.org)
- The VSG and DS preserve a more physiologic insulin response to OGTT without the supra-normal peaks. (sages.org)
Endocrinology1
- An evolving body of evidence indicates that in the brain, insulin is involved in multiple regulatory mechanisms including neuronal survival, learning, and memory, as well as in regulation of energy homeostasis and reproductive endocrinology. (jci.org)
Pancreatic insulin secretion2
- We show that BC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) suppress pancreatic insulin secretion to impair glucose homeostasis. (elsevierpure.com)
- The role of pancreatic insulin secretion in neonatal glucoregulation. (bmj.com)
Mice6
- Here, we show that mice lacking the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38delta display improved glucose tolerance due to enhanced insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. (ox.ac.uk)
- Inhibition of PKD1 reverses enhanced insulin secretion from p38delta-deficient islets and glucose tolerance in p38delta null mice as well as their susceptibility to oxidative stress. (ox.ac.uk)
- Here, we demonstrate that TACI-deficient mice subjected to high-fat diet (HFD) are protected from weight gain and dysregulated glucose homeostasis. (nih.gov)
- Delivery of recombinant REG3A protein to leptin -deficient ob/ob mice or wild-type mice on a high-fat diet also improves glucose homeostasis . (bvsalud.org)
- Using a diet-induced obesity model, we show that TLR3-deficient mice had enhanced glycemic control, facilitated by elevated insulin secretion. (ox.ac.uk)
- We used loss- and gain-of-function approaches including genetic manipulation of the lipolytic enzyme Pnpla2 , change in environmental temperature, and lifestyle interventions to comprehensively test the premise that a thermogenic-like BAT phenotype is coupled with enhanced glucose tolerance in female mice. (diabetesjournals.org)
Liver5
- Altered glucose and insulin levels in peripheral blood are common findings in chronic liver disease. (unboundmedicine.com)
- In the fasting state, glucose is provided through glycogenolysis in the liver. (medscape.com)
- Insulin helps reduce blood glucose levels by signaling the liver to convert glucose to the storage molecule glycogen. (quizlet.com)
- When glucagon binds to the glucagon receptors, the liver cells convert the storage polysaccharide glycogen into individual glucose molecules and release them into the bloodstream, thereby increasing blood glucose levels. (quizlet.com)
- Insulin promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen by liver cells and the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream of muscle and fat cells, thereby lowering the blood glucose levels. (quizlet.com)
Elevated insulin levels3
- Moreover, a meta-analysis of two healthy human populations showed that a missense single nucleotide polymorphism in TLR3 (encoding L412F) was linked to elevated insulin levels, consistent with our experimental findings. (ox.ac.uk)
- Hypoglycemia associated with elevated insulin levels makes certain disorders unlikely, such as defects in gluconeogenesis, free fatty acid synthesis and ketogenesis, growth hormone deficiency, and cortisol deficiency. (medscape.com)
- Excessive administration of insulin is associated with elevated insulin levels. (medscape.com)
Influences Glucose Homeostasis1
- However, how BC influences glucose homeostasis remains unknown. (elsevierpure.com)
Binds2
- When insulin binds to insulin receptors, it induces glucose uptake. (picmonic.com)
- That doesn't happen, though, unless insulin is released from the pancreas, binds to the muscle and signals it to increase the uptake of glucose. (ironmanmagazine.com)
HOMA-IR1
- Significant relationships were found between levels of glucose and sICAM-1and also E-selectin and HOMA-IR. (medsci.org)
Improvements in glucose homeostasis1
- The prevailing dogma is that thermogenic brown adipose tissue (BAT) contributes to improvements in glucose homeostasis in obesogenic animal models, though much of the evidence supporting this premise is from thermostressed rodents. (diabetesjournals.org)
Endogenous1
- A standard insulin test is positive for endogenous insulin and exogenous insulin. (medscape.com)
Energy homeostasis1
- Neuroendocrine interactions in the control of glucose- and energy homeostasis. (otago.ac.nz)
Pancreas3
- ERO1-beta, a pancreas-specific disulfide oxidase, promotes insulin biogenesis and glucose homeostasis. (nih.gov)
- Insulin is a protein hormone secreted from β cells of the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels. (quizlet.com)
- Beta (β) cells are endocrine cells of the pancreas that produce and secrete the hormone insulin when blood glucose levels are high. (quizlet.com)
Tyrosine kinase1
- Insulin binding to the alpha subunit causes autophosphorylation of the beta subunit tyrosine kinase. (picmonic.com)
Intravenous2
- In control subjects the abdominal surgery did not affect plasma glucose and insulin responses to oral or intravenous glucose loads. (unboundmedicine.com)
- An intravenous glucose infusion rate greater than 8 mg/kg/min (normally, 4-6 mg/kg/min) strongly supports the diagnosis. (medscape.com)
Lipid1
- Laboratory tests include the plasma glucose level, the fasting insulin level, and a lipid profile, among others. (medscape.com)
Decreases2
- Here insulin decreases FOXO1-mediated transcription of AgRP by excluding FOXO1 from the nucleus. (jci.org)
- Insulin and glucagon counterbalance each other to stabilize blood glucose - generally speaking, glucagon raises blood sugar while insulin decreases it. (picmonic.com)
Impair1
- Our hypotheses were twofold: first, increased impulsivity would be associated with higher WD preference in a positive feedback loop and second, increased WD consumption would impair both peripheral and central insulin signaling, both of which exercise would attenuate. (illinois.edu)
Regulation7
- Regulation of PKD by the MAPK p38delta in insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. (ox.ac.uk)
- Innate immune mediators of pathogen clearance, including the secreted C-type lectins REG3 of the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) family , are known to be involved in the regulation of tissue repair and homeostasis . (bvsalud.org)
- Several studies using rs-fMRI revealed associations of insulin or glucose levels with the functional connectivity (FC) of particular brain networks or brain sites that are related to homeostatic regulation but not without contradictions. (frontiersin.org)
- It plays a critical role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. (nih.gov)
- These observations potentially highlight an additional layer of involvement of BCAA in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. (doaj.org)
- Moreover, this regulation relies on insulin gene expression through the activation of CaMKII and MafA. (lu.se)
- In addition, insulin is the most important factor in the regulation of plasma glucose homeostasis, as it counteracts glucagon and other catabolic hormones-epinephrine, glucocorticoid, and growth hormone. (medscape.com)
Protein4
- Deletion of p38delta results in pronounced activation of protein kinase D (PKD), the latter of which we have identified as a pivotal regulator of stimulated insulin exocytosis. (ox.ac.uk)
- This is accompanied by reduced oxidative protein damage, increased AMPK phosphorylation and insulin -stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle tissue . (bvsalud.org)
- Increase in insulin secretion was associated with upregulation of islet glucose phosphorylation as well as exocytotic protein VAMP-2 in Tlr3(-/-) islets. (ox.ac.uk)
- The fact that insulin impairs protein synthesis in older muscles has spurred scientists to suggest that aging people need a higher protein-to-carbohydrate ratio. (ironmanmagazine.com)
Physiologic1
- Glucose and several amino acids stimulate insulin secretion under physiologic conditions, and the sequence of events leading to insulin secretion is well delineated. (medscape.com)
Plasma glucose level1
- [ 2 ] The patient is instructed to fast, and plasma glucose, insulin, proinsulin, and C-peptide levels are measured every 6 hours until the plasma glucose level is less than 65 mg/dL, after which the testing frequency is increased to every 1-2 hours. (medscape.com)
Phosphorylation1
- p38delta catalyzes an inhibitory phosphorylation of PKD1, thereby attenuating stimulated insulin secretion. (ox.ac.uk)
Oxidative1
- In contrast, Akt-mediated insulin action, which is impaired by oxidative stress , is not restored by REG3A. (bvsalud.org)
Glucagon3
- Insulin inhibits glucagon release. (picmonic.com)
- Insulin and glucagon also generally have opposite functions: glucagon promotes glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and ketogenesis, while insulin inhibits these functions. (picmonic.com)
- GLP-1 is an incretin hormone that stimulates insulin secretion, causes B-cell mitosis while inhibiting apoptosis, inhibits glucagon secretion, and delays gastric emptying with overall antidiabetic effects. (medscape.com)
Brain insulin1
- In A. Kleinridders (Ed.), Physiological consequences of brain insulin action . (otago.ac.nz)
Hormone6
- Insulin, a peptide hormone, is one such GF. (picmonic.com)
- Insulin-like growth factor (IGF), formerly called somatomedin C, is a peptide hormone that primarily functions to stimulate growth. (picmonic.com)
- Both insulin and pituitary growth hormone (GH) stimulate hepatic IGF-1 synthesis and secretion. (picmonic.com)
- These potential signaling mediators include glucose, free fatty acids, autonomic nerves, fat-derived hormones (eg, adiponectin), and the gut hormone glucagonlike peptide-1 (GLP-1). (medscape.com)
- Growth hormone deficiency and hypocortisolemia also can cause hypoglycemia associated with low insulin levels, possibly by unopposed insulin action and decreased ketogenesis. (medscape.com)
- An additional factor is the release of the hormone insulin. (ironmanmagazine.com)
Peptide5
- Introduction: Several studies have reported glucose homeostasis in pregnant Nigerian Women, However, few of those studies have reported on the insulin or pancreatic c-peptide homeostasis in pregnancy. (edu.ng)
- We compared basal and stimulated values of glucose, plasma insulin, c-peptide, HOMAR IR, beta-cell function, insulin secretion, and glucose-insulin ratio (GIR) of the pregnant versus non-pregnant women. (edu.ng)
- Maternal diet apparently does not have a significant role on neonatal cord blood insulin, C-peptide, or plasma glucose levels although a lower maternal glycemic load appears to be associated with lower adiposity in infants born to these women. (medscape.com)
- Diagnostic criteria include plasma glucose levels less than 3 mmol/L with detectable serum insulin and C-peptide, low serum ketone bodies, and low serum fatty acids. (medscape.com)
- This report is an attempt to char- obesity, serum pancreatic auto-antibodies acterize the features of DM2 in children and fasting serum C peptide and insulin lev- and adolescents attending a 500-bed teach- els. (who.int)
Changes in glucose1
Negatively associated2
- miR-122 levels are positively associated with glucose and negatively associated with insulin. (elsevierpure.com)
- using MRI-cerebral blood flow (CBF) during rest: here, changes of insulin levels were negatively associated with changes of CBF signals in the caudate and the putamen in response to glucose administration. (frontiersin.org)
Intolerance1
- Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota. (greenmedinfo.com)
Blood11
- Using multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) the interdependence of brain activity, plasma insulin and blood glucose was investigated. (frontiersin.org)
- On day 130, blood was collected under general anesthesia from the uterine artery, uterine vein, umbilical artery and umbilical vein for plasma insulin analysis. (cambridge.org)
- Explain the role of insulin in the control of blood glucose concentration. (quizlet.com)
- Insulin causes muscle and fat cells to take in glucose from the blood. (quizlet.com)
- Infants with disordered blood glucose homoeostasis. (bmj.com)
- When each of the MS components was evaluated separately, elevated blood pressure and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were associated with both UACR and reduced eGFR, while elevated blood glucose and triglycerides were only associated with UACR. (karger.com)
- After you digest carbohydrates, blood glucose is elevated. (ironmanmagazine.com)
- In older people blood flow does not increase following insulin or carbohydrate administration.7 Changes in blood flow are a result of signaling molecules that stimulate either vasodilation or vasoconstriction. (ironmanmagazine.com)
- That's how insulin works: It stimulates capillaries to produce more NO and thus trigger vasodilation and amino acid-rich blood flow delivery to muscles. (ironmanmagazine.com)
- A recent study found that older individuals have up to 130 percent more endothelin-1 in their blood than do younger people.8 That suggests that in the elderly, insulin may not be able to overcome elevated levels of the powerful vasoconstrictor ET-1. (ironmanmagazine.com)
- yet, it is diagnosed by measuring a single blood-borne metabolite, glucose, irrespective of etiology. (cdc.gov)
Fasting4
- Some studies reported an increase of resting-state FC within the limbic system in response to the administration of 75 g oral glucose after overnight fasting. (frontiersin.org)
- 0.05).Conclusions: Fasting and postprandial plasma BCAA levels are associated with greater fasting and postprandial insulin secretion and reduced insulin clearance in healthy Chinese subjects. (doaj.org)
- Ratios of Glucose and Insulin at 1hr/2hr and fasting/1hr were calculated. (sages.org)
- After a few hours of fasting, insulin levels fall, and increased lipolysis creates free fatty acids and glycerol. (medscape.com)
Regulates insulin1
- This enhancement is combined with the activation of Pdx-1, the transcription factor that regulates insulin gene expression. (lu.se)