Glucose glycolytic pentose phosphate pathway. Medical search. Frequent questions

Following its conversion from glucose during glycolysis, pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria via the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) and enters the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. (elifesciences.org)
yellow glycolysis) - Cytosolic glucose flux via the main branch of glycolysis. (elifesciences.org)
Running parallel to glycolysis, the PPP branches off at glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) generating NADPH and ribose 5-phosphate (R5P). (elifesciences.org)
6-phosphofructokinase (PFK1) and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), enzymes that catalyze irreversible, rate-limiting steps in glycolysis, were directly phosphorylated and inhibited by cyclin D3-CDK6, suggesting that cyclin D3-CDK6 may have a unique role in glucose metabolism. (aacrjournals.org)
The "glycogen shunt," the paper explains, "describes conditions when glucose is shunted to glycogen and subsequently consumed through glycolysis even though adequate glucose and other energy supplies are present, thereby coupling glycogen synthesis and breakdown pathways to glycolysis. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
That, the authors suggested, would explain the central paradox of the Warburg effect - aerobic glycolysis, or why cancer cells ferment glucose to produce lactate even when oxygen is present. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
The coordinated action of the glycogen shunt and glycolysis allows the cells to store glucose as glycogen while maintaining homeostasis of glycolytic intermediates and ATP and supplying glycolytic substrates for the PPP [pentose phosphate pathway] when needed," they wrote. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
In normal cells, glucose participates in cellular energy production through glycolysis as well as through its complete catabolism via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (hindawi.com)
By stimulating the expression of glucose transporters and glycolytic enzymes, HIF-1 promotes glycolysis to generate more pyruvate [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
Our results showed a beneficial effect on neuronal survival probably based in the recovery of all, oxidative balance, glycolysis and pentose phosphate, promoted by fingolimod phosphate. (preprints.org)
Glucose can be broken down by either glycolysis or the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (oxPPP). (quanterix.com)
TNBC ferments glucose to lactate, with glycolysis dominant over the oxPPP. (quanterix.com)
Glucose is the major substrate for ATP synthesis through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), whereas intermediary metabolism through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle utilizes non-glucose-derived monocarboxylates, amino acids, and alpha ketoacids to support mitochondrial ATP and GTP synthesis. (molvis.org)
Quantification of 94 metabolites in colon and 95 metabolites in stomach involved in glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, the TCA and urea cycles, and amino acid and nucleotide metabolisms resulted in the identification of several cancer-specific metabolic traits. (elsevierpure.com)
Extremely low glucose and high lactate and glycolytic intermediate concentrations were found in both colon and stomach tumor tissues, which indicated enhanced glycolysis and thus confirmed the Warburg effect. (elsevierpure.com)
In the early 1920s, German biochemist and physiologist Otto Warburg conducted groundbreaking research and proposed the famous "Warburg effect": Tumor cells prefer to use glycolysis for glucose metabolism even in oxygen-rich conditions, rather than more efficient mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation for ATP production [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Under aerobic condition, Most of the glucose is first converted to pyruvate via glycolysis in the cytosol. (biomedcentral.com)
The proliferation of effector T cells such as cytotoxic T cells and the production of cytokines are highly dependent on glycolysis, and therefore become inactive under conditions of low glucose levels and high lactic acid concentrations. (medicaltrend.org)
Dynamic regulation of glucose flux between aerobic glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) during epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is not well-understood. (elsevierpure.com)
Mechanistically, Snail regulates glycolytic activity via repression of phosphofructokinase, platelet (PFKP), a major isoform of cancer-specific phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), an enzyme involving the first rate-limiting step of glycolysis. (elsevierpure.com)
Thus, the Snail-PFKP axis plays an important role in cancer cell survival via regulation of glucose flux between glycolysis and PPP. (elsevierpure.com)
Vanadium influences various aspects of carbohydrate metabolism, including glucose transportation, glycolysis, glucose oxidation, and glycogen synthesis 6 . (ijpsr.com)
Analyzing the various intracellular metabolic pathways [e.g., the glycolysis system, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, electron transport chain, etc.] is important when trying to understand cellular states. (dojindo.com)
In the current studies, we observed that MUC16 knockdown pancreatic cancer cells exhibit reduced glucose uptake and lactate secretion along with reduced migration and invasion potential, which can be restored by supplementing the culture media with lactate, an end product of aerobic glycolysis. (oncotarget.com)
[ 3 ] PFK catalyzes the irreversible transfer of phosphate from ATP to fructose-6-phosphate and converts it to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate during the third step in glycolysis. (medscape.com)
Livers were analyzed for the incorporation of 13 C into different metabolic pools by IC-FTMS or GC-MS. The relative abundance of 13 C-glycolytic intermediates was reduced, suggesting attenuated glycolysis, a feature found in diabetes. (elsevierpure.com)
In contrast to decreased glycolysis, we observed an increase in the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway and 13 C incorporations suggestive of enhanced capacity for the de novo synthesis of fatty acids. (elsevierpure.com)
Otto Warburg noticed that cancer cells utilize far more glucose than normal cells and reprogram their metabolism largely to glycolysis even in oxygen-rich conditions [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The HBP and glycolysis share the first two steps and diverge at fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Glucose enters the cell and undergoes two-step conversion to fructose-6P (fructose-6-phosphate), after which approximately 95% of it proceeds to glycolysis and 3-5% of it is converted to glucosamine-6P (glucosamine-6-phosphate) by the enzyme GFAT (glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase), utilizing glutamine that enters the cell. (biomedcentral.com)

Blocking the glycolytic flux of pyruvate to lactate results in altered glucose carbon allocation to TCA and pentose phosphate pathway intermediates, an increase in OXPHOS and augmented HIV-1 reverse transcription. (gla.ac.uk)
2000 The astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle hypothesis (ANLSH) proposes that glucose is usually acquired from the circulation mainly by astrocytes and either is usually stored as glycogen a complex branched polymer or catabolized to the oxidizable fuel L-lactate for trafficking to neurons [Pellerin and Magistretti 1994 Pellerin et al. (bioskinrevive.com)
Despite high energy needs neurons exhibit a truncated glycolytic pathway that favors pentose phosphate metabolism and anti-oxidative protection over energy production [Barros 2013 Nerve cell reliance upon astrocyte-derived lactate is usually indicated by its preferred use over glucose as an energy substrate when both substrates are available [Wyss et al. (bioskinrevive.com)
The storage of excess glucose intake as glycogen allows energy to be preserved for future use, even though efficiency is slightly reduced by the net production of lactate. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
This observation resulted in the development of 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography (PET) to detect glucose uptake and lactate production for tumor imaging. (hindawi.com)
Glucose directly feeds ribose phosphate, amino acid synthesis, lactate, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle locally within human breast tumors. (quanterix.com)
Confocal studies showed differential cellular and compartmental distribution of isozymes involved in glucose, glutamate, glutamine, lactate, and creatine metabolism. (molvis.org)
Under oxygen-rich conditions, normal or differentiated cells can metabolize glucose and produce carbon dioxide through a tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), which produces 30 or 32 mol of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) per mole of glucose and a small amount of lactate during oxidative phosphorylation [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Most pyruvate are mostly processed to lactate via glycolytic pyruvate even in the presence of oxygen, and only a small portion of pyruvates enters the mitochondria to produce CO 2 by undergoing TCA cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
The following introduces some metabolic pathways regulated by high lactate levels, which are related to the occurrence and development of chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer. (medicaltrend.org)
Metabolites and energy sources [e.g., glucose, lactate, and NAD(P) + /NAD(P)H] are the indicators used for analyzing intracellular metabolisms. (dojindo.com)
They also produce a large amount of lactate due to increased glycolytic activity. (dojindo.com)

We find that inhibition of glucose metabolism with 2DG results in a decrease in downstream glycolytic intermediates, confirming a reduction in activity of this pathway. (sdsc.edu)
Mechanistically, suppression of the rate-limiting glycolytic enzymes shunted glycolytic intermediates into the pentose phosphate pathway and serine synthesis pathway, which produce NADPH and glutathione (GSH) to protect against reactive oxygen species (ROS). (aacrjournals.org)
Both the fast isotopic equilibrium of glycolytic metabolite pools and the slow labeling dynamics of TCA cycle intermediates are described well by the model. (ntnu.no)
These imbalances can disrupt precursor availability and energy balances, causing the accumulation of pathway intermediates and unwanted byproducts, reducing strain fitness and product yields [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase 7. (elsevier.com)
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an X-linked enzymatic defect common in people with African ancestry that can result in hemolysis after acute illnesses or intake of oxidant. (merckmanuals.com)
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency are the 2 most common enzyme defects that cause hemolytic anemia. (medscape.com)
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase has been purified from pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seeds and subjected to characterization. (scirp.org)
Affinity chromatography (2', 5'-ADP Sepharose 4B) first used by De Flora [20] is a common tech- nique for purification of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. (scirp.org)
The reports on purification of glucose-6-phos- phate dehydrogenase from plant sources are very less. (scirp.org)
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency causes haemolytic anaemia in the presence of simple infection, ingestion of fava beans or reaction with certain medicines, antibiotics, antipyrectics and anti- malarial. (scirp.org)
Keeping in view the clinical significance of the enzyme and less studied from plant sources the present study has been aimed with purification and characterization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from pigeon pea seeds. (scirp.org)
Canagliflozin, a type 2 diabetes drug, is a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor with known off-target effects on glutamate dehydrogenase and complex I. However, the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on human T cell function have not been extensively explored. (biomed.news)
This coincided with an increased activity and protein abundance of the pentose phosphate pathway protein glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which generates NADPH necessary to regenerate reduced glutathione. (researcher-app.com)
PC/pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) ratio = 0.5], malic enzyme (5% of the total pyruvate production), and catabolism of branched-chained amino acids (contributing with ∼40% to total acetyl-CoA produced) confirmed the significance of these pathways to astrocytic metabolism. (ntnu.no)

High abundance of glucose in the cytoplasm of a cancer cell also increases flux into other metabolic pathways such as hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) [ 7 ]. (degruyter.com)
Furthermore, poorer prognosis in cancer patients who display a glycolytic phenotype characterized by metabolic alterations, such as obesity and diabetes, is now well established, providing another link between metabolic pathways and cancer progression. (springer.com)
Although these techniques tackle the coupling between neuronal activity and metabolism, they lack chemical specificity and fail in providing information on neuronal and glial metabolic pathways underlying those processes. (frontiersin.org)
Targeting altered metabolic pathways related with the glucose metabolism has become a promising anti-cancer strategy. (biomedcentral.com)
Vanadium also has an insulin-like effect on the metabolic pathways of lipid and protein metabolism 7 . (ijpsr.com)
Given the central role of the liver in peripheral glucose homeostasis, we exposed mice to filtered air or PM 2.5 for 16 weeks and examined its effect on hepatic metabolic pathways using stable isotope resolved metabolomics (SIRM) following a bolus of 13 C 6 -glucose. (elsevierpure.com)

Cyclin D3-CDK6 inhibits the glycolytic enzymes PFK1 and PKM2 to prevent T-ALL cell apoptosis. (aacrjournals.org)
This is facilitated by glycolytic enzymes such as the M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) which diverts metabolites into PPP [ 6 ]. (degruyter.com)
Other deficiencies include those of glycolytic enzymes or enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway. (merckmanuals.com)
The genome-based cg3035 modulated strain was further engineered by attenuating the expression of pta and cat , inserting a strong P eftu promoter in the upstream region of glycolytic enzymes such as pfkA , gap , and pyk , and redirecting carbon flux to the pentose phosphate pathway. (biomedcentral.com)

Similarly, tadpoles were incubated in DMSO control or 1 of 2 G6PD inhibitors (Dehydroepiandrosterone and g6pdi), to similarly assess the consequences of inhibiting the pentose phosphate pathway. (sdsc.edu)
g6pd is the enzyme for what two pathways? (studystack.com)
G6PD deficiency affects the pentose phosphate pathway, and PK deficiency affects the glycolytic pathway. (medscape.com)

As UDP-GlcNAc is the final product of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which integrates amino acid, carbohydrate, fatty acid, and nucleotide metabolism, it has been suggested that O-GlcNAc acts as a "nutrient sensor" and responds to the cell's metabolic status. (wikipedia.org)
Glucose, glutamine, fatty acids, and amino acids are the primary drivers of tumor growth and act as substrates for the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). (biomedcentral.com)
The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) and its end product uridine diphosphate N-acetyl glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) are important regulators of cell signaling that favor tumor promotion. (biomedcentral.com)
The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway utilizes up to 2-5% of glucose that enters a non-cancer cell and along with glutamine, acetyl-coenzyme A (Ac-CoA) and uridine-5′-triphosphate (UTP) are used to produce the amino sugar UDP-GlcNAc [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Pathways of glucose catabolism regulating cellular NADPH/NADH. (elifesciences.org)
G ) Quantification of τ bound during development shows a shift from NADPH to NADH producing pathways. (elifesciences.org)
Proposed gradient in cellular NADPH/NADH and thus glucose flux along the developing BP. (elifesciences.org)
It catalyzes the transformation of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconolactone concomitant with conversion of NADP to NADPH. (scirp.org)
Hwang and Cho modulated the NADPH supply to ʟ-ornithine biosynthesis by inactivating three putative glucose dehydrogenases, which improved the yield of ʟ-ornithine up to 14 g/L [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The suppression of PFKP switches the glucose flux towards PPP, generating NADPH with increased metabolites of oxidative PPP. (elsevierpure.com)
Additionally, since NADPH is required to maintain the reduction of glutathione, the pentose phosphate pathway (downstream from the glycolytic system) and NADH in mitochondria are used to maintain high NADPH levels. (dojindo.com)

With absolute quantitation of 116 target metabolites engaged in central metabolism, Carcinoscope or C-SCOPE provides basic biochemical parameters which enable researchers to better understand cellular status such as bioenergetics, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function covering the glycolytic pathway, pentose phosphate pathway, TCA cycle, urea cycle and glutathione metabolism. (humanmetabolome.com)
The Q353 option covers all of the glycolytic , TCA and pentose phosphate metabolites in CARCINOSCOPE, plus many others. (humanmetabolome.com)
Lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides necessary for the biosynthesis of the daughter cells are mostly provided by intermediate metabolites of these pathways. (hindawi.com)

The tricarboxylic acid cycle (or Krebs cycle) is the central metabolic pathway that links together carbohydrate, amino acid, and fatty acid degradation and supplies precursors for various biosynthetic pathways including NAHD and FADH2 to the electron transport chain in normal cells who rely primarily on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation ( OXPHOS ) to generate ATP for energy. (humanmetabolome.com)
The aberrant glucose metabolism is associated with dramatically increased bioenergetics, biosynthetic, and redox demands, which is vital to maintain rapid cell proliferation, tumor progression, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. (biomedcentral.com)

PPP shuttles carbons back into the main glycolytic pathway at glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. (elifesciences.org)

pink mitochondrial OXPHOS) - Glucose metabolism in mitochondria . (elifesciences.org)
Here we show that glutaminolysis is the major pathway fuelling the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in T-cell receptor-stimulated naïve, as well as memory CD4, subsets and is required for optimal HIV-1 infection. (gla.ac.uk)
In addition, forced energy production through OXPHOS by replacing glucose with galactose in the growth medium rendered KO cells more susceptible to mitochondrial toxins. (researcher-app.com)

By using multiple labeled substrates, such as glucose or glutamine, we can effectively provide a clear picture of central energy metabolism. (humanmetabolome.com)
Glucose and glutamine are the 2 major substrates used by cancer cells. (hindawi.com)

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome Symptoms and Signs is caused by a partial deficiency of transketolase, which is an enzyme for the pentose phosphate pathway that requires thiamin as a cofactor. (merckmanuals.com)
The key, regulatory enzyme PK was further analyzed and kinetic studies showed that 'C. trachomatis' PK (CTPK) requires cations for activity, can use alternative NDPs as phosphate acceptors and is allosterically inhibited by ATP, GTP and AMP, a metabolite that normally activates bacterial PKs. (umanitoba.ca)
The enzyme shows more affinity towards NADP + than glucose-6-phosphate. (scirp.org)
In the next step, the enzyme glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase (GNPNAT) catalyzes Ac-CoA and glucosamine-6-phosphate to generate N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcNAc-6P) and CoA. (biomedcentral.com)
This is followed by GlcNAc phosphomutase (PGM3/AGM1)-mediated isomerization into GlcNAc-1-phosphate (GlcNAc-1-P). Finally, UTP and GlcNAc-1Pz produce UDP-GlcNAc through UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase (UAP1/AGX1) enzyme [ 6 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Central carbon metabolism, central energy metabolism and the pentose phosphate pathway include many phosphorylated sugars, positional isomers and charged polar species, thus have become a challenge to measure. (humanmetabolome.com)

Linked to this glycolytic pathway is the pentose phosphate pathway leading to nucleic acid synthesis. (humanmetabolome.com)
In addition to its role in glucose metabolism, this pathway also regulates the redirection of free amino acids to protein synthesis via the mTOR-signaling pathway. (hindawi.com)

We have studied the mitochondrial function and several pathways related with glucose metabolism, including oxidative, glycolytic and pentose phosphate in neuronal cells cultures. (preprints.org)

Cell growth is primarily supported by growth factor-driven glucose and glutamine intake, which form building blocks for biosynthesis. (biomedcentral.com)

Its deficiency causes oxidative stress, which is associated with an increased glycolytic capacity and balanced by an increased activity of the pentose phosphate pathway. (researcher-app.com)
In the case of PFK deficiency, glucose-6-phosphate accumulates owing to the blockage of the glycolytic flux, and this glycolytic metabolite activates glycogen synthetase (which catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucose-1-phosphate during glycogenesis). (medscape.com)

green pentose phosphate pathway) - Cytosolic glucose flux into the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). (elifesciences.org)
Different pathways of glucose flux can be targeted for pharmacological intervention. (elifesciences.org)
Short lifetimes (orange) indicate NADH production and therefore glucose flux through the main glycolytic pathway. (elifesciences.org)
Here we show that Snail (SNAI1), a key transcriptional repressor of EMT, regulates glucose flux toward PPP, allowing cancer cell survival under metabolic stress. (elsevierpure.com)
The obtained flux distributions indicate the presence of high fluxes through the pentose phosphate and Entner-Doudoroff pathways, which could limit the availability of erythrose-4-phosphate for shikimic acid production even with high flux redirection through the pentose phosphate pathway. (biomedcentral.com)

Glycolytic Pathway Defects Glycolytic pathway defects are autosomal recessive red blood cell metabolic disorders that cause hemolytic anemia. (merckmanuals.com)

Inhibition of PFK1 and PKM2 promotes pentose phosphate and serine pathway production of antioxidants. (aacrjournals.org)
KO cells were also less susceptible to pharmacological inhibition of the pentose phosphate pathway. (researcher-app.com)

Glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) converts F6P and glutamine to glucosamine-6-phosphate and glutamate in the rate-limiting step of HBP [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Specifically, glycolytic and nucleotide metabolite pools were significantly decreased. (oncotarget.com)

The gradient in τ bound duration reflects differences in fate of glucose catabolism. (elifesciences.org)
We explore human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) metabolism by isotope tracing with [1,2-13C]glucose, a tracer that differentiates glycolytic versus oxPPP catabolism and reveals glucose-driven anabolism. (quanterix.com)
Gill and Stewart (5) and Moulder (12) concluded that the enhanced rate of catabolism of glucose when L cells are infected with C. psittaci represents a host response to infection rather than independent parasite catabolic activity. (docksci.com)

A recurring characteristic of cancer cell metabolism is that cancer cells generally prefer to produce ATP via the glycolytic system despite that system being less efficient than mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (Warburg effect). (dojindo.com)

Cellular ATP is buffered by specialized equilibrium-driven high-energy phosphate (~P) transferring kinases. (molvis.org)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)

It is the basic principle behind positron emission tomography (PET) with the glucose analog 2-( 18 F)fluoro-2-deoxy- d -glucose (FDG). (springer.com)

Consistent with the need of maintaining cytosolic redox potential, the fluxes through the malate-aspartate shuttle and the PDH pathway were comparable. (ntnu.no)

Cancer cells also enhance glucose-uptake to fuel these enhanced metabolic activities [ 2 ]. (degruyter.com)
This activation is necessary for both cell proliferation as well as glucose uptake and use. (hindawi.com)

The maintenance in energy production is crucial to face and recover from the oxidative damage and the coexistence of different sources of energy production, such as mitochondrial and glycolytic ATP, allows faster adaptative mechanisms to situations of high energy demand and may help in the maintenance of neuronal function in stress situations. (preprints.org)
This work has been performed in a model of oxidative damage on neuronal cell cultures exposed to menadione, in presence or absence of fingolimod phosphate. (preprints.org)

Central carbon metabolism uses a complex series of enzymatic steps to convert sugars (e.g. glucose) into metabolic precursors. (humanmetabolome.com)
While CARCINOSCOPE focuses on central carbon and energy metabolism, Q353 expands the quantitative coverage to many other pathways involved in amino acid metabolism, immune response, transmethylation and transsulfuration pathway . (humanmetabolome.com)
The aromatic amino acid pathway (AAAP) branches from the central carbon metabolism (CCM) by the aldolic condensation of erythrose-4-phosphate (E4P) and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), being present in bacteria and plants. (biomedcentral.com)

Most ribose phosphate is nevertheless produced by oxPPP. (quanterix.com)

When the glucose metabolism of cancer is rewiring, the characters of cancer will also occur corresponding changes to regulate the chemo- and radio-resistance of cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, the glycolytic system is the most important pathway to understand in the metabolism of cancer cells. (dojindo.com)

These pathways are core to understanding mitochondrial dysfunction, cancer and cell proliferation. (humanmetabolome.com)
A recent study into the relationship between glucose and cancer cell proliferation may be helping to identify a therapeutic route to starve tumors without killing normal cells. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
To prevent aberrant cell proliferation, these pathways are tightly regulated. (hindawi.com)

Intriguingly, many of these mechanisms utilize the same molecular pathways that are altered through calorie and/or carbohydrate restriction. (springer.com)

The susceptibility of CD4 T cells to human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection is regulated by glucose and glutamine metabolism, but the relative contributions of these nutrients to infection are not known. (gla.ac.uk)
In addition to glucose, glutamine is also required to feed the TCA cycle. (hindawi.com)

This is then converted to GlcNAc-1P (N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate) by PGM3/AGM1 (phosphoglucomutase) and further to UDP-GlcNAc (uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine) by UAP/AGX1 (UDP-N-acetylhexosamine pyrophosphorylase), utilizing UTP from the nucleotide metabolism pathway. (biomedcentral.com)

In this work, a modeling approach was applied to describe the physiological behavior and the metabolic fluxes of a shikimic acid overproducing Escherichia coli strain lacking the major glucose transport system, grown on complex media. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, highly active glyoxylate shunt fluxes and a pyruvate/acetate cycle are indicators of overflow glycolytic metabolism in the tested conditions. (biomedcentral.com)

The existing experimental style allowed us to evaluate A2 and GnRH nerve cell AMPK responses to 1 1) physiological glucopenia (e.g. hypoglycemia) versus 2) pharmacological glucopenia (and associated hyperglycemia) achieved by caudal fourth ventricular glucose anti-metabolite administration an experimental approach we used in previous work [Ibrahim and Briski 2014 during steroid positive-feedback. (bioskinrevive.com)

In this process, one molecule of glucose is anaerobically converted into two molecules of pyruvate to yield two molecules of ATP. (elifesciences.org)

The common pathway in life-threatening acute anemia is a sudden reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. (medscape.com)

opioid receptor signaling in inhibitory LH secretory responses to hindbrain glucopenia [Singh and Briski 2004 Metabolism of glucose the primary energy source to the brain is usually compartmentalized by cell-type and involves metabolite exchange between astrocytes and neurons [Laming et al. (bioskinrevive.com)
Cerebral function requires the cooperative interaction between different cell types, namely neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes, and depends on high metabolic activity supported by continuous supply of oxygen and glucose from the blood ( Siesjö, 1978 ). (frontiersin.org)
Furthermore, it was estimated that 11% of the glucose taken up by astrocytes was diverted to the pentose phosphate pathway. (ntnu.no)

Aggressive tumors typically demonstrate a high glycolytic rate, which results in resistance to radiation therapy and cancer progression via several molecular and physiologic mechanisms. (springer.com)
First, hydrolysates made from lignocellulosic sources contain high levels of pentose sugars, particularly xylose, which native S. cerevisiae consumes poorly or not at all [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cells were incubated with medium containing [1-13C]glucose for 24 h and samples of cell supernatant and extracts collected at different time points were then analyzed by mass spectrometry and/or high performance liquid chromatography. (ntnu.no)

Cancer cells have significant heterogeneity in glucose metabolism. (humanmetabolome.com)
So, cancer cells plunder more glucose from microenvironment and secrete more lactic acid to meet requirement of energy and material metabolism. (humanmetabolome.com)
Typically, rapidly proliferating tumor cells have glycolytic rates up to 200 times higher than those of their normal tissue of origin, even in the presence of oxygen [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
As a result, cancer cells take up large amounts of glucose. (dojindo.com)
This method of ATP production allows cancer cells to proliferate even under hypoxia, because the glycolytic system does not require oxygen. (dojindo.com)
Cancer cells mainly use the glycolytic system to produce ATP. (dojindo.com)
To examine the purpose of Ras in mediating the NO activa tion of your MEK/ERK/Ets one signaling pathway, MDA MB 468 cells have been handled with EGF or 0. (checkpointinhibitor.com)

1 H-[ 13 C] MRS, i.e., indirect detection of signals from 13 C-coupled 1 H, together with infusion of 13 C-enriched glucose has provided insights into the coupling between neurotransmission and glucose oxidation. (frontiersin.org)

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