• The effects of acetyl-L-carnitine on cerebral glucose metabolism were investigated in rats injected with differently 14C- and 13C-labelled glucose and sacrificed after 15, 30, 45, and 60 min. (nih.gov)
  • In rodents, 4 weeks of chronic moderate exercise-enhancing endurance and cognition increases brain glycogen in the hippocampus and cortex, which is an adaption of brain metabolism achieved through exercise. (frontiersin.org)
  • To date, however, the understanding of human brain glycogen metabolism is still less clear. (frontiersin.org)
  • Impaired insulin secretion and free radical formation are the initial events triggering the development of insulin resistance and its causal relations with dysregulation of glucose and fatty acids metabolism. (wiley.com)
  • Here we show that c-di-GMP also binds the glycogen-debranching-enzyme, GlgX, uncovering a direct link between c-di-GMP and glycogen metabolism in bacteria. (nih.gov)
  • Thus, GR is positively involved in feeding-induced gene expression and important for postprandial glucose metabolism in the liver. (sdu.dk)
  • Impaired glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity have been linked to the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). (hindawi.com)
  • Taken together, the inhibition of hsa_circ_0046060 expression in exosomes from GDM-derived UMSCs can alleviate GDM by reversing abnormal glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in vivo and in vitro . (hindawi.com)
  • Although the precise pathogenic mechanism of GDM has not been fully elucidated, it may occur as a result of abnormal glucose regulation and increased IR, inducing the disorders of glucose metabolism. (hindawi.com)
  • [2] [3] The pancreatic islets are arranged in density routes throughout the human pancreas, and are important in the metabolism of glucose . (wikipedia.org)
  • Glycogen storage diseases (GSDs) are a group of inborn errors of metabolism, typically caused by enzyme defects, resulting in a buildup of glycogen in the liver, muscles, and other organs. (arupconsult.com)
  • Within carbohydrate metabolism blood glucose and glycogen are used to varying degrees depending on the nature of the activity. (selfgrowth.com)
  • These include reactions of cellular respiration, the release of glucose stores, and amino acid metabolism. (mskcc.org)
  • Simple carbohydrates are the simple chemical structures of monosaccharides, or single sugars, such as glucose and fructose. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Complex carbohydrates are composed of complex sugars known as polysaccharides, of which glycogen is the most prominent example. (encyclopedia.com)
  • When the intake of carbohydrates exceeds that which can be stored and converted to energy as glycogen or glucose, the body will store the excess carbohydrates as fat, often leading to weight gain. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The body extracts carbohydrates from food sources through a process known as hydrolysis, whereby the warm fluids, commencing with the saliva in the mouth and concluding with the action of the small intestine, break down the carbohydrates in the food into glucose. (encyclopedia.com)
  • When a fruit is eaten, for instance, the complex carbohydrates are broken down in the digestive tract to simpler glucose units. (jrank.org)
  • There was no significant difference in pre-exercising blood glucose concentrations in horses administered sucrose or EnerGex (Fig. 1) indicating that any changes during the trial were due to the carbohydrates given. (sciencesupplements.com)
  • Because carbohydrates play such an important role in producing energy for the body, they are stored in the form of glycogen in both skeletal muscles and in the liver. (tripod.com)
  • The glycogen stored in muscle and liver comes from dietary carbohydrates if sufficient quantities of dietary carbohydrates are consumed. (tripod.com)
  • In other words, consuming excess carbohydrates (more than is needed to replenish glycogen stores) shifts the body from burning primarily fats at rest to consuming primarily carbohydrates at rest. (tripod.com)
  • Carbohydrates are stored in the body as glycogen, both in the liver and muscle. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Depending on the duration and intensity of the exercise , your body will rely on more complex carbohydrates (stored as glycogen in the muscles and liver) and fatty acids for its fuel. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Carbohydrates that are used during exercise come from both glycogen stores in muscle and from blood glucose. (selfgrowth.com)
  • Consuming fast-acting carbohydrates, such as fruit juice, candy, or glucose tablets, can help raise low blood sugar. (healthline.com)
  • The body can break down stored carbohydrates in the liver, known as glycogen, into glucose. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Using that research and fine-tuning with our own field research, we engineered EFS with a combination of carbohydrates - maltodextrin, sucrose, and glucose - to maximize fuel delivery to your working muscles. (firstendurance.com)
  • A group of low-molecular-weight carbohydrates produced by the hydrolysis of STARCH or GLYCOGEN. (bvsalud.org)
  • L-GRKO blunts preprandial and early postprandial Gck expression, which ultimately affects early postprandial hepatic glucose uptake, phosphorylation, and glycogen storage. (sdu.dk)
  • Von Gierke disease (GSD type Ia and Ib) was first reported in 1929 based on the autopsy findings in 2 children who had excessive hepatic and renal glycogen accumulation. (medscape.com)
  • In addition to these hepatic forms, 4 neuromuscular forms of glycogen-storage disease type IV have recently been identified. (medscape.com)
  • Although this brain adaptation is likely induced due to the accumulation of acute endurance exercise-induced brain glycogen supercompensation, its molecular mechanisms and biomarkers are unidentified. (frontiersin.org)
  • The accumulation of glycogen in certain organs and tissues, especially the liver, kidneys, and small intestines, impairs their ability to function normally. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Enzyme deficiency results in glycogen accumulation in tissues. (medscape.com)
  • Glycogen-storage disease type IV is actually a clinically heterogeneous disorder in which the age of onset, specific organ involvement, severity of symptoms, and degree of accumulation of abnormal glycogen in different tissues vary. (medscape.com)
  • Carbohydrate metabolic pathways are blocked, leading to excess glycogen accumulation in affected tissues and/or disturbances in energy production. (medscape.com)
  • These results suggest that acetyl-L-carnitine was able to modulate cerebral glucose utilization and provide new insights on the mechanisms of action of this molecule in the central nervous system. (nih.gov)
  • Fluoride impairment of glucose utilization: nature of effect in rats during and after continuous NaF infusion. (fluoridealert.org)
  • Type III glycogen storage disease (GSD III) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the AGL gene, which codes for glycogen debranching enzyme. (medscape.com)
  • Although 4 other cases were reported of excess glycogen storage in the livers of autopsy patients, it was not until 1978 when Narisawa et al were able to differentiate GSD type Ia and type Ib, recognizing type Ia was due to a deficiency in the G6Pase enzyme, and type Ib was due to deficiency in the G6P transporter. (medscape.com)
  • It is the key enzyme in homeostatic regulation of blood glucose levels. (lu.se)
  • The disorder is characterized by the appearance of abnormal, relatively insoluble glycogen with long, unbranched outer chains that result from defective glycogen-branching enzyme activity. (medscape.com)
  • Finally, a subset of patients with clinically diagnosed adult polyglucosan body disease (APBD) have deficient glycogen-branching enzyme activity and diffuse CNS and peripheral nervous system dysfunction. (medscape.com)
  • Deficient glycogen-branching enzyme activity results in the formation of abnormal glycogen with long, unbranched outer chains and decreased solubility. (medscape.com)
  • A subgroup of patients, primarily people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, have clinically diagnosed polyglucosan body disease and decreased glycogen-branching enzyme activity. (medscape.com)
  • Both sexes are equally affected because the deficiency of glycogen-branching enzyme activity is inherited as an autosomal-recessive trait. (medscape.com)
  • A glycogen storage disease (GSD) is the result of an enzyme defect. (medscape.com)
  • In the body, this reaction takes place in the liver where its dependence on hormonally stimulated PYGL phosphorylation (and lack of sensitivity to AMP) allow glucose mobilization in response to a demand for glucose from the rest of the body (Newgard et al. (reactome.org)
  • The data suggest that the interference caused by fluoride at the observed concentrations is located at or prior to phosphorylation of glucose. (fluoridealert.org)
  • Dose-dependent increase in glucose uptake activity (GUA) was observed in both cell lines. (wiley.com)
  • Glucose transporter 4 translocation was confirmed by determining the uptake of glucose in the presence of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase and PI3K inhibitors. (wiley.com)
  • In conclusion, AEG enhances glucose transport by modulating the proximal and distal markers involved in glucose uptake and its transformation into glycogen. (wiley.com)
  • The insulin released from the liver acts on adipose and muscle tissue to stimulate glucose uptake. (github.io)
  • The muscles and fatty tissue are especially dependent on insulin for glucose uptake and use. (rxlist.com)
  • It was not until the 1930s, however, that the complicated process by which glycogen, stored in the liver and muscle, is broken down in the body and resynthesized was discovered by Czech-American biochemists Carl Cori and Gerty Cori. (jrank.org)
  • If excess glucose isn't used, it's converted into glycogen and stored in the liver, muscle, and brain cells. (github.io)
  • Glucose stored in the liver is called glycogen . (kidshealth.org)
  • Effect of glucose and glucagon treatment of liver cells on the distribution of the [32P]phosphate. (umn.edu)
  • Glycogen/Glucagon: activates alpha cells which activates beta cells and delta cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • As it is a simple sugar, glucose is able to be transported through the wall of the small intestine to be stored by the body in the liver. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The first and most direct route into the body for recently converted glucose from the small intestine is the bloodstream, where glucose is immediately available to be converted into ATP, in combination with the oxygen received into the bloodstream from the cardiorespiratory system. (encyclopedia.com)
  • In contrast, EnerGex supplementation elicited a significantly lower insulin response, possibly due to a slower, steadier glucose digestion and absorption in the small intestine. (sciencesupplements.com)
  • Sugars other than glucose are largely converted to glucose in the small intestine. (tripod.com)
  • Some sugars like fructose (the primary sugar in fruits) when consumed in significant amounts (the amount varies but for fructose it is typically 50g or more per meal) may enter the bloodstream in their native form and must be converted to glucose by the liver. (tripod.com)
  • Going from glucose to ATP makes demands on your GI tract to deliver glucose to your bloodstream and cell receptors to get glucose from the bloodstream into your cells. (firstendurance.com)
  • One form, Von Gierke disease ( GSD type Ia , glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency), causes clinically significant end-organ disease with significant morbidity. (medscape.com)
  • If needed for future energy use, glucose units are typically squeezed together into larger, more slowly absorbed units and stored as polysaccharides, whose molecules often contain a hundred times the number of glucose units as do the simple sugars. (jrank.org)
  • Glycogen is essentially a long chain of glucose (sugar) molecules that are attached end to end with an occasional cross linkage. (tripod.com)
  • Note that the glucose molecules are attached end to end. (tripod.com)
  • In order to derive energy from glycogen the body must liberate individual glucose molecules to use for energy production. (tripod.com)
  • This stored form of glucose is made up of many connected glucose molecules and is called glycogen. (github.io)
  • are formed by the joining of several glucose molecules. (wikieducator.org)
  • Although the liver has a higher concentration of glycogen than muscle there is more glycogen stored in muscle tissue because muscle tissue is more abundant than liver tissue. (tripod.com)
  • Hypoglycemia is difficult to define in neonates but is generally considered a serum glucose concentration 40 mg/dL ( 2.2 mmol/L) in symptomatic term neonates, 45 mg/dL ( 2.5 mmol/L) in asymptomatic term neonates between 24 hours and 48 hours of life, or 30 mg/dL ( 1.7 mmol/L) in preterm neonates in the first 48 hours. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Although the glycogen concentration in tissue is usually not increased, the presence of insoluble glycogen can induce foreign-body reactions and lead to cellular injury and organ dysfunction. (medscape.com)
  • The body breaks down most carbs into a type of sugar called glucose, which is the main source of fuel for our cells. (kidshealth.org)
  • All carbs ultimately become glucose, which feeds your cellular energy production pathways - making ATP for muscular contraction, nerve impulses, and just about everything else your body does, wherever it happens. (firstendurance.com)
  • Acetyl-L-carnitine was found to reduce total 14CO2 release from [U-14C]glucose along with the decrease in [1-13C]glucose incorporation into cerebral amino acids and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. (nih.gov)
  • Our findings suggest that plasma glycogenic amino acids are sensitive indicators of brain glycogen levels in endurance exercise. (frontiersin.org)
  • The proteins produced from the G6PC and SLC37A4 genes work together to break down a type of sugar molecule called glucose 6-phosphate. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mutations in the G6PC and SLC37A4 genes prevent the effective breakdown of glucose 6-phosphate. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Brain glycogen decreased during endurance exercise and showed supercompensation within 6 h after exercise. (frontiersin.org)
  • This is the first study to produce a broad picture of plasma metabolite changes due to endurance exercise-induced brain glycogen supercompensation. (frontiersin.org)
  • The glycogen supercompensation effect (achieving supraphysiological glycogen levels due to carbohydrate depletion followed by loading) was first demonstrated in 1967. (tripod.com)
  • Endurance athletes benefit from glycogen supercompensation because fatigue in events lasting longer than one hour is related primarily to glycogen depletion. (tripod.com)
  • Glycogen supercompensation is probably of little use to power athletes since fatigue in these events is not related to glycogen depletion and the weight gain may be a liability. (tripod.com)
  • Glycogen supercompensation occurs only when a low carbohydrate diet is combined with vigorous exercise followed by a high carbohydrate diet. (tripod.com)
  • The present study is one of the few in vivo investigations for glucose-based GP inhibitors and provides data in animal models for such drug candidates. (rsc.org)
  • Our in vivo studies reveal the important biological role of GlgX in Streptomyces glucose availability control. (nih.gov)
  • The breakdown of this molecule produces the simple sugar glucose, which is the primary energy source for most cells in the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Glycogen storage diseases (GSDs) are inherited disorders due to enzymatic defects that prevent breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose. (medscape.com)
  • Glycogen storage diseases ( GSD ) are a group of inherited autosomal recessive disorders caused by genetic mutations that lead to the inability to breakdown and metabolize glycogen into glucose. (medscape.com)
  • A glycogen molecule would consist of thousands of these linkages with occasional cross linkages as illustrated in Figure 2. (tripod.com)
  • Insulin, therefore, helps cells to take in glucose to be used for energy. (github.io)
  • Brain glycogen, localized in astrocytes, produces lactate as an energy source and/or a signal factor to serve neuronal functions involved in memory formation and exercise endurance. (frontiersin.org)
  • In particular, plasma tyrosine as a precursor of brain noradrenaline might be a valuable mechanistic-based biomarker to predict brain glycogen dynamics in endurance exercise. (frontiersin.org)
  • Therefore, brain glycogen dynamics during and following exercise can be a valuable parameter for exercises as training/conditioning for athletes and/or a therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • To resolve this issue, non-invasive identification of biomarkers that can predict brain glycogen dynamics with exercise is desirable. (frontiersin.org)
  • A review of herbs and dietary supplements used for glycemic control in diabetes examined 108 trials of 36 herbs and 9 vitamins in 4565 patients with diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. (medscape.com)
  • The energy required to power the human body begins with the consumption of food, and the subsequent extraction by the body of the carbohydrate-based sugars, known as glucose and glycogen. (encyclopedia.com)
  • In 1891, German physiologist Karl von Voit demonstrated that mammals could make glycogen even when fed sugars more complex than glucose. (jrank.org)
  • Irrespective of the route through which glucose is directed in the body, it will be metabolized into energy in the same fashion. (encyclopedia.com)
  • No matter where the glucose is stored, when it is used it creates a compound known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the actual energy source within the body. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Countless varieties of plants use this process to synthesize a simple sugar (glucose, mostly) from the light energy absorbed by the chlorophyll in their leaves, water from the soil , and carbon dioxide from the air. (jrank.org)
  • The glucose is then used primarily to produce energy in a process which involves oxidation and the excretion of carbon dioxide and water as waste products. (jrank.org)
  • The body cannot use glycogen as a source of energy in its storage form. (tripod.com)
  • It stores energy in the form of a sugar called glycogen . (kidshealth.org)
  • Glycogen is an energy source when you are in a fasting state. (rxlist.com)
  • Glycogen is a hyperbranched glucose polymer, serving as a major energy reservoir in animals. (lu.se)